This thesis examines the growth and awareness of health and safety at work between 1780 and 1900. In this period the hazards at work were increased by the intensification of production brought about by the Industrial Revolution, and new risks to health arose from the wider range of toxic substances in use by manufacturing industry. There is discussion in the thesis of the extent to which the problems were identified in an age of short life expectancy and limited medical knowledge. The sources studied have been largely medical, governmental, trade and press reports. The emphasis is on the first effects seen and recommendations made, and where possible, the extent of the problem and the effectiveness of any preventative measures adopted and examined. There is discussion of the growing involvement of the Government in industrial health and safety. The subject is viewed in the light of modern thinking on industrial health but uses a classification appropriate to historical resources. Psychological and minor afflictions, neglected in the 19th century, are not considered. The available literature is reviewed in each section. Three detailed case studies conclude the thesis, two on the notoriously dangerous occupations of metal grinding and pottery, and one on occupational eye injuries. Each study is based on a different type of source material. The thesis overall shows that there was extensive concern for health and safety at work, but no systematic approach and only ad hoc implementation of preventative measures; and that the rate at which conditions improved varied between different industries and different categories of workers . However, some modern principles of health and safety at work can be seen emerging, and the period laid the necessary medical, technical and legal foundations for developments in the present century.

Functionalist static equilibrium models of observed travel behaviour dominate transportation science and planning. Several theoretical and practical deficiencies of conventional wisdom relate to uncritical acceptance of the neo-classical economic model. More attention should be given to dynamic analyses, transportation supply and the inter-relationships between travel demand and transportation supply. The present empirical analysis, concerned with sectoral, spatial and temporal aspects of accessibility to employment within Greater Glasgow, revolves around the first two recommendations. Existing methods of evaluating accessibility/transportation supply are assessed and the cumulative/spatial opportunity model adopted. An on-line analytical framework which calculates, graphs and maps the relevant cumulative opportunity curves and accessibility indices is developed. Decentralisation dominated all the land use patterns (residential and work-place). Individual private transport provision in terms of potential travel times remained approximately constant while individual public transport provision declined significantly. The number of employment opportunities represented an important source of sectoral and temporal variation between and within accessibility distributions. Private transport accessibility was consistently more efficient and equitable than public transport accessibility whilst the advantage of private over public transport accessibility which increased from core to periphery widened through time. At any point in time, differences in efficiency and equity between accessibility distributions were attributable to the respective land use configurations. Only with respect to the equity of public transport accessibility did alternative land use patterns have little or no effect. Through time, efficiency of private transport accessibility remained essentially constant given that the negative effects of land use change approximately balanced the positive effects of changes in transport provision. In contrast, the effects of changes in land use and transport provision upon public transport accessibility were of greater magnitude and reinforced each other, leading to a significant reduction in efficiency. Overall, accessibility to employment became less efficient within Greater Glasgow.

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Despite humanity's considerable efforts to stop it child labour remains a global problem. In the international context child labour means the labour of persons younger than 15 years. Despite all the activities of the International Labour Organization (ILO), UN, European Community, UNICEF and other international and national institutions child labour was not completely swept away. Efforts to abolish child labour date back to 1919 when the first meeting of the International Labour Conference was held where, similarly to the following two meetings, convention concerning minimum age for admission to employment were adopted. Its content has been gradually revised and it has eventually been replaced by Convention No. 138 which was included among the ILO's eight priority conventions. Nevertheless it is not possible to argue that child labour is the problem exclusive to the "third world" countries. Although the Labour Code prohibits labour of children under 15 years of age, we can encounter children performing in theatres, films, commercials, modelling, earning extra money at gas stations or distributing leaflets on a daily basis in Czech Republic. These are all activities on which children spend many hours, they do a lot of work and they often earn a considerable amount of money. In many cases we can see...

