This diploma thesis deals with issues relating to land-use rights. The most frequently used institutes of these rights are lease and tenure, which therefore logically constitute the main points of this work. Subsequently other forms of use rights, such as precarium, loan, personal easements and also the right to manage state property and regional self-governing units, are briefly addressed. This work is based on effective legal regulation and also strives for a comparison with preceding legislation, mainly with regards to recodification of private law. Within the chapter on the right to manage state property, this work also familiarizes the reader with public-law regulations.

A presente dissertação é um debate teórico-conceitual sobre os aspectos de gentrificação e urbanização extensiva no Distrito de Boane, onde a relação entre o espaço urbano e o rural é vista como determinante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico em Moçambique. Neste debate, são apresentadas sob a perspectiva do uso e aproveitamento do solo, várias reflexões, a partir da ideia de que a terra em Moçambique é pública e propriedade do Estado, cabendo ao Estado a atribuição das funções sociais e econômicas sobre a mesma. O objeto do estudo é uma reflexão sobre a problemática da não prevalência dos direitos de uso e aproveitamento de terra das populações pobres que habitam certas áreas (urbanas ou rurais) e tem as suas terras expropriadas, passando a instalar-se nas áreas periféricas longínquas e desprovidas de serviços e equipamentos urbanos essenciais. O objetivo é chamar atenção para as causas e efeitos no uso e aproveitamento da terra que vem sendo desencadeado por processos designados no país por “requalificação urbana” e que, de acordo com a nossa pesquisa, poderiam ser identificados como “gentrificação” e “urbanização extensiva”. O método utilizado pela pesquisa, foi o trabalho de campo que conferiu um domínio sobre a realidade local em diversos aspectos e, permitiu perceber o quão a função social da propriedade da terra é importante para a população de baixa renda que aí reside, apesar desse direito ser reconhecido legalmente, não é implementado na sua totalidade. Na sequência faz-se uma interpretação dos múltiplos efeitos resultantes da gentrificação e urbanização extensiva, assim como a multicausalidade dos intervenientes na produção do espaço. Procura-se, nas conclusões, legitimar o direito de usos e aproveitamento de terra pelas comunidades no processo de adesão, ou resistência, aos fatores que movem ou produzem esta dinâmica no uso e aproveitamento do solo, no Distrito de Boane. / This thesis is a theoretical and conceptual debate on the issues of gentrification and extensive urbanization in Boane district, where the relationship between urban and rural areas is seen as crucial for growth and economic development in Mozambique. In this discussion, it is presented from the perspective of the use and land use, several reflections, from the idea that the land in Mozambique is public and state property, and the State assignment of social and economic functions on it. The object of study is a reflection on the problem of no prevalence of use rights and land use of the poor who inhabit certain areas (urban or rural) and have their expropriated land, going to settle in remote peripheral areas and devoid of essential services and urban facilities. The aim is to draw attention to the causes and effects in the use and enjoyment of land that has been triggered by processes designated in the country for "urban renewal" and that, according to our research, they could be identified as "gentrification" and "urbanization extensive ". The method used in the survey was the field work which gave a stranglehold on the local reality in many aspects and has allowed realize how the social function of land ownership is important for the low-income population that there lies, in spite of this right legally be recognized is not implemented in its entirety. Following makes an interpretation of the multiple effects of gentrification and extensive urbanization, as well as the multi-causality of those involved in the production. The findings, legitimate right to use and exploit land by communities in the accession process, or resistance, to the factors that drive or produce this dynamic use and land use, in Boane district.

