Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) reduces bone mass by 10-30% and impairs arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid status in infants. Because AA and DHA enhance neonatal bone mass, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary 0.5% AA and 0.2% DHA (w/w) prior to weaning on bone and growth. 40 guinea pigs were randomized to either a control (C) or low-protein diet (LP) during pregnancy and the C diet or the C diet with AA+DHA during lactation. Measurements included bone mass, metabolism, and strength, and erythrocyte lipid of sows and offspring from birth to 16 wk post-partum. The LP diet induced IUGR, while the AA+DHA increased bone mass by 5-20% in sows and offspring and corrected growth and bone mass in IUGR pups. Thus, AA+DHA provided in lactation rescues the growth trajectory in an IUGR state and is beneficial to maternal and neonatal bone mass.

Background: Breastfeeding is known to have benefits both for maternal and child health. Some questions around the benefits and risks of breastfeeding in the presence of HIV infection still remain unclear. Aims: To study the effects of infant feeding mode by HIV-positive mothers, on maternal and child health. In addition, to assess the effect of nutritional supplementation to HIV-positive lactating mothers on nutritional and health status of mothers and their infants and on the quality of breastmilk. Methods: The study had 2 components; a prospective study to examine the impact of infant feeding mode on nutritional and health indices in mothers and their infants and within it a nested randomized controlled clinical trial to study the impact of a daily 50 g soya/peanut based supplement during breastfeeding on the above parameters. The measurements included anthropometry; body composition indicators (using both deuterium dilution and BIA); haematology and biochemical markers; as well as incidence rates of opportunistic infections and clinical disease progression. Breastmilk was analysed for both macro and micronutrients. Cervical screening was offered to all the women. Results: AFASS criteria were fulfilled by 38.7% of the formula feeding mothers. No significant differences between the formula feeding and breastfeeding groups in terms of haematological, immunological and body composition changes were seen. Breastfeeding mothers had significantly lower events with high depression scores (p=0.043). Longer duration of breastfeeding was observed to be significantly associated with a mean increase in CD4 count (74 cells/μL) and better health outcomes. The supplement made no significant impact on any maternal or child outcomes except for a limited effect on mothers with low BMI, where it was significantly associated with preventing loss of lean body mass (p=0.026). Breastfeeding infants had a significantly lower risk of diarrhoea and hospitalisation at 3 months (p=0.006 and 0.014 respectively). Both breastfeeding and longer duration of breastfeeding was significantly associated with better development scores and growth parameters. Supplementation made no impact on breastmilk composition. Of the 86 mothers who agreed for cervical screening, 27.6% had human papilloma virus infection. Conclusions: Breastfeeding is not harmful to the mother despite the presence of HIV infection. On the contrary we observed both breastfeeding and longer breastfeeding duration to be associated with better maternal and child outcomes. Mothers are still choosing formula feeding inappropriately presumably because of the availability of free formula and/or sub-optimal counseling. The new (2010) local PMTCT guidelines based on WHO recommendations should reverse this. Food insecurity was prevalent amongst 32% of our study population, highlighting the need to include sustainable and empowering solutions to encounter this problem. Less sustainable solutions such as nutritional supplementation should be targeted to the malnourished and in emergency situations. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Maternal folate intake and levels of folate in milk, serum and red cells were assessed in 57 healthy, lactating women, ages 22-38 years, throughout early (0-6 months) and later (7-23 months) lactation. Average maternal folate intake from diet alone was 212 µg/day or 78.5% RDA (1989) and mean total folate intake from diet and supplements was 314% RDA (878 µg/day) at 0-6 months and 238% RDA (620 µg/day) at >6 months. Human milk folate was sufficient to meet the RDA (1989) for infants. Milk folate was not related to maternal folate intake, maternal serum or red cell folate and was unaffected by extended lactation (7-23 months), perhaps at the expense of maternal folate stores. Compared with early lactation, serum folate decreased (p=0.0004) and red cell folate tended to decrease (p=0.08) in later lactation and were both increased by folate supplementation (p < 0.001).Level of folic acid supplementation appeared to predict red cell folate concentration. An average of 884 µg supplemental folate/day was associated with red cell folate levels >400 ng/mL, which have previously been reported as optimal for prevention of folateresponsive neural tube defects. The addition of an 880 µg/day folic acid supplement to the diet of lactating women may raise red cell folate concentrations of lactating women to protective levels. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