Les employés de la grande distribution font aujourd’hui face, de manière relativement docile et durable, à des bouleversements majeurs au sein de leur entreprise, tant sur le plan stratégique qu’organisationnel, dans un contexte national de remise en question du régime de croissance de la branche et de forte visibilité sociale des firmes oligopolistiques. Si les contraintes économiques semblent particulièrement peser sur leurs actions, leur consentement n’est pas uniquement composé d’un horizon de contraintes indépassables et accablantes (souffrance, peur du chômage) marquant leur activité. Dans un cadre exigeant l’accumulation illimitée du capital par des moyens formellement pacifiques (Boltanski, Chiapello, 1999) et dans une branche en proie à une crise du régime d’accumulation (Boyer, Durand, 1993), quels sont les ressorts du consentement des salariés ? Notre réflexion s’organise en trois temps: une approche historique revenant sur les orientations (idéologiques, stratégiques et organisationnelles) structurelles du secteur, sur ses spécificités à l'échelle nationale et sur les indices productifs d'une récente rupture; une analyse diachronique des dispositifs matériels et symboliques de médiation des restructurations à l'échelle institutionnelle et organisationnelle; et étude du travail quotidien au sein des grandes surfaces, entre trajectoire sociale, parcours professionnel et configuration des magasins. Elle met en exergue un consentement spécifique aux salariés de la grande distribution. Ce dernier repose en effet sur un processus d’installation dans les services, au sein d’une organisation à la fois de plus en plus ouverte au public (place du client dans l’organisation) et de plus en plus isolée du pouvoir stratégique (centralisation des décisions, de la conception). / In a context questioning the growth regime and exposing the oligopolistic retail capital to a high social visibility, retail employees seem to be relatively docile. They face major strategic and organizational changes in the branch. Within a framework requiring the unlimited accumulation of the capital by formally peaceful means and in a sector facing a crisis of accumulation, how is the consent of the employees organized? After a historical approach reconsidering on the structural character of the ideological, strategic and organisational orientations of the sector, this thesis underlines the national specificities and the productive indices of recent ruptures. Then a diachronic analysis of the institutional and organisational means of production highlights the development of material and symbolical systems of mediation of the productive restructurings. Then, combining an ethnographic approach observing the daily work, the study of social trajectories, professional paths and configurations of the retail stores, this thesis highlights a specific form of employees consent. The servicization is based on a process of incorporation in the unskilled jobs of the services. Retail stores tend to be at the same time increasingly opened to the public (place of the customer in the organization and in the production of the service) and isolated from the strategic power (decisions and design centralization).

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Social, cultural and economic influences have combined to create a shortage of national manpower in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to investigate the extent of those shortages in port labour. The main focus is on port labour problems and prospects in the ports of Eastern Saudi Arabia on the Arabian Gulf, the selected ports being Jubail, Ras Tannurah and Dammam. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The first deals with setting the scene including analysis of development planning and manpower problems as well as the impacts of cultural and social background on labour supply. This part also includes an analysis of port hinterland and an investigation of port labour management of the studied ports. The second part includes field investigation starting with general characteristics of port labour, training problems, the problems of housing and the journey to work and how employees from various organisations in ports suffer from commuting problems. This part also includes discussion of employees' perceptions of various factors leading to shortage of indigenous manpower in port work. Finally, in order to present a clear understanding of employment problems and port labour prospects, investigation of employees' job satisfaction is undertaken. This will be particularly relevant during the transfer of port operations to the private sector. The study findings indicate that the majority of port employees are expatriates. Little has been achieved to increase recruitment of national manpower among port private contractors. It was found that the manufacturing sector was prominent in the port and port-related industries, particularly in Ras Tannurah and Jubail ports. The increased use of new cargo handling techniques in those ports reduced the dependence on low paid labour-intensive work, which is mainly carried out by expatriate labourers. However, trade sector activities continued to depend on foreign labour in stevedoring, containerisation and other technical port work which is mainly conducted by port contractors. There was little evidence that privatisation of port operation will increase recruitment of domestic manpower. This study shows that most public vocational schools and training centres did not provide the port sector with adequate skilled national manpower. A model was suggested to benefit from those institutions by on- the-job training leading to full-time employment. However, due to the tribal background of most of Saudi individuals, it has been found that several behavioural attitudes prevail which have a negative effect on training and other work issues. It was revealed that long distance and time of commuting, along with weather conditions clearly make training rather unattractive to most port employees. Regarding national manpower shortages in the port sector, it was revealed that the beneficial effect of the lower cost of hiring foreign employees was seen as affecting the recruitment of Saudis in ports. However all segments of employees showed low levels of satisfaction with pay and other port job benefits.

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