A presente dissertação é um debate teórico-conceitual sobre os aspectos de gentrificação e urbanização extensiva no Distrito de Boane, onde a relação entre o espaço urbano e o rural é vista como determinante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico em Moçambique. Neste debate, são apresentadas sob a perspectiva do uso e aproveitamento do solo, várias reflexões, a partir da ideia de que a terra em Moçambique é pública e propriedade do Estado, cabendo ao Estado a atribuição das funções sociais e econômicas sobre a mesma. O objeto do estudo é uma reflexão sobre a problemática da não prevalência dos direitos de uso e aproveitamento de terra das populações pobres que habitam certas áreas (urbanas ou rurais) e tem as suas terras expropriadas, passando a instalar-se nas áreas periféricas longínquas e desprovidas de serviços e equipamentos urbanos essenciais. O objetivo é chamar atenção para as causas e efeitos no uso e aproveitamento da terra que vem sendo desencadeado por processos designados no país por “requalificação urbana” e que, de acordo com a nossa pesquisa, poderiam ser identificados como “gentrificação” e “urbanização extensiva”. O método utilizado pela pesquisa, foi o trabalho de campo que conferiu um domínio sobre a realidade local em diversos aspectos e, permitiu perceber o quão a função social da propriedade da terra é importante para a população de baixa renda que aí reside, apesar desse direito ser reconhecido legalmente, não é implementado na sua totalidade. Na sequência faz-se uma interpretação dos múltiplos efeitos resultantes da gentrificação e urbanização extensiva, assim como a multicausalidade dos intervenientes na produção do espaço. Procura-se, nas conclusões, legitimar o direito de usos e aproveitamento de terra pelas comunidades no processo de adesão, ou resistência, aos fatores que movem ou produzem esta dinâmica no uso e aproveitamento do solo, no Distrito de Boane. / This thesis is a theoretical and conceptual debate on the issues of gentrification and extensive urbanization in Boane district, where the relationship between urban and rural areas is seen as crucial for growth and economic development in Mozambique. In this discussion, it is presented from the perspective of the use and land use, several reflections, from the idea that the land in Mozambique is public and state property, and the State assignment of social and economic functions on it. The object of study is a reflection on the problem of no prevalence of use rights and land use of the poor who inhabit certain areas (urban or rural) and have their expropriated land, going to settle in remote peripheral areas and devoid of essential services and urban facilities. The aim is to draw attention to the causes and effects in the use and enjoyment of land that has been triggered by processes designated in the country for "urban renewal" and that, according to our research, they could be identified as "gentrification" and "urbanization extensive ". The method used in the survey was the field work which gave a stranglehold on the local reality in many aspects and has allowed realize how the social function of land ownership is important for the low-income population that there lies, in spite of this right legally be recognized is not implemented in its entirety. Following makes an interpretation of the multiple effects of gentrification and extensive urbanization, as well as the multi-causality of those involved in the production. The findings, legitimate right to use and exploit land by communities in the accession process, or resistance, to the factors that drive or produce this dynamic use and land use, in Boane district.

A presente dissertação é um debate teórico-conceitual sobre os aspectos de gentrificação e urbanização extensiva no Distrito de Boane, onde a relação entre o espaço urbano e o rural é vista como determinante para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico em Moçambique. Neste debate, são apresentadas sob a perspectiva do uso e aproveitamento do solo, várias reflexões, a partir da ideia de que a terra em Moçambique é pública e propriedade do Estado, cabendo ao Estado a atribuição das funções sociais e econômicas sobre a mesma. O objeto do estudo é uma reflexão sobre a problemática da não prevalência dos direitos de uso e aproveitamento de terra das populações pobres que habitam certas áreas (urbanas ou rurais) e tem as suas terras expropriadas, passando a instalar-se nas áreas periféricas longínquas e desprovidas de serviços e equipamentos urbanos essenciais. O objetivo é chamar atenção para as causas e efeitos no uso e aproveitamento da terra que vem sendo desencadeado por processos designados no país por “requalificação urbana” e que, de acordo com a nossa pesquisa, poderiam ser identificados como “gentrificação” e “urbanização extensiva”. O método utilizado pela pesquisa, foi o trabalho de campo que conferiu um domínio sobre a realidade local em diversos aspectos e, permitiu perceber o quão a função social da propriedade da terra é importante para a população de baixa renda que aí reside, apesar desse direito ser reconhecido legalmente, não é implementado na sua totalidade. Na sequência faz-se uma interpretação dos múltiplos efeitos resultantes da gentrificação e urbanização extensiva, assim como a multicausalidade dos intervenientes na produção do espaço. Procura-se, nas conclusões, legitimar o direito de usos e aproveitamento de terra pelas comunidades no processo de adesão, ou resistência, aos fatores que movem ou produzem esta dinâmica no uso e aproveitamento do solo, no Distrito de Boane. / This thesis is a theoretical and conceptual debate on the issues of gentrification and extensive urbanization in Boane district, where the relationship between urban and rural areas is seen as crucial for growth and economic development in Mozambique. In this discussion, it is presented from the perspective of the use and land use, several reflections, from the idea that the land in Mozambique is public and state property, and the State assignment of social and economic functions on it. The object of study is a reflection on the problem of no prevalence of use rights and land use of the poor who inhabit certain areas (urban or rural) and have their expropriated land, going to settle in remote peripheral areas and devoid of essential services and urban facilities. The aim is to draw attention to the causes and effects in the use and enjoyment of land that has been triggered by processes designated in the country for "urban renewal" and that, according to our research, they could be identified as "gentrification" and "urbanization extensive ". The method used in the survey was the field work which gave a stranglehold on the local reality in many aspects and has allowed realize how the social function of land ownership is important for the low-income population that there lies, in spite of this right legally be recognized is not implemented in its entirety. Following makes an interpretation of the multiple effects of gentrification and extensive urbanization, as well as the multi-causality of those involved in the production. The findings, legitimate right to use and exploit land by communities in the accession process, or resistance, to the factors that drive or produce this dynamic use and land use, in Boane district.

