A method for reinforcing the free edges of a symmetric 11-ply graphite-epoxy laminate by adding a one-layer Kevlar-epoxy edge cap is studied. Generalized plane strain finite element analysis is used to predict that interlaminar stresses are reduced when an edge cap is added to the laminate. Different edge cap designs are evaluated. A three-dimensional composite failure criterion and finite element analysis are used in a progressive laminate failure analysis to predict the failure load of the reinforced luminate. The results of an experimental program are presented. Cappad laminates are shown to be on average 130% to 140%. stronger than uncapped laminates when subjected to static tensile or tension-tension fatigue loading. In addition, the coefficient of variation of the static tensile failure load decreases from 24% to 8% with the addition of edge caps. The predicted failure load which is calculated with the finite element results is 10%. lower than the actual failure load. For both the capped and the uncapped laminates, actual failure loads are much lower than those predicted using classical lamination theory stresses and a 2-D failure criterion. Possible applications of the free edge reinforcement concept are given. Suggestions for future research are made. / M.S.

M.S.

Bolted cores made of coated silicon steel sheets constitute a vital part of heavy electrical equipment for transformers, motors and turbogenerators. Bolted laminates are eminently suitable for facilitating smooth magnetic flux paths, but, unfortunately, they are unable to suppress interlaminate shearing caused by flexural vibration generating noise levels often exceeding 100 dB during operation. The resulting din and cacophony in the surrounding has become a major environmental concern. This thesis makes an attempt to develop theoretical, experimental and numerical models for evolving an effective stiffness approach enhancing the design and analysis underlying nonlinear flexure of bolted laminates. While large machine cores contain thousands of thin sheets bolted together along with end plates, this thesis reports the results obtained on two different assemblies. Two 375 mm long 60 mm wide and 10 mm thick plates assembled with 3, 4 or 5 bolts constitute the first configuration. The second one which is much more realistic comprises 80 coated 270 micron silicon steel sheets with end plates of 2 or 4 mm thickness held together by 3 or 5 bolts. Static 3 point bend tests on these bolted assemblies are followed by instrumented impact tests. Static bending tests highlight the role of frictional nonlinearity inducing a drop in the stiffness due to sliding between the plates. An experimentally determined effective modulus in the initial linear range is utilized for static and dynamic finite element simulations. Nonlinear response of bolted plates is simulated using contact elements in between the sliding plates, plates and the bolts heads. Since the first fundamental mode of vibration dominates the tribomechanical vibration induced noise, the primary focus is on the fundamental frequency in bending. There is generally a good overall agreement in all the results obtained through theory, experiment and FE simulation. Experiments, however, unveil quite complex nonlinear effects induced by friction and plasticity outside the scope of this thesis. However, the low amplitude response of bolted laminates which is reasonably well captured in this thesis represents the starting point for initiating a more elaborate effort for addressing large amplitude nonlinear flexure in bolted laminates. These findings shed light on estimating and controlling noise and vibration levels in heavy electric machines.

