Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is produced in the rumen by isomerization of linoleic acid and has been shown to be anticarcinogenic. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding dietary CLA to pre-ruminant lambs or linoleic acid-rich safflower oil to weaned ruminating lambs. Fat content, CLA content and fatty acid (FA) composition of diaphragm, leg, rib, subcutaneous (SC) adipose and liver tissues were determined. The triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions of the total lipid (TL) from the diaphragm, rib and SC adipose tissues were analyzed for FA composition and FA positional distribution. The phospholipid (PL) fractions of the TL were analyzed for FA composition. The positional (PL) fractions of the TL were analyzed for FA composition. The positional distribution of FAs of liver PL was determined. Tissue fat content was affected by diet only in SC adipose tissue. Dietary supplementation with safflower oil increased the fat content of the subcutaneous adipose tissue whereas CLA supplementation resulted in decreased (P<0.05) fat content. Dietary supplementation with safflower oil increased (P<0.05) the CLA content of tissues by more than 200% whereas dietary supplementation with CLA did not affect CLA content. Positional distribution analysis indicated that CLA tends was localized to the sn-1/3 positions of TAG and the sn-2 position of the liver PL. / xiii, 74 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

Lupin seed has the potential to be used as a protein supplement in ruminant rations, but its usage is restricted by the presence of alkaloids. Experiments were conducted with the aim of determining whether the removal of specific toxic alkaloids, lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine, from crushed lupin seed (CLS) would improve the organic matter intake (OMI) and average daily gains (ADG) in lambs, and also improve the lactation performance in dairy cows. Effects on liver function in lambs were also investigated. An additional study on the effects of the detoxification of CLS on the degradation of protein was conducted. In Experiment 1, 30 growing Corriedale lambs were fed five diets for 105 d according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six blocks. Two diets contained intact CLS at 15% (LUI-15) or 30% (LUI-30) of DM; two other diets contained detoxified CLS at 15% (LUD-15) or 30% (LUD-30) and the control (CON) diet was supplemented with crushed sunflower seed, which was locally prepared, on-farm. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (16% CP). The alkaloid content (lupanine and 13-OH lupanine) of the diets was.31,.70,.21 and.52% for LUI-15, LUI-30, LUD-15 and LUD-30, respectively. Thus, diets containing detoxified CLS contained approximately 30% less alkaloids than those with intact CLS. Estimates of ADG of lambs fed diets containing detoxified CLS was higher (P $<$.01) (120 g.d$ sp{-1}$) than that of lambs fed intact CLS (76 g.d$ sp{-1}$). The OMI (73 g/Wkg$ sp{0.75}$) was also higher, although not significantly, for lambs fed diets containing detoxified CLS. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (P $<$.05) by the detoxification of CLS. Lambs fed diets containing intact CLS consumed more OMI as time progressed, suggesting that adaptation to CLS might have occurred. Lambs fed diets containing intact CLS demonstrated increased trends in the activity in plasma of the enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transferase (GOT) and $ gamma$-glutamyl transfer

No description available.

