Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1985. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 422-449).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 417-429) and index.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Geography. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-174). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11927

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-136).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2006. / Vita. Appendix: leaves 194-195. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-219).

Thesis (Ph. D)--Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 2007. / "Proefschrift." The Netherlands TRAIL [Transport, Infrastructure and Logistics] Research School is a joint postgraduate research school of Delft University of Technology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Radboud University of Nijmegen, University of Groningen, and University of Twente. Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-198).

CAPES / A tendência mundial de concentração da população nas áreas urbanas, aliada a falta de planejamento das cidades tem provocado sérios prejuízos ambientais que se refletem na qualidade de vida das pessoas. A impermeabilização excessiva do solo e a ausência de vegetação nas cidades são algumas das principais consequências da urbanização que podem ocasionar o alagamento de ruas e a reprodução de ambiente pouco estético e atrativo ao convívio social. Neste contexto, objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de instalação de plantas ornamentais nas áreas livres das calçadas na cidade de Pato Branco, PR. O experimento foi conduzido na área urbana do município de Pato Branco, PR, em área composta por solo exposto e calçada. Foram plantadas mudas das espécies ornamentais: Kalanchoë blossfeldiana (Calanchoê), Acalypha reptans (Rabo-de-gato), Tradescantia pallida var. purpúrea (Trapoeraba-roxa), Chlorophytum comosum (Gravatinha) e Ophiopogon japonicus (grama). Foram avaliadas as características do solo, o desenvolvimento das plantas e a percepção ambiental de moradores, transeuntes e não moradores do local onde foi implantado o experimento. Não houve alterações na classificação morfológica do solo em relação ao solo da mata nativa próxima ao local, embora tenham ocorrido mudanças na granulometria e na composição química do mesmo. Verificou-se aumento nas quantidades de praticamente todos os elementos do solo, principalmente dos micronutrientes. Para todas as espécies avaliadas houve um desenvolvimento satisfatório na área urbana sendo que, a Trapoeraba e o Rabo-de-Gato foram as espécies que apresentaram melhor desempenho para cobertura do solo e a Gravatinha foi a que teve maior efeito sobre a taxa de infiltração. Em relação à percepção dos entrevistados a maioria parece reconhecer a importância da vegetação dentro das cidades e relaciona a permeabilidade do solo com a preservação do meio ambiente e com a infiltração da água. A maioria dos entrevistados gosta de vegetação herbácea, tem preferência por espécies com flores e atribui o embelezamento das ruas principalmente a este tipo de planta. O bem-estar psicológico esteve entre as funções mais importantes desempenhada pelas espécies herbáceas dentro das cidades entre todos os públicos entrevistados. A maioria dos entrevistados se mostrou receptiva ao uso de espécies ornamentais nas calçadas e mostraram preferência pelo Calanchoê. A principal vantagem apontada pelos entrevistados foi a de um ambiente mais bonito e a principal desvantagem a maior exigência em manutenção e sujeira. A maioria dos entrevistados adotaria por conta própria este tipo de estratégia e ajudaria principalmente com a manutenção das plantas. Considerando-se todos os resultados é possível inferir que, a Gravatinha foi a espécie que concentrou a maior quantidade de atributos desejáveis. A utilização de plantas ornamentais nas áreas livres de pavimentação nas calçadas é uma estratégia eficiente do ponto de vista técnico e apresenta boa aceitação por parte da população. / The global trend of people concentration in urban areas, allied with the lack of planning of cities has caused serious environmental damage that are reflected in the quality of life of the population. The waterproofing excessive of soil and lack of vegetation in cities are some of the main consequences of urbanization that can cause flooding of streets and formation of environment little aesthetic and attractive for social life. In this context, the objective this work was to evaluate the feasibility of installation of ornamental plants in the free areas of the sidewalks in the city of Pato Branco, PR. The experiment was conducted in the urban area of Pato Branco city, PR in an area composed by exposed soil and sidewalk. Were planted seedlings of ornamental: Kalanchoe blossfeldiana (Kalanchoe), Acalypha reptans (Copperleaf), Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea (Purple Queen), Chlorophytum comosum (Spider plant) and Ophiopogon japonicus (Mondo grass). Were evaluated the characteristics of the soil, plant development and environmental perception of residents, passers-by and non residents of the place where the experiment was implemented. The soil had no significant changes in morphological classification in relation to this under native vegetation near the site, even if observed changes in particle size and chemical composition of the soil. Iit was found increased levels of all chemical elements, especially of micronutrients. For all the evaluated species the development in urban areas was satisfactory and that, the Purple Quenn and Copperleaf were the species that showed best performance for mulching and Speider plant was the one that had the greatest effect on the rate of infiltration. In the perception of most interviewees seem to recognize the importance of vegetation in cities and relates soil permeability with the preservation of the environment and water infiltration. Most respondents enjoy herbaceous vegetation, has preference for species with flowers and relates the presence f this type of plant with embellishment the streets. The psychological wellbeing was among the most important functions performed by herbaceous species within the cities for all interviewed. Most respondents proved receptive to the use of the ornamental species on sidewalks and showed preference for Kalanchoe. The main advantage viewed by respondents was the enviroment more beautiful and the main drawback to greater need for maintenance and greater dirt. Most respondents would adopt on their own this type of strategy and would help mainly with the maintenance of the plants. Considering all the results it can be inferred that, the Speider plant was concentrated species that as much desirable attributes and that the use of ornamental plants in the free areas of paving on sidewalks is an effective strategy on the technical point of view and is well accepted by the population.