Atualmente, as indústrias brasileiras recorrem a normas de outros países para o controle de qualidade para a caracterização de elementos estruturais feitos de Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC) e de LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) devido à ausência de especificações nacionais. Este trabalho teve como finalidade a verificação da adequação de alguns métodos de ensaios propostos nos projetos de norma ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-3 e ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-5 para determinar as propriedades dos elementos estruturais de madeira colada para o controle de qualidade da indústria produtora. Para tanto, foram obtidos das indústrias vários grupos de vigas de MLC e grupos de emendas dentadas produzidos com diversas combinações de madeiras e adesivos. Também, foram obtidos grupos de vigas de LVL na posição horizontal e grupos de vigas de LVL na posição de vertical. Foram realizados testes de flexão estática para determinação do módulo de ruptura e de elasticidade de todas as vigas. Além disso, das vigas foram retirados corpos de prova para realização dos ensaios de cisalhamento na linha de cola, delaminação e compressão paralela às fibras, enquanto as emendas dentadas foram analisadas pelo ensaio de tração paralela às fibras. Os procedimentos empregados podem ser considerados adequados para aplicação pelas indústrias no controle de qualidade da produção de elementos estruturais de MLC e de LVL. O ensaio de delaminação para adesivos expostos a ambientes externos, proposto no projeto de norma, pode ser analisado como prático e eficaz. Em relação aos testes de cisalhamento, o número de análises por amostra pode ser reduzido, desde que, priorize o ensaio na região central da seção transversal devido à maior concentração de tensões de cisalhamento. Como era esperado, as emendas dentadas formaram pontos de fragilidade, reduzindo a resistência de algumas vigas e tendo sua ruptura evidenciada por esforço de tração. No LVL, a posição vertical apresentou melhor resistência à flexão e ao cisalhamento do que a horizontal. O projeto de norma é apresentado em anexo nesse trabalho. / Nowadays, the Brazilian industries follow the foreign countries standard regulation to the quality control of characterization of structural elements produced from Glued Laminated Timber (glulam) and Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) due to the absence of national specifications. This work has the purpose of verifying the suggested methods of regulation projects, such as ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-3 and ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-5, to determine the properties of glued timber structural elements to quality control of producer industry. Therefore, glulam beams and fingerjoints groups, produced from several combinations of woods and adhesives, were obtained from industries. In addition, it was used flatwise LVL beams groups and edgewise LVL beams groups. It was made the static bending tests to determine strength and stiffness for each beam. Furthermore, from the beams it was extracted samples in order to test shear in the glue line, delamination and parallel grain compression whereas the fingerjoints were analysed by the parallel grain tensile test. The procedures taken on the experimental program can be considered suitable for industrial usage at quality control of production of structural elements from glulam and LVL. The delamination test for adhesive exposed to external environment, proposal in the new standard, can be analysed as practical and effective. In relation to the shear test, the number of analysis by sample can be reduced, whether prioritized the test in the central region of transversal section due to higher shear stress concentration. As expected, the fingerjoints formed fragile points, reducing strength for some beams and by presenting rupture when tensile stressed. In the LVL, the edgewise groups presented better bending and shear resistance than flatwise groups. The new test method is presented in annex in this dissertation.

Atualmente, as indústrias brasileiras recorrem a normas de outros países para o controle de qualidade para a caracterização de elementos estruturais feitos de Madeira Laminada Colada (MLC) e de LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) devido à ausência de especificações nacionais. Este trabalho teve como finalidade a verificação da adequação de alguns métodos de ensaios propostos nos projetos de norma ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-3 e ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-5 para determinar as propriedades dos elementos estruturais de madeira colada para o controle de qualidade da indústria produtora. Para tanto, foram obtidos das indústrias vários grupos de vigas de MLC e grupos de emendas dentadas produzidos com diversas combinações de madeiras e adesivos. Também, foram obtidos grupos de vigas de LVL na posição horizontal e grupos de vigas de LVL na posição de vertical. Foram realizados testes de flexão estática para determinação do módulo de ruptura e de elasticidade de todas as vigas. Além disso, das vigas foram retirados corpos de prova para realização dos ensaios de cisalhamento na linha de cola, delaminação e compressão paralela às fibras, enquanto as emendas dentadas foram analisadas pelo ensaio de tração paralela às fibras. Os procedimentos empregados podem ser considerados adequados para aplicação pelas indústrias no controle de qualidade da produção de elementos estruturais de MLC e de LVL. O ensaio de delaminação para adesivos expostos a ambientes externos, proposto no projeto de norma, pode ser analisado como prático e eficaz. Em relação aos testes de cisalhamento, o número de análises por amostra pode ser reduzido, desde que, priorize o ensaio na região central da seção transversal devido à maior concentração de tensões de cisalhamento. Como era esperado, as emendas dentadas formaram pontos de fragilidade, reduzindo a resistência de algumas vigas e tendo sua ruptura evidenciada por esforço de tração. No LVL, a posição vertical apresentou melhor resistência à flexão e ao cisalhamento do que a horizontal. O projeto de norma é apresentado em anexo nesse trabalho. / Nowadays, the Brazilian industries follow the foreign countries standard regulation to the quality control of characterization of structural elements produced from Glued Laminated Timber (glulam) and Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) due to the absence of national specifications. This work has the purpose of verifying the suggested methods of regulation projects, such as ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-3 and ABNT NBR PN 02:126.10-001-5, to determine the properties of glued timber structural elements to quality control of producer industry. Therefore, glulam beams and fingerjoints groups, produced from several combinations of woods and adhesives, were obtained from industries. In addition, it was used flatwise LVL beams groups and edgewise LVL beams groups. It was made the static bending tests to determine strength and stiffness for each beam. Furthermore, from the beams it was extracted samples in order to test shear in the glue line, delamination and parallel grain compression whereas the fingerjoints were analysed by the parallel grain tensile test. The procedures taken on the experimental program can be considered suitable for industrial usage at quality control of production of structural elements from glulam and LVL. The delamination test for adhesive exposed to external environment, proposal in the new standard, can be analysed as practical and effective. In relation to the shear test, the number of analysis by sample can be reduced, whether prioritized the test in the central region of transversal section due to higher shear stress concentration. As expected, the fingerjoints formed fragile points, reducing strength for some beams and by presenting rupture when tensile stressed. In the LVL, the edgewise groups presented better bending and shear resistance than flatwise groups. The new test method is presented in annex in this dissertation.

