Even though the e-book market is increasing, little research has been done on readers who are late adopters of e-books, and their resistance and scepticism to e-book adoption. The Swedish and Japanese e-book market have had similar adoption rates since 2010. However, even though their adoption rates resemble each other, how readers gain access to e-books differ in Sweden and Japan. Swedish readers use the library, and subscription services, while Japanese readers mostly use mobile apps that specializes in certain genres, such as manga or special mobile novels called keitai shousetsu.This study investigates the similarities and differences between late adopters of e-books in Sweden and Japan, with the use of the diffusion of innovation-theory by Everett Rogers (2003). Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted in spring 2017 with five Swedish and five Japanese respondents, all readers who had yet to adopt e-books. The analysis found that the main factors for the respondents’ choice to reject or resist e-book adoption are an emotional bond to the print format, and the reading experience. The factors were related to trust issues, and an uncertainty in how e-books would affect their personal lives as well as their social systems. There were few differences between the Swedish and Japanese respondents. The main difference was that the Swedish respondents would talk about books with people outside of their immediate family to a larger extent than the Japanese respondents.

As digitalisation continues to spread, the impact technology has on society is evident. In Sweden, digitalisation has led to the end of analog options forcing individuals to rapidly adapt to new technologies. For this reason, the diffusion of electronic identification (eID) as a critical technology occurred at an accelerated rate. However, a segment of society remains without access to this innovation. In this study, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with influential eID actors in Sweden to identify factors that impact the diffusion process, with a focus on late adoption. The result of this study shows that collaborations, accountability, biases, compatible technologies, and infrastructure technologies influence the spread of eID. These factors can be identified at an actor level but interact and consolidate on a system level. The above-mentioned findings have implications for innovation diffusion and digital divide theories as well as policy decisions regarding infrastructure technology and the practical requirements for adopting to eID. / I takt med att digitaliseringen breder ut sig blir teknologins påverkan och inflytande över samhället mer tydlig. I Sverige har digitaliseringen lett till att analoga tjänster upphör, därmed tvingas individer att snabbt anpassa sig till ny teknik. Av denna anledning har spridningen av elektroniska identitetshandlingar (e-leg) accelererats. Denna teknologi kan klassas som samhällskritisk och har därmed en särställning. Dock finns det icke-användare som ännu inte tagit del av denna innovation och därmed saknar tillgång till viktiga tjänster. I denna studie har kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med inflytelserika e-leg aktörer i syfte att identifiera faktorer som påverkar den sista fasen av innovationsspridning. Resultatet av denna studie visar på att samarbete, ansvar, fördomar, kompatibla tekniker och aspekter av infrastruktur samverkar och potentiellt begränsar användandet av e-leg. Dessa faktorer existerar på en aktörsnivå och interagerar samt förenas på en strukturell systemnivå. Detta utmanar teorier kring innovationsspridning och den digitala klyftan. Dessutom får dessa insikter betydelse för politiska beslut angående samhällskritisk teknik, samt för det framtida användandet av elektroniska identitetshandlingar i Sverige.