In 1994 Ethiopia introduced a federal system of government as a national level approach to intra-state conflict management. Homogenisation of cultures and languages by the earlier regimes led to the emergence of ethno-national movements and civil wars that culminated in the collapse of the unitary state in 1991. For this reason, the federal system that recognises ethnic groups¿ rights is the first step in transforming the structural causes of civil wars in Ethiopia. Against this background this research examines whether the federal arrangement has created an enabling environment in managing conflicts in the country. To understand this problematic, the thesis conceptualises and analyses federalism and conflict management using a qualitative research design based on in-depth interviewing and content-based thematic analysis ¿ taking the case study of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state. The findings of the study demonstrate that different factors hinder the federal process. First, the constitutional focus on ethnic groups¿ rights has led, in practice, to lessened attention to citizenship and minority rights protection in the regional states. Second, the federal process encourages ethnic-based elite groups to compete in controlling regional and local state powers and resources. This has greatly contributed to the emergence of ethnic-based violent conflicts, hostile intergovernmental relationships and lack of law and order along the common borders of the regional states. Third, the centralised policy and decision making process of the ruling party has hindered genuine democratic participation of citizens and self-determination of the ethnic groups. This undermines the capacity of the regional states and makes the federal structure vulnerable to the dynamics of political change. The conflicts in Benishangul-Gumuz emanate from these causes, but lack of territorial land use rights of the indigenous people and lack of proportional political representation of the non-indigenous people are the principal manifestations. The research concludes by identifying the issues that determine the sustainability of the federal structure. Some of them include: making constitutional amendments which consider citizenship rights and minority rights protection; enhancing the democratic participation of citizens by developing the capacities of the regional states and correcting the organisational weakness of the multi-national political parties; encouraging co-operative intergovernmental relationships, and maintaining the territorial land use rights of the Benishangul-Gumuz indigenous people. / Addis Ababa University

In 1994 Ethiopia introduced a federal system of government as a national level approach to intra-state conflict management. Homogenisation of cultures and languages by the earlier regimes led to the emergence of ethno-national movements and civil wars that culminated in the collapse of the unitary state in 1991. For this reason, the federal system that recognises ethnic groups' rights is the first step in transforming the structural causes of civil wars in Ethiopia. Against this background this research examines whether the federal arrangement has created an enabling environment in managing conflicts in the country. To understand this problematic, the thesis conceptualises and analyses federalism and conflict management using a qualitative research design based on in-depth interviewing and content-based thematic analysis - taking the case study of the Benishangul-Gumuz regional state. The findings of the study demonstrate that different factors hinder the federal process. First, the constitutional focus on ethnic groups' rights has led, in practice, to lessened attention to citizenship and minority rights protection in the regional states. Second, the federal process encourages ethnic-based elite groups to compete in controlling regional and local state powers and resources. This has greatly contributed to the emergence of ethnic-based violent conflicts, hostile intergovernmental relationships and lack of law and order along the common borders of the regional states. Third, the centralised policy and decision making process of the ruling party has hindered genuine democratic participation of citizens and self-determination of the ethnic groups. This undermines the capacity of the regional states and makes the federal structure vulnerable to the dynamics of political change. The conflicts in Benishangul-Gumuz emanate from these causes, but lack of territorial land use rights of the indigenous people and lack of proportional political representation of the non-indigenous people are the principal manifestations. The research concludes by identifying the issues that determine the sustainability of the federal structure. Some of them include: making constitutional amendments which consider citizenship rights and minority rights protection; enhancing the democratic participation of citizens by developing the capacities of the regional states and correcting the organisational weakness of the multi-national political parties; encouraging co-operative intergovernmental relationships, and maintaining the territorial land use rights of the Benishangul-Gumuz indigenous people.