published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

This thesis discusses the results of experimental tests on two post-tensioned timber core-walls, tested under bi-directional quasi-static seismic loading. The half-scale two-storey test specimens included a stair with half-flight landings. Multi-storey timber structures are becoming increasingly desirable for architects and building owners due to their aesthetic and environmental benefits. In addition, there is increasing public pressure to have low damage structural systems with minimal business interruption after a moderate to severe seismic event. Timber has been used extensively for low-rise residential structures in the past, but has been utilised much less for multi-storey structures, traditionally limited to residential type building layouts which use light timber framing and include many walls to form a lateral load resisting system. This is undesirable for multi-storey commercial buildings which need large open spaces providing building owners with versatility in their desired floor plan. The use of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) panels for multi-storey timber buildings is gaining popularity throughout the world, especially for residential construction. Previous experimental testing has been done on the in-plane behaviour of single and coupled post-tensioned timber walls at the University of Canterbury and elsewhere. However, there has been very little research done on the 3D behaviour of timber walls that are orthogonal to each other and no research to date into post-tensioned CLT walls. The “high seismic option” consisted of full height post-tensioned CLT walls coupled with energy dissipating U-shaped Flexural Plates (UFPs) attached at the vertical joints between coupled wall panels and between wall panels and the steel corner columns. An alternative “low seismic option” consisted of post-tensioned CLT panels connected by screws, to provide a semi-rigid connection, allowing relative movement between the panels, producing some level of frictional energy dissipation.

In this thesis, the behaviour of glued laminated timber combined with hardwood and softwood lamallae is investigated. The influence of hardwood in the tension and compression zone, in terms of strength and stiffness is evaluated.The basis of evaluation consists of determining the behaviour of beams with various combinations of hardwood solely in the tension zone along with beams with hardwood in the tension and compression zone. The influence of different amount of hardwood for both cases is studied my means of experimental and analytical methods.Experimental data attained by performing bending tests are evaluated for different combinations made from spruce and oak. By comparing the experimental and analytical data an increase in the strength and stiffness in various combinations is observed and potrayed which varies based on different wood species.