A arborização viária é um importante elemento ambiental que mitiga os efeitos que o processo de urbanização causa sobre o ambiente. São vários os fatores que se relacionam ao bom desenvolvimento das árvores nas cidades, entre os quais está o gerenciamento pelo poder público, a percepção dos moradores e as condições ambientais em que estão se desenvolvendo as espécies, principalmente as condições do solo. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar relações entre o solo, os moradores e as espécies arbóreas implicadas na arborização urbana no município de Pato Branco. Para tanto, delimitou-se como área de estudo cinco bairros com diferentes características de localização e renda no município: Centro, La Salle, Pinheiros, Aeroporto e Veneza. As espécies estudadas foram Lagerstroemia indica L. (extremosa), Schinus molle L. (aroeira), e Bauhinia variegata L. (pata-de-vaca), escolhidas por sua representatividade na arborização da cidade. Avaliou-se o solo utilizado por 114 indivíduos arbóreos nos cinco bairros e foram aplicados 123 questionários semi estruturados a fim de entender como os moradores desses bairros percebem a arborização urbana. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que há uma grande variabilidade de características dos solos estudados, os quais apresentam incorporação de materiais antrópicos, inversão de horizontes e ausência de camada orgânica em decomposição. Os resultados de granulometria revelaram que apesar da variabilidade de texturas nos pontos avaliados, a maioria dos solos analisados se enquadra na classe textural muito argilosa ou argilosa. O processo de urbanização da cidade de Pato Branco alterou substancialmente as propriedades químicas dos solos das espécies estudadas, sendo que a maioria apresentou relativo enriquecimento em bases trocáveis, o que antagoniza com a usual baixa fertilidade natural dos solos de Pato Branco. Também houve diferenças químicas quanto aos solos impermeabilizados pelo pavimento e não impermeabilizados, sendo que solos impermeabilizados apresentaram menores valores de matéria orgânica e maiores valores de Ca e pH. Os solos do bairro Centro parecem ser os mais alterados pelo processo de urbanização, sendo esse o bairro onde há maior porcentagem de areia adicionada ao solo, maior impermeabilização e quantidade de materiais advindos da construção civil. Quanto à percepção dos moradores, de forma geral os entrevistados parecem reconhecer a importância e as funções da arborização urbana. Entre os problemas percebidos pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, muitos são de ordem técnica e poderiam ser evitados através de um planejamento eficiente. Outros problemas percebidos são de ordem cultural, mais complexos e de difícil resolução. Os munícipes preferem principalmente as espécies que apresentam atrativos como floradas exuberantes e parecem valorizar as árvores que eles próprios escolheram para ter em frente às suas casas. Nesse sentido, é importante que as estratégias adotadas pelo poder público se ajustem às necessidades locais, preservem aspectos culturais, e contemplem, além dos aspectos técnicos relacionados à arborização, outros 9 aspectos de caráter mais lúdico, que atraiam e estimulem a população a se comprometerem com a mesma. / The street forestation is an important environmental element that mitigates the effects which the process of urbanization on the environment causes. There are various factors that relate to the good development of trees in cities; among them are the management by the government, the residents’ perception and the environmental conditions in which the species are evolving, especially soil conditions. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate relationships between soil, residents and the arboreal species regarding the urban forestry in Pato Branco. Therefore, it was delimited as study area five neighborhoods with different characteristics of location and income in the county: Centro, La Salle, Pinheiros, Aeroporto e Veneza. Lagerstroemia indica L. (crape myrtle), Schinus molle L. (california pepper tree), and Bauhinia variegata L. (orchid tree) were the species studied, chosen by their representation in the forestation of the city. It was evaluated the soil used by 114 tree individuals in the five neighborhoods and 123 semi-structured questionnaires were administered in order to understand how the residents of these neighborhoods perceive the urban forestation. The survey results indicate that there is a great variability concerning the characteristics of the soils studied which present incorporation of anthropogenic materials, inversion of horizons and absence of decaying organic layer. The results of sieve analysis showed that despite the variability of textures in evaluated points, most soils analyzed fit in the texture class of very clayey or loamy. The urbanization process in the city of Pato Branco has fundamentally altered the chemical properties of soils of the studied species, since most of them showed relative enrichment in exchangeable bases, which antagonizes with the low natural fertility of soils in Pato Branco. There were also chemical differences regarding the impermeable soils by pavement and the ones not impermeable, the impermeable soils presented lower levels of organic matter and higher values of Ca and pH. The soils in the center area seem to be the most affected by the urbanization process, where there is a higher percentage of sand added to the soil, and greater amount of waterproofing materials coming from civil construction. Regarding the perception of residents, in general the interviewees seem to recognize the importance and function of urban forestation. Among the problems perceived by the research subjects, many are technical in nature and could be avoided through an efficient planning. Other observed problems are cultural, more complex and difficult to solve. Residents prefer mainly the species that have attractive such as exuberant blooms and they seem to appreciate trees that they chose by themselves to have in front of their homes. Therefore, it is important to adjust the strategies adopted by the government to the local needs, preserve the cultural aspects, and contemplate besides the technical aspects related to forestation, other aspects in a ludic way, to attract and encourage people to commit themselves with forestation.