This study was designed to measure the prevalence and nutritional impact of dairy product restriction in both pregnant and lactating women. Dairy product (DP) restriction was assessed in 2091 prenatal class attendees. Subsamples of 279 healthy pregnant and 175 exclusively breastfeeding women provided repeat 24-hour dietary recalls which were used to estimate nutrient intake and to assess dietary adequacy using adjusted nutrient distributions. Pregnancy outcome was recorded. Pregnancy. DP restriction was reported by 13.2% (95% CI: 12.7%,14.1%) of pregnant women. Significant differences were found in the proportion of restrictors (Rs, 20.8%) below the calculated EAR for adjusted protein intakes vs. nonrestrictors (NRs, 9.2%, chi 2 = 6.78, p = 0.009). Intake distributions of calcium and vitamin D were compared to their respective Als for descriptive purposes and were lower for Rs vs. NRs but dietary inadequacy could not be assessed. Infants of NRs weighed on average 120 g +/- 468.9 g more than those of Rs but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). However, in multiple regression analysis where maternal weight gain, age, education and pregravid weight were controlled for, restriction predicted a comparable loss in birthweight of 122.5 g's (p = 0.048) and vitamin D intakes were positively associated with fetal growth. Lactation. Restriction (≤250 ml milk/day) was reported by 23% (95% CI; 16%--29%) of exclusively lactating women. Protein was lower than the EAR for 60% of Rs and 37.8% of NRs (chi 2 = 6.22, p = 0.025). The proportion of Rs and NRs < EAR from diet differed for thiamin (15% vs. 0%, chi2 = 0.97, p < 0.001), riboflavin (15% vs. 1.5%, chi2 = 12.93, p < 0.001) and zinc (65.0% vs. 34.8%, chi2 = 11.6, p < 0.041). From diet and supplement intake vitamin D and calcium remained lower for Rs compared to NRs but inadequacy could not be assessed or compared. DP restriction was not associated with greater weight loss amo

Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / INTRODUCTION: The objective of this research study was to analyze previously collected dietary intake data using multiple 24-hour dietary recalls and semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires (FFQ’s) in a group of HIV-positive and HIV-negative breastfeeding women from a rural region in KwaZulu-Natal in order to compare the intake of selective micronutrients obtained with the two instruments. Identifying the pattern of food intake and the contribution of different foods to the micronutrient intake in this population group will contribute to possible recommendations aimed at dietary changes to improve dietary micronutrient intake. This study was designed as a sub-study of a longitudinal prospective cohort study and subjects (N=108) were lactating mothers enrolled in a cohort which investigated the combined effect of HIV-infection and breastfeeding on women’s nutritional status. METHOD: A locally constructed FFQ and 24h-recall were used to collect dietary intake data from 108 subjects on three occasions, (~6 weeks, 14- and 24-weeks post partum). Analysis was done using the Food Finder Program™2. Micronutrients under investigation were iron, zinc, copper, selenium, vitamin A, B6, C, D and E, thiamin, riboflavin and folic acid and were selected on their relevance in HIV (AIDS). Descriptive statistics was used to determine the consumption of food items as percentage of all food items consumed and to calculate mean, mode, median and range of serving sizes for the ten food items most frequently consumed (measured with the 24h and FFQ respectively). Data was not normally distributed (indicated by the paired t-test and confirmed with a RM ANOVA nonparametric test). The F-value was determined (using Wilcoxon matched pairs test) and the significance of the difference between the micronutrient intakes measured with the two instruments (p<0.05) calculated. To investigate the strength of the correlation between the two dietary intake measures, Spearman’s correlation coefficients were determined for the nutrients under investigation. The significance level for these measurements was 95% (p<0.05). RESULTS: Both methods identified maize meal and mahewu, bread, chicken, dried beans, cabbage, onion, bananas, oranges and green leaves as the foods most often consumed. Bread, dried beans, maas, pilchards, mango and green wild leaves were the foods that contributed the most to the micronutrients under investigation. Although maize meal (in the form of phutu or mahewu) was the food item most frequently consumed in large portions, it was not in the top ten food items for any micronutrient contribution, except for selenium. Correlation coefficients (unadjusted for energy) in this study were very poor, ranging from 0.038 for vitamin B12 up to 0.48 for iron. All correlations (except vitamin B12) were poor but significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was some agreement found in the type of foods most frequently consumed and their contribution to the micronutrient intake of this population group, when using three 24h-recalls and FFQ’s and therefore in describing the habitual food intake of the population group. There was however no agreement between the micronutrient intake measured with three 24h-recalls and three FFQ’s (p<0.05). Further analysis of the data and comparisons with the biochemical results reported in another study, is recommended.

No description available.

No description available.

The objective of this study was to determine whether dietary fat supplementation and level of undegradable intake protein (UIP) could affect daily milk output and composition by influencing nutrient supply to the mammary gland. Three lactating Holstein cows (60, 68, and 74 d postpartum) were used in an incomplete 4 x 4 Latin square design (2 x 2 factorial) and fed diets (15.9% CP and 19.5% ADF) with 0% or 2.5% partially hydrogenated tallow and 33% or 41% UIP. A 5:2.5:1 mixture of dried brewer's grains, corn gluten meal, and blood meal was substituted for soybean meal to raise dietary UIP from 33% to 41% UIP. Despite similar DM intake across treatments, cows produced 9% more milk per day when fed 2.5% supplemental fat, 41% UIP, or the combination of 2.5% fat and 41% UIP when compared to the control diet. Fat supplementation depressed milk protein percentage but not daily milk protein output. Mammary blood flow was estimated using the Fick principle at 6-hr intervals for 24 h. Concentration of individual nutrients in arterial (carotid) and venous (abdominal vein) blood and corresponding blood flows were used to calculate nutrient uptakes by the mammary gland. Calculated carbon uptake was 95 to 101% of output when using estimated carbon content of nutrients, and 100 to 106% when using an elemental analyzer to determine actual carbon output in milk. Uptake of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, pyruvate, acetate, and O₂ were not affected by dietary treatment. Triacylglycerol concentration in arterial blood and uptake of long-chain fatty acids were elevated by fat supplementation, resulting in milk fat with a higher percentage of 18-carbon fatty acids and a lower ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Arterial essential and total amino acid (AA) concentrations in plasma and whole blood were elevated when cows were fed 41% versus 33% UIP. However, mammary arteriovenous differences, extraction percentages, and uptakes of most AA were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Across treatments, peptide AA accounted for ~10% of AA in arterial whole blood but no net uptake of peptide AA by the lactating gland was detected. Results indicated that dietary fat supplementation at two levels of UIP can increase milk production by altering mammary lipid metabolism, thereby improving the efficiency of milk synthesis. However, depression of milk protein percentage in response to dietary fat supplementation was not alleviated by elevating arterial essential and total AA through higher dietary UIP. / Ph. D.

CAPES / O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná no período de abril a junho de 2015 tendo como objetivo avaliar o efeito da gordura protegida de óleo de palma na gestação e lactação de ovelhas e comportamento materno filial. Foram utilizadas 40 ovelhas mestiças Santa Inês e Dorper acasaladas com um carneiro da raça Dorper e 42 cordeiros. Foram fornecidos dois concentrados, com e sem gordura protegida de óleo de palma, os quais as ovelhas foram suplementadas a 1,0% do peso vivo corporal com base na matéria-seca. A cada 15 dias, foram realizadas pesagem e avaliação do estado de condição corporal das ovelhas, bem como ao parto. Nos cordeiros posterior ao parto avaliou-se o comportamento de forma direta, anotando-se registros de tempo que o cordeiro levou para ficar em pé e tempo decorrente do nascimento até a primeira mamada. O peso ao nascer foi aferido após a primeira mamada e a cada 15 dias, os cordeiros foram pesados, avaliados quanto o estado de condição corporal, período este avaliado do nascimento até o desmame, ou seja, o momento que o cordeiro atingiu 17 kg de peso vivo. A duração do anestro pós-desmame das ovelhas foi obtida através da manifestação do estro, detectada por macho vasectomizado, cuja região do esterno foi impregnada com mistura de pó xadrez e óleo vegetal. Essas observações foram realizadas desde o desmame até a manifestação do 1º estro. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, para peso vivo, escore de condição corporal e ganho médio diário. No entanto na fase de lactação observou-se diferença para ovelhas que receberam gordura protegida de óleo de palma na dieta, apresentando superioridade no aspecto de escore corporal das ovelhas comparadas as que não receberam gordura protegida. A variável que avaliou o tempo total do nascimento ao desmame demonstrou que ovelhas que receberam gordura protegida na dieta desmamaram seus cordeiros mais cedo e também tiveram um tempo menor de anestro pós desmame comparado às ovelhas que não receberam gordura protegida de óleo de palma na alimentação. A suplementação lipídica não influenciou nenhuma das variáveis relacionadas ao comportamento materno filial. Desta forma conclui-se que a utilização de gordura protegida de óleo de palma na lactação de ovelhas apresenta melhoras em parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. / The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, from April to June 2015, with the aim of evaluating the effect of the protected fat of palm oil on gestation and lactation of sheep and maternal filial behavior. Four hundred crossbred ewes Santa Inês and Dorper were mated with a Dorper lamb and 42 lambs. Two concentrates, with and without palm oil-protected fat were provided, and sheep were supplemented at 1.0% body weight based on dry matter. Every 15 days, weighed and evaluated the state of body condition of the sheep, as well as the delivery. In the post-partum ambs, the behavior was evaluated in a direct manner, recording the length of time the lamb took to stand and time from birth to the first feeding. The birth weight was measured after the first feeding and every 15 days, the lambs were weighed, evaluated for the body condition, which was evaluated from birth to weaning, that is, the moment the lamb reached 17 kg live weight. The duration of the anestrous post weaning of the sheep was obtained through the manifestation of estrus, detected by a vasectomized male, whose sternum region was impregnated with a mix of chess powder and vegetable oil. These observations were made from weaning to the manifestation of the 1st estrus. There was no difference between the treatments, for live weight, body condition score and average daily gain. However, in the lactation phase, a difference was observed for ewes who received protected fat from palm oil in the diet, presenting superiority in the aspect of sheep's body score compared to those who did not receive protected fat. The variable that assessed the total time of birth at weaning showed that sheep that received protected fat in the diet weaned their lambs earlier and also had a shorter time of anestrus after weaning compared to sheep that did not receive protected fat from palm oil in the diet. Lipid supplementation did not influence any of the variables related to maternal filial behavior. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of protected palm oil fat in sheep lactation presents improvements in productive and reproductive parameters.

A study of low-cost Texas diets to support reproduction, lactation, and iodine needs in animals.