Over the past decade, the regulation of mining in South Africa has undergone a fundamental transformation in order to promote equitable access to the nation’s mineral and petroleum resources. The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, drastically changed the regulation of mining by placing the nation’s mineral and petroleum resources under the custodianship of the state. The transformative objectives of resource reform, as envisaged in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, could however not be achieved without a measure of sacrifice -- most notably, that which had to be shouldered by the owners of the land in which the minerals are contained. Under common law, minerals vested in the owners of land and no one could compel them to extract or consent to the extraction of these minerals. Landowners were able to safeguard their land from mining activities by refusing to consent to mining. The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002, changed this by providing that landowners could no longer prevent the state from granting qualifying applicants authorisation to mine. The transformative objectives of resource reform, have inevitably made great inroads into a landowner’s rights to use and enjoy his property optimally. The main focus of this study revolves around the limiting impact of South Africa’s current mineral-law dispensation on township development, and conversely, how township development impairs or limits the mining of coal. For a better understanding of the limitations which the current legislative provisions create in respect of the rights of landowners and holders of mining rights, a brief evaluation of the historical development of the right to mine coal is provided. The entitlements and reciprocal obligations of holders of mining rights and owners of the affected land are considered, and the parties’ legal remedies to resist interference in their respective rights are explored. In the process of considering possible remedies to resolve the conflict which inevitably arises, I explain why English-law principles governing lateral support (support owed by two adjacent properties [neighbour law]), and subjacent support (where the landowner may not be deprived of the vertical support his property derives from the sub-surface minerals) were incorrectly transplanted into our law. In Anglo Operations Ltd v Sandhurst Estates (Pty) Ltd, the South African Supreme Court of Appeal rejected the previously-held view that the right to subjacent support -- like the right to lateral support -- is a natural property right incidental to the ownership of the land. It was further held that conflict between holders of rights to minerals and owners of land should be resolved, not in accordance with English-law principles of neighbour law, but in terms of the law developed for rights relating to the use of servitudes. In summary, the court found that where the parties have not specifically contracted against the specific action (such as opencast or planned-subsidence mining), and provided that it was reasonably necessary for the mining right holder to use this invasive method, he may do so, so long as he does so in the manner least injurious to the entitlements of the surface owner. This decision, however, did not take into account the changes brought about by the comprehensive statutory framework of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 which I argue has replaced the earlier servitude construction. In this dissertation I consider whether possible solutions to resolve the conflict can be found in the principles relating to neighbour law, and whether the principles governing the use of servitudes remain relevant in resolving conflicts between landowners and holders of mining rights. I evaluate possible legal remedies and place special emphasis on the constitutionality of the curtailment of a landowner’s use and enjoyment of his property resulting from mining activities on or under his land. I further consider whether the exercise of a mining right, granted by the state, which results in a serious infringement of a landowner’s ownership, could in certain circumstances amount to a deprivation or possibly an expropriation in terms of section 25 of the Constitution. I discuss the position where the state’s regulatory interference is so severe that it deprives a landowner of the ability to exercise any, or a substantial portion of his ownership entitlements. I evaluate the possibility that such interference may constitute de facto expropriation for which compensation may be claimed. In the penultimate chapter I briefly mention how the relationship between landowners and holders of mining rights is managed and conflict is defused in other jurisdictions such as China, Australia, the United States of America, India, Germany and Swaziland. I conclude this dissertation with suggestions on possible ways in which the conflict may be resolved or at least minimised in future. / Die regulering van mynbou in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope dekade ‘n fundamentele verandering ondergaan ten einde breër toegang tot die nasie se minerale