Orientador: Ivaldo De Domenico Valarelli / Banca: Alexandre Jorge Duarte de Souza / Banca: Elen Aparecida Martines Morales / Banca: Julio Cesar Molina / Banca: Priscila Roel de Deus / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho e a resistência mecânica de dois tipos de emendas dentadas laterais com diferentes geometrias que poderiam estar presentes na produção industrial de painéis sarrafeados colados de madeira das espécies de Pinus. Para a colagem dos painéis utilizou-se adesivo poliuretano à base de mamona formulado com condições especiais para resistir à umidade da madeira. A partir dos painéis confeccionados foram retirados os corpos de prova seguindo-se as especificações de ensaios da norma ABNT NBR 7190:1997 para os ensaios mecânicos de tração normal às fibras e cisalhamento na região de cola e EN 14080:2013 para o ensaio de delaminação. Como conclusão dos resultados obtidos nos ensaios de resistência os desempenhos das emendas dentadas laterais não foram satisfatórios em relação aos valores médios das amostras da madeira maciça. / Abstract: The present study aimed to verify the mechanical performance and strength of two types of toothed lateral joints with different geometries, that could be available for industrial production of batten boards based on Pinus elliottii woods species. For panel bonding, the castor oil-based polyurethane resin was used and formulated with special conditions to resist the moisture of the wood. Through batten boards glued laterally with two toothed lateral joints, specimens were obtained according to the specifications of the standard documents (Brazilian) ABNT NBR 7190:1997 related to mechanical tests of perpendicular tensile to fiber and shear strength in the glue region, and (European) EN 14080:2013 for delamination testing. As conclusion of the results obtained in the resistance tests the performance of the toothed lateral joints were not satisfactory in relation to the average values of the samples of solid wood. / Doutor

Este trabalho consiste no estudo teórico e experimental das emendas dentadas em madeira laminada colada (MLC), cujo objetivo principal é avaliar o método proposto no Projeto da Nova Norma Brasileira PNBR 7190 (1996) para a caracterização da MLC, com ênfase às emendas dentadas. As espécies de madeira estudadas foram o Pinus elliottii e o Eucalipto grandis e o adesivo utilizado foi o CASCOPHEN RS-216, à base de resorcinol, produzido pela Alba Química Indústria e Comércio Ltda. A emenda dentada usada no estudo foi a correspondente ao comprimento de 20 mm da DIN 68140, geometria esta adotada pelo parque produtor de MLC no país. Nos ensaios são avaliadas as resistências ao cisalhamento na lâmina de cola, a tração normal à lâmina de cola e a resistência a tração das emendas dentadas. O desempenho das ligações foi avaliado em função da relação entre os valores obtidos nos ensaios com madeira colada e madeira maciça, bem como pelo modo de ruptura dos mesmos. Como conclusão obteve-se que o processo de colagem adotado foi bem sucedido para todos as amostras de caracterização da MLC, independente da espécie de madeira e do tipo de ruptura obtido. O método proposto no Projeto da Nova Norma Brasileira PNBR 7190 (1996) mostrou-se adequado para a caracterização das propriedades de resistência da MLC. / This work consist in the theoretical and experimental study of finger joints in glued laminated timber (GLULAM), with main objective to evaluate the method proposed in the New Brazilian Draft Code PNBR 7190 (1996) to characterization of GLULAM, with emphasis to finger joints. The species of wood studied were the Pinus elliottii and Eucalipto grandis and the adhesive was the CASCOPHEN RS-216, resorcinol-based, produced by Alba Química Indústria e Comércio Ltda. The geometry of finger joint used in the study was the correspondent to DIN 68140, this is the adopted by producer park of GLULAM in the country. In the tests were evaluated the shear resistance of glue lamina, the perpendicular tension resistance of glue lamina and parallel to grain tension resistance of finger joints. The performance of jointing was evaluated as a function of the relation between the values obtained in the tests with glued wood and clear wood, as well as rupture mode. Concluding remarks that gluing process adopted was well successful to all specimens of wood specie and rupture mode. The method proposed by New Brazilian Draft Code PNBR 7190 (1996) is adequate to characterization of the resistance properties of GLULAM.