Lakes in Canada's rapidly growing urban areas have reached a critical state, and decisions about the best way to protect, manage, and rehabilitate urban lakes are a planning priority. Lakes are important parts of the urban landscape that have provided local communities with a wide variety of recreational opportunities. Deer Lake is an eighty-six acre lake located in the central portion of the City of Burnaby, British Columbia. The relatively small shallow lake has provided swimming and fishing opportunities for local residents since the 1950s. For the past forty years, the aesthetic qualities of Deer Lake have progressively deteriorated to the point where aquatic, and terrestrial recreational activities are being compromised. Burnaby's urban planners have been asked to maintain the aesthetic and biological integrity of Deer Lake. At the same time, the planners are asked to accommodate the recreational needs of a growing urban population. The Deer Lake Restoration and Management Committee have relied on scientists and engineers to find the best technological alternative to restore the lake's water quality to some pre-urban condition. Despite numerous scientific reports, city planners, and politicians are undecided on a preferred technological water treatment alternative for Deer Lake. Controversial and complex environmental issues, high costs, technological uncertainty, and differences in stakeholder values have stalemated the decision making process. The current Deer Lake planning process lacks an organizational structure that can incorporate different stakeholder values and represent complex information in a clear and understandable way. Value-focused thinking and multiple account analysis offers urban lake planners an integrated planning framework that can accommodate many of the complexities involved in planning for the restoration and management of urban lakes. Multiple account analysis assumes that economic, social and environmental objectives should be explicitly considered in the decision making process. The crucial first step in a multiple account evaluation is to develop and articulate a set of objectives that can then be used to create a set of plausible alternatives. The purpose of this thesis is to conduct a policy analysis for Deer Lake restoration alternatives. The thesis employs the principles of "Value Focused Thinking" to identify, and structure the objectives of the Deer Lake Restoration Committee. Value-based objectives are used to develop a set of alternatives. The impacts of the selected lake restoration and management alternatives are assessed using a multiple account analysis. First, the problem is described, and structured with all aspects of the decision that merit consideration. Next the process assesses the impacts of the alternatives being considered by combining the best scientific, technical, environmental, and financial information that is available. This information is used to assess how well the selected alternatives achieve the desired objectives. The Deer Lake case study illustrates the benefits of using value-focused thinking and multiple account analysis as a comprehensive decision making framework for urban lake restoration projects. One new alternative has been created as a result of this process, and the impacts of all the proposed alternatives have been measured with respect to the stated objectives. On the basis of available information, this analysis predicts the probability of achieving the desired water quality standards over the short term and long term. Perhaps the greatest analytical strength of applying this combined approach to the Deer Lake issue is the ability to simplify complex information, and at the same time retain enough detail to support the decision making process. Intangible social and environmental aspects of the decision are explicitly incorporated. In the end, a compact, complete statement of objectives and alternatives is derived from this information, which in turn provides a platform for good communication and constructive stakeholder negotiation. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate