Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of lactose hydrolysis on freezing point and dipping characteristics of ice cream. The overall research objective was to determine changes in freezing point, texture and ease of dipping ice cream as a result of lactose hydrolysis. It was also the goal of this research to relate observations from the sensory dippability study with hardness and yield stress data to determine if the latter methods could be used as an alternative to human testing of dippability. In the first experiment, ice cream mixes were treated with lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) to cause 0 to 83% lactose hydrolysis. Lactose hydrolysis decreased the freezing point from -1.63oC in the control (0% hydrolysis) to -1.74oC in the 83% hydrolyzed sample (p < 0.05). Firmness decreased from 0.35 J in the control sample to 0.08 J in the 83% hydrolyzed sample. Lactose hydrolyzed samples melted at a faster rate than the control. There was a difference (p < 0.05) in ease of dipping between samples treated with lactase and the control. There were no perceived differences in sweetness and coldness. In the second study, ice cream mixes were treated with lactase (EC 3.2.1.23) from the microbial sources Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae to cause 0 to 100% lactose hydrolysis. Compression measurements and yield stress as measured by the vane method were both affected by the temperature of the samples. R2 values for compression measurements as related to lactose hydrolysis were higher then those obtained for yield stress measurements. Human evaluation determined a difference (p < 0.05) between the control samples (0% hydrolyzed) and the treatment groups (80% and 100% hydrolyzed). This research demonstrated a relationship between lactose hydrolysis and ease of dipping ice cream. The results implied that the effect of lactose hydrolysis on the dipping characteristics could be evaluated successfully by three different methods: the vane method, compression measurements, and human evaluation. Changes in freezing point due to lactose hydrolysis were minimal, implying that monitoring freezing point is not enough to determine textural characteristics. / Master of Science

This study aimed to obtain 15% total solids and reduced mineral content in milk UF permeate by nanofiltration, hydrolysing the lactose content of nano-concentrate enzymically, partially substituting sucrose in ice cream formulations with hydrolysed lactose nano-concentrate (HLNC), and investigating the effects of HLNC on the physio-chemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream. The desired 15% total solids in the nano-concentrate was achieved after three fold concentration of milk UF permeate. The colour of milk permeate changed, pH and mineral content decreased, and crude protein content, lactose content and titratable acidity increased. The lactose content was hydrolysed by enzyme lactase. HLNC was used to replace 25% and 50% of sucrose in ice cream formulations. Springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, adhesiveness, hardness, iciness, Ph and colour were not significantly affected. Viscosity, freezing point, glass transition temperature, melting temperature, gumminess and sweetness were significantly decreased, whereas freezing time, saltiness and cooked flavour were significantly increased. The overall acceptability of ice cream significantly decreased at 50% but was insignificantly affected at the 25% level. These results indicate that about one quarter of sucrose could be replaced by HLNC. / Master of Science (Hons) (Food Technology)

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2010. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-19T20:33:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao graciella campello.pdf: 486302 bytes, checksum: 0f3c85b47643a8359572feee54269a00 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-24T23:15:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao graciella campello.pdf: 486302 bytes, checksum: 0f3c85b47643a8359572feee54269a00 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-24T23:15:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao graciella campello.pdf: 486302 bytes, checksum: 0f3c85b47643a8359572feee54269a00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar a imobilização da enzima β- galactosidase comercial de Kluyveromyces lactis (Lactozym®), bem como caracterizar a enzima livre e imobilizada visando sua aplicação na reação de hidrólise da lactose. Foram feitos testes preliminares com três suportes diferentes para a imobilização (alginato, quitosana e Eupergit® C), sendo que os valores de recuperação da atividade enzimática foram, respectivamente, 2,43%, 6,27% e 41,86%, selecionando-se o suporte Eupergit® C como o mais promissor. Um planejamento Plackett-Burman, correspondente a 12 ensaios