Forty ewe lambs were grouped into four treatment groups: A) fed a standard, high-energy diet, ad libitum; G) fed as group A, but treated with GH (.1 mg/kg bodyweight/d); R) fed the standard diet in restricted amounts to a target weight gain of 120 g/d; S) fed a ration including 30% of a protected fat supplement, ad libitum. Rations were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric and were fed from approximately seven to 22 weeks of age. Growth rates differed in the order S>A = G> R, although final weights did not differ among ad libitum fed groups. Lambs in group S had heavier mammary glands, with greater amounts of parenchyma and fat pad and higher content of dry, fat-free parenchymal tissue compared to the mean of the remaining groups. Total gland weight was lower in group R, although weight of parenchyma was similar to groups A and G. Parenchyma made up a higher percent of total udder weight in lambs of group R compared to any other group. Parenchymal DNA content was not different by treatment, but glands from group G had twice the total DNA of groups A and R, and group S had 50% more than the latter groups. Volume of mammary glands occupied by parenchyma was increased by more than 50% in group S, compared to the other groups which were similar. Concentrations of prolactin receptors in mammary parenchyma and of GH receptors in liver were increased in lambs of group S. Percent Iinoleic acid in mammary parenchymal lipid of lambs in group S was increased relative to other groups. Unsaturated acids also made up a greater percentage of total fatty acids in group S. Feeding the protected fat supplement resulted in increased unsaturated fatty acid, especially linoleic acid, percentage in mammary fat. This effect was associated with increased mammary growth compared to lambs fed a standard ration. Lambs treated with GH showed some indications of increased mammary growth, but groups A and R were similar except for the increase in percent of gland occupied by parenchyma in group R. In a second study, mammary growth in prepubertal mice increased with increasing dietary energy intake. Differences in ductal growth persisted at 18 weeks of age, and effects of exogenous steroids at this time were not significant. Prepubertal mammary growth in mice is not sensitive to inhibition by high plane of nutrition as is the case in ruminants. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The following study is to determine if a creep feed balanced for limiting essential amino acids (EAA) at a certain non structural carbohydrate (NSC) level will elicit greater responses than lambs reared on a commercial creep feed. Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine and Leucine were determined as the limiting amino acids for nursing lambs. These amino acids were incorporated into the creep feed treatments CF1 and CF2 representing 157 g CP/kg, 477 g NSC/kg and 179 g CP/kg, 508 g NSC/kg, respectively. A commercial creep feed with no optimisation for EAA is represented as CFC with 139 g CP/kg and 455 g NSC/kg. A negative control (CON) treatment represents lambs receiving no creep feed but with ad libitum access to suckle their dams while feeding on kikuyu pasture. A growth trial was conducted on Merino x Döhne-Merino cross twin lambs averaging a birth weight of 4.42 kg ± 0.11 for 60 days following with a digestibility trial towards the end of the trial. Half of the lamb crop was slaughtered at an average live weight of 23.6 kg ± 0.56. The M. longissimus dorsi was removed on both the left and right half of the carcass between the 2nd - 3rd last thoracic vertebrae and the 4th - 5th lumbar vertebrae. A sample from the rumen wall was taken at the rumino-reticular fold to determine development characteristics. Results indicate that the feed conversion ratio for the CFC lambs were better than CF1 (P = 0.052) but not more than CF2 (P = 0.307). The FCR was 0.88, 1.19 and 1.01 (kilogram feed required to gain 1 kg in bodyweight) for CFC, CF1 and CF2, respectively. Dressing percentage was higher for CF2 than for both CFC (P = 0.012) and CF1 (P = 0.077). Along with BUN data it was concluded that the high CP level of CF2 resulted in the higher fat deposition. The optimised creep feeds had higher nitrogen and energy balances than the commercial CFC, this implicates that the optimised creep feeds were more efficiently utilised. Optimised creep feed treatments had longer papillae than CON (P < 0.0001). Papillae of creep feed 2 was longer than CFC (P = 0.0537). Papillae width decreased as the NSC level increased thus it is surmised that higher NSC levels resulted in longer but thinner papillae. Rumen muscularization was equally developed between all the treatments and was ascribed to the lambs’ access to course roughage. Meat quality in terms of physical and chemical characteristics was found to be in range with that expected for lambs at higher slaughter weights (40 kg). In conclusion, the balancing of the limiting EAA increases the benefits of creep feeding while simultaneously being more efficiently utilised. Intensive sheep production systems may benefit from the feeding of such creep feeds provided it fits economically into their farming system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die volgende studie is om te bepaal of 'n kruipvoer wat gebalanseerd is vir beperkende essensiële aminosure (EAA) by 'n vasgestelde nie-strukturele koolhidraat (NSK) vlak verbeterde groei sal ontlok teenoor lammers wat grootgemaak word op 'n kommersiële kruipvoer. Lisien, Treonien, Metionien, Isoleusien, Fenylalanien en Leusien is bepaal as die beperkende aminosure vir suipende lammers. Hierdie aminosure is opgeneem in die geoptimiseerde kruipvoer behandelings CF1 en CF2 wat 157 g RP/kg, 477 g NSK/kg en 179 g RP/kg, 508 g NSK/kg onderskeidelik verteenwoordig. 'n Kommersiële kruipvoer met geen optimalisering vir EAA is verteenwoordig as CFC met 139 g RP/kg en 455 g NSK/kg. 'n Negatiewe kontrole (CON) behandeling is verteenwoordig deur lammers wat geen kruipvoer ontvang het nie, maar wat ad libitum toegang tot hul ooi gehad het om te soog terwyl die ooi op ‘n kikoejoeveld wei. 'n Groei proef is uitgevoer met Merino x Döhne-Merino kruis tweelinglammers met ‘n gemiddelde geboorte gewig van 4,42 ± 0,11 kg vir 60 dae en 'n verteerbaarheids proef is na aan die einde van die studie uitgevoer. Helfte van die lam kudde is geslag by die lewende gewig van 23,6 ± 0, 56 kg. Die M. longissimus dorsi was op beide die linker-en regter helfte van die karkas tussen die 2de - 3de laaste torakale werwels en die 4de - 5de lumbale werwels verwyder. 'n Monster van die rumen wand is geneem langs die rumino retikulêre vou sodat die rumen ontwikkeling eienskappe daarmee bepaal kon word. Resultate dui daarop aan dat die voeromsetverhouding (VOV) vir CFC lammers beter was as vir CF1 (P = 0,052), maar nie meer as vir CF2 (P = 0,307) nie. Die VOV was 0,88 , 1,19 en 1,01 (kilogram voer wat nodig is om 1 kg liggaamsmassa aan te sit) vir CFC, CF1 en CF2 onderskeidelik. Uitslag persentasie vir CF2 was hoër as beide CFC (P = 0,012) en CF1 (P = 0,077). Saam met die bloed, urea en stikstofbalans data is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die hoë RP inhoud van CF2 gelei het tot ‘n hoër vetneerlegging. Die geoptimaliseerde kruipvoere het ‘n hoër stikstof- en energiebalans gehad teenoor die kommersiële CFC behandeling wat dus impliseer dat die optimale kruipvoere doeltreffender benut was. Die geoptimaliseerde kruipvoer behandelings het langer papillae gehad as CON (P < 0,0001). Papillae lengte van die CF2 behandeling is langer as die van CFC (P = 0,0537). Papillae breedte het dunner geraak soos wat die NSK-vlak gestyg het dus word vermoed dat hoër NSK-vlakke langer maar dunner papillae tot gevolg het. Rumen bespiering is ewe ontwikkeld tussen al die behandelings en word toegeskryf aan die lammers se toegang tot growwe ruvoer. Vleis kwaliteit in terme van fisiese- en chemiese eienskappe was inlyn met wat verwag kan word vir lammers by hoër slaggewigte (40 kg). Ten slotte, die balansering van beperkende aminosure verhoog die voordele van kruipvoeding en word terselfdertyd doeltreffender benut. Intensiewe skaap produksie stelsels kan dus voordeel trek uit die voeding van sodanige kruipvoere mits dit ekonomies pas in die boerdery stelsel.

Invitro synthesis and degradation capabilities and the cathepsin D activity of the skeletal muscles of experimentally induced Selenium-Vitamin E deficient lambs were investigated. Twenty-one Dorset x Coopworth x Suffolk lambs were blocked by weight and assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) a basal diet of 85% whole shelled corn and 15% mixed grass hay plus a mineral supplement that was low in Se and E (-Se-E), 2) the basal diet and deficient mineral mixture as fed in treatment 1 with the addition of a casein encapsulated fat supplement (-Se-E+fat), 3) the basal diet plus a mineral mixture which contained supplemental Se and E (+Se+E). Upon completion of the feeding trial, lambs which had been receiving the -Se-E treatment had the greatest body and individual muscle weights. The -Se-E+fat treatment had the lowest degradation rates and the highest synthesis rates. Cathepsin D activity was found to be lowest in the -Se-E+fat treatment. The -Se-E treatment was observed to have the highest degradation rate and the next highest synthesis rate indicating an increased rate of muscle turn-over. In all cases, the degradation rates were positively correlated with cathepsin D activity. / Master of Science

This study was designed to determine whether feeding an Aspergillus product would influence growth or feed utilization and intestinal mucosal cell function as indicated by uptake of methionine and glucose by isolated intestinal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). In Experiment 1, 24 weanling pigs were paired by sex, BW, and litter and were allotted, within pairs, to either an 18% CP corn-soy diet (control) or the same diet supplemented (.15%) with an Aspergillus product. There were no differences (P > .05) in ADG, daily feed intake, or feed/gain between the two groups. In Experiment 2, 24 weanling wether lambs were paired by BW and were randomly assigned within pair to a 14% CP diet containing 61.1 % cracked corn, 17.3% soybean meal, and 15% ground orchard grass hay (control) or the same diet fortified (.07%) with an Aspergillus product. There were no differences (P > .05) in ADG, daily feed intake, or feed/gain between the two groups. Enrichment of alkaline phosphatase in BBMV used in transport studies were 12.7-fold higher in pigs and 5.6-fold higher in lambs over the original homogenate. / Ph. D.