mais 3 réplicas no ponto central, foi proposto a fim de verificar os efeitos das variáveis temperatura, pH, força iônica, tempo de imobilização, concentração de galactose, concentração de íons Mg2+ e volume de enzima na imobilização de β-galactosidase em Eupergit® C. A força iônica e o pH foram as variáveis que apresentaram efeito significativo (p<0,1) na imobilização, sendo que o aumento da força iônica de 0,1 M para 1,5 M e o aumento do pH de 6,6 para 7,4 representaram aumento de 30,0% e redução de 17,3% na recuperação da atividade enzimática, respectivamente. À temperatura de 25°C, pH 6,6, concentração salina de 1,5 M, tempo de imobilização de 8 h, concentração de Mg2+ de 1 mM e 0,4 mL de enzima adicionada, atingiu-se 85% de recuperação da atividade enzimática. As enzimas livre e imobilizada, nas melhores condições em Eupergit® C, foram caracterizadas quanto aos perfis de pH e temperatura, estabilidade térmica, parâmetros cinéticos e termodinâmicos. Quanto aos perfis de pH e temperatura, foram obtidos, para ambas, valores máximos de atividade enzimática em pH 6,6 e 45°C. Houve um ganho de estabilidade térmica com a imobilização enzimática, tendo-se observado um aumento de cerca de 4 vezes no tempo de meia-vida da enzima imobilizada a 45oC, em relação à livre, o que pode representar vantagens na utilização da enzima imobilizada em escala comercial. Os valores de energia de ativação para as enzimas livre e imobilizada foram, respectivamente, iguais a 35,28 kJ.mol-1 e 29,46kJ.mol-1; e os valores de energia de ativação da reação de desnaturação para as enzimas livre e imobilizada foram iguais, respectivamente, a 266,12 kJ.mol-1 e 198,77 kJ.mol-1. Foram determinados os parâmetros cinéticos para as enzimas livre e imobilizada, sendo que os valores de Km, 30,33 mM e 104,00 mM, respectivamente, representaram uma diminuição da afinidade da enzima pelo substrato com a imobilização, possivelmente devido a fatores estéricos e conformacionais. Parâmetros termodinâmicos foram calculados, evidenciando novamente a maior estabilidade térmica da enzima imobilizada e indicando que a perda de estabilidade de ambas as enzimas, livre e imobilizada, parece não estar associada a alterações relevantes na estrutura terciária. / Immobilization of b-galactosidase (Lactozym®) on Eupergit® C and its characterization This study aimed to investigate the immobilization of commercial β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis (Lactozym®) and characterize the free and immobilized enzymes for their application in lactose hydrolysis. Three preliminaries tests were carried out with three different supports for immobilization (alginate, chitosan and Eupergit® C), and the values for recovery of enzyme activity were, respectively, 2.43%, 6.27% e 41.86%, selecting Eupergit® C as the most promising. A Plackett-Burman design, composed of 12 assays over 3 central points was proposed in order to verify the effects of temperature, pH, ionic strength, reaction time, galactose concentration, Mg2+ concentration and enzyme volume on β-galactosidase immobilization using Eupergit® C support. The ionic strength and pH were the variables that presented significant effect (p<0.1) on immobilization. The increase in the ionic strength from 0.1 to 1.5 M and the decrease in pH from 6.6 to 7.4 represented an increase of 30.0% and a reduction of 17.3% in the recovery of enzyme activity, respectively. At 25°C, pH 6.6, salt concentration of 1.5 M, immobilization for 8 h, 1 mM Mg2+ and 0.4 mL of enzyme added, reached 85% recovery of enzymatic activity. The free and immobilized enzyme on Eupergit® C were characterized,determining pH and temperature profiles, thermal stability, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. pH and temperature profiles showed maximum activity at pH 6.6 and 45°C. There was a gain in thermal stability with the enzyme immobilization and there was an increase of about 4 times in the half-life of immobilized enzyme at 45°C, which may represent advantages when using in a commercial scale. The values of activation energy for free and immobilized enzymes were, respectively, equal to 35.28 kJ.mol-1 and 29.46 kJ.mol-1, and the values of activation energy of denaturation reaction for free and immobilized enzymes were equal, respectively, to 266.12kJ.mol-1 and 198.77 kJ.mol-1. Kinetic parameters were determined for the immobilized and free enzyme. Km values of 30.33 mM and 104.00 mM, respectively, represented a decrease of the affinity of the enzyme by the substrate with immobilization, possibly due to steric and conformational factors. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated, showing the higher thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme and indicating that the loss of stability of both enzymes, immobilized and free, does not seem to be associated with significant changes in tertiary structure.

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The intolerance to lactose is the most common intolerance to carbohydrates among people of all ages and it affects about 70% of the adult population worldwide. Due to the prevalence of this condition on the world population, the commercial interest on milk and derivatives with reduced amount of lactose has increased. Such product can be obtained through lactose hydrolysis, mainly through the enzymatic method, using lactase enzyme. The level of lactose hydrolysis depends on the dosage of J-galactosidase in milk, as well as on its processing conditions and, for this reason, it is extremely important to evaluate the influence of such conditions concerning obtainment of milk with reduced amount of lactose, such as temperature during hydrolysis and lactase concentration, over the efficiency of the hydrolysis process and over the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the fina product. The aim of the present study was to observe the influence of different temperatures and concentrations of lactase enzymes over the lactose hydrolysis in pasteurized milks. Samples of pasteurized milks from the Usina Escola de Laticínios (UFSM) were used. Lactase enzyme, supplied by two companies, was added to the milk in different quantities (0.1g/L; 0.2g/L; 0.5g/L; 0.8g/L e 0.9g/L) and hydrolysis was accomplished in different temperatures (7.9ºC; 12ºC; 22ºC; 32ºC e 36.1ºC). These two variables were combined through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by rotational composed central delineation. Hydrolysis was followed by crioscopy until it reached stabilization. Physical, chemical and microbiological analysis were carried out before and after lactose hydrolysis, and sensorial analysis was carried out after hydrolysis. Lactase enzyme input modified physical and chemical properties and characteristics of milk, reducing pH, crioscopy, fat and lactose levels and increasing density, total dry extract (TDE), free-fat dry extract (FDE), glucose and protein levels. There was a difference between the efficiency of the two enzymes on the reduction of the lactose level. Lactose hydrolysis reached values in between 80% and 100%, reducing lactose level to less than 1g/100g, thus enabling milk ingestion by individuals who are intolerant to this carbohydrate. Higher percentages of hydrolysis and, consequently, lower lactose levels were verified in temperatures in between 15 and 30°C, using enzyme concentrations in between 0.6 and 1.0 g/L. The average total count after hydrolysis was beyond the limit established by law, but concerning the count per milk sample, using enzyme 1 and 2, treatments three and seven did not exceed this limit, respectively. Higher values of total count were found at the highest temperatures and using lowest enzyme concentrations. Differences among milk samples with different lactose levels were not sensorially perceived through triangular test. / A intolerância à lactose é a intolerância a carboidrato mais comum entre pessoas de todas as faixas etárias e afeta cerca de 70% dos adultos do mundo. Devido à prevalência desta condição na população mundial, tem aumentado o interesse comercial nos leites e derivados com teor reduzido de lactose. E isto pode ser obtido através da hidrólise da lactose, principalmente pelo método enzimático, com a utilização da enzima lactase. O grau de hidrólise da lactose depende da dosagem da J-galactosidase no leite e das condições de processamento e por isto, é extremamente importante avaliar a influência dessas condições para obtenção do leite com teor reduzido de lactose, como temperatura durante a hidrólise e concentração da lactase, sobre a eficiência do processo de hidrólise e sobre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do produto final. O objetivo do presente estudo foi observar a influência de diferentes temperaturas e concentrações de enzimas lactase sobre a hidrólise da lactose em leites pasteurizados. Foram utilizadas amostras de leite pasteurizado, proveniente da Usina Escola de Laticínios (UFSM). A enzima lactase, fornecida por duas empresas, foi adicionada ao leite em diferentes concentrações (0,1g/L; 0,2g/L; 0,5g/L; 0,8g/L e 0,9g/L) e a hidrólise foi realizada a diferentes temperaturas (7,9ºC; 12ºC; 22ºC; 32ºC e 36,1ºC), sendo estas duas variáveis combinadas entre si através da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR) por delineamento central composto rotacional. A hidrólise foi acompanhada por crioscopia até que esta se estabilizasse. Foram realizadas análises físicoquímicas e microbiológicas antes e após a hidrólise da lactose e análise sensorial após. A adição da enzima lactase modificou características e propriedades físico-químicas do leite, reduzindo pH, crioscopia, teores de gordura e lactose e aumentando densidade, extrato seco total (EST), extrato seco desengordurado (ESD), teores de proteína e glicose. Houve diferença entre a eficiência das duas enzimas na redução do teor de lactose. A hidrólise da lactose atingiu valores de 80% a 100%, reduzindo o teor de lactose para menos de 1g/100g, possibilitando a ingestão do leite por indivíduos intolerantes a este carboidrato. As maiores porcentagens de hidrólise e, conseqüentemente, os menores teores de lactose foram verificados em temperaturas de 15 a 30ºC e com o uso de concentrações de enzima de 0,6 a 1,0 g/L. A média da contagem total após a hidrólise ultrapassou o limite estabelecido pela legislação, porém, nas contagens realizadas por amostra de leite, com o uso da enzima 1, três tratamentos não excederam esse limite e com o uso da enzima 2, sete. Os maiores valores de contagem total foram encontrados nas maiores temperaturas e com o uso de menores concentrações de enzimas. As diferenças entre amostras de leite com teores de lactose diferentes, não foram sensorialmente percebidas através do teste triangular.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Doris Oliveira Gregianin.pdf: 1718205 bytes, checksum: 59a8cb966255e87e0fa3f347f2a191cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / The increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and various cancers have been the cause of searching for changing habits in a large portion of the population, seeking the physical activity in conjunction with the consumption of healthier foods with higher nutritional content. Considering the high biological value of the proteins of sweet whey and the recognized effect in reducing risk of cardiovascular disease of soy protein, the aim of this study was to develop a mixed chocolate-soluble soybean extract dissolved in sweet whey. The different proportions of carrageenan stabilizers, pectin and tapioca starch were defined by the experimental design of mixtures simplex centroid. By optimizing the response surface was definitely the best formulation in relation to the physic-chemical and sensory parameters. The simultaneous optimization of response variables indicated that the optimal formulation should contain 46% carrageenan and 54% pectin and 0% starch, with a desirability index of 0.929. The formulation indicated for the desirability function was made with water soluble soy extract dissolved in sweet whey and; on sweet whey with reduced lactose content. Serum was hydrolyzed by the action of lactase from Kluyveromyces lactis yeast enzyme at a concentration of 2500 NLU / L in reaction 4 hr at 37 ° C. The sensory attributes were evaluated by nine points hedonic scale and attitude scale in purchase intent. For overall impression, the formulations presented average value of 7.11 ±1.09, while purchase intent the average value was 3.99 ± 1.28, and the multiple regression models proved to be predictive. The most widely accepted formulations were those who had lower viscosity and instrumental containing pectin in its constitution. The results obtained indicate that the combination of sweet whey and soy aqueous extract is a viable option for the preparation of a chocolate beverage. It was also observed that the use of cassava starch as a thickener does not interfere negatively on the rheological and sensory characteristics and; that the combined carrageenan and pectin concentrations defined predictive model ensures greater acceptability of the product. / O aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares e diversos tipos de câncer tem sido a causa da procura por mudanças de hábitos em grande parte da população, buscando-se a prática de atividades físicas em conjunto com o consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis, com maior valor nutricional. Considerando o alto valor biológico das proteínas do soro de leite doce e o reconhecido efeito na diminuição de risco de doenças cardiovasculares da proteína de soja, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um achocolatado misto de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja dissolvido em soro de leite doce. As diferentes proporções dos estabilizantes carragena, pectina e amido de mandioca foram definidas pelo planejamento experimental de misturas simplex centróide. Através da otimização da Superfície de Resposta foi definida a melhor formulação em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais. A otimização simultânea das variáveis de resposta indicou que a formulação ideal deveria conter 46% de carragena e 54% de pectina e 0% de amido, com um índice de desejabilidade de 0,929. A formulação indicada pela função de desejabilidade foi elaborada com extrato hidrossolúvel de soja dissolvido em soro de leite doce e; em soro doce com teor de lactose reduzido. O soro foi hidrolisado pela ação da enzima lactase proveniente da levedura Kluyveromyces lactis, na concentração de 2.500 NLU/L numa reação de 4 horas à temperatura de 37°C. Os atributos sensoriais foram avaliados pela escala hedônica de nove pontos e escala de atitude na intenção de compra. Para impressão global as formulações apresentaram valor médio 7,11 ±1,09, enquanto que para intenção de compra o valor médio foi de 3,99 ±1,28, sendo que os modelos de regressão múltipla mostraram-se preditivos. As formulações mais aceitas foram aquelas que apresentaram menor viscosidade instrumental e que continham pectina em sua constituição. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a combinação do soro doce de leite e extrato aquoso de soja é uma opção viável para a elaboração de uma bebida achocolatada. Também foi possível observar que o uso do amido de mandioca como espessante não interfere negativamente nas características reológicas e sensoriais do produto e; que a carragena e pectinas combinadas, nas concentrações definidas pelo modelo preditivo, garantem maior aceitabilidade ao produto.