en petroleum hulpbronne te bevorder. Die Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act,6 Wet 28 van 2002, het ‘n radikale ommekeer in die mynbou industrie meegebring deurdat die regulering van mynbou aktiwiteite onder die toesig en beheer van die nasionale regering geplaas is. Die transformatiewe oogmerk van hulpbron hervorming ingevolge die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika kon egter nie geskied sonder ‘n mate van opoffering nie. Die grootste aanslag van die nuwe mineraalreg bedeling word sonder twyfel gevoel deur die eienaars van grond ten opsigte waarvan mynregte deur die regering aan ‘n ander party toegeken word. Ingevolge die gemenereg was die eienaar van grond voorheen ook die eienaar van die minerale wat in die grond voorgekom het. Gevolglik was dit onder die uitsluitlike beheer van die eienaar om te bepaal of enigiemand anders die reg kon verkry om minerale op of in die betrokke grond te ontgin. Na aanvang van die inwerkingtreding van die Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act is hierdie posisie egter omvêrgewerp aangesien die regering voortaan die bevoegdheid het om te bepaal wie en op watter voorwaardes iemand die reg verkry om minerale te ontgin. Die toekenning van die reg om minerale te ontgin op ‘n ander se eiendom sonder die eienaar se toestemming, maak dus ernstige inbreuk op sy regte. Grondeienaars se bevoegdhede wat uit hul eiendomsreg voortvloei word in talle gevalle ernstig ingeperk ten einde die oogmerke van hulpbron transformasie te bereik. Die ondersoek wat hierna volg, is daarop toegespits om die beperkende aanslag van die regulering van steenkoolmynbou-aktiwiteite op die ontwikkeling van dorpsgebiede asook dié van die ontwikkeling van dorpsgebiedie op steenkoolmynbou beter te verstaan. Ten einde hierdie invloed beter te verstaan, word die geskiedkundige ontwikkeling van die reg om minerale in Suid-Afrika te ontgin kortliks oorweeg. Die regte en verpligtinge van die houers van mynregte en die eienaars van die grond wat deur die uitoefening daarvan geraak word, asook die remedies waaroor die onderskye partye beskik ten einde hul regte teen inbreukmaking deur die ander party te beskerm, word daarna oorweeg. In genoemde ondersoek toon ek aan waarom die Engelsregtelike burereg- beginsels van laterale steun en onderstut nie toepassing in ons reg behoort te vind nie en waarom die botsing wat ontstaan vanweë die uitoefening van die grondeienaar en die houer van ‘n mynreg se regte liefs versoen moet word deur die Suid-Afrikaanse serwituutreg beginsels toe te pas soos aangetoon in die beslissing van Anglo Operations Ltd v Sandhurst Estates. Hiedie beslissing het egter nie die veranderinge wat meegebring is deur die nuwe bedeling van die Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act in ag geneem nie en daar word gevolglik aangevoer dat die serwituut beginsels vervang is deur ‘n breedvoerige wetgewende stelsel. Die grondwetlikheid van die beperking op die bevoegdhede van ‘n grondeienaar om sy eiendom te gebruik en te geniet, word ondersoek, asook of daar enige gronde vir ‘n eis om skadevergoeding mag wees. In besonder word daar oorweeg of die leerstuk van konstruktiewe onteiening moontlik toepassing kan vind in gevalle waar die staat se regulering ‘n uitermatige beperkende effek het op die bevoegdhede van ‘n grondeienaar om sy eiendomsreg uit te oefen. In die voorlaaste hoofstuk ontleed ek baie kortliks hoe die verhouding tussen eienaars van grond in mynbougebiede en houers van regte om minerale te ontgin in Sjina, Australië, die Verenigde State van Amerika, Indië, Duitsland en Swaziland gereguleer word. Ter afsluiting word aandag gegee aan moontlike maniere om die belangebotsing tussen die betrokke partye uit die weg te ruim of te beperk. / Private Law / LL.M.

Over the past decade, the regulation of mining in South Africa has undergone a fundamental transformation in order to promote equitable access to the nation’s mineral and petroleum resources. The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, drastically changed the regulation of mining by placing the nation’s mineral and petroleum resources under the custodianship of the state. The transformative objectives of resource reform, as envisaged in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, could however not be achieved without a measure of sacrifice -- most notably, that which had to be shouldered by the owners of the land in which the minerals are contained. Under common law, minerals vested in the owners of land and no one could compel them to extract or consent to the extraction of these minerals. Landowners were able to safeguard their land from mining activities by refusing to consent to mining. The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 2002, changed this by providing that landowners could no longer prevent the state from granting qualifying applicants authorisation to mine. The transformative objectives of resource reform, have inevitably made great inroads into a landowner’s rights to use and enjoy his property optimally. The main focus of this study revolves around the limiting impact of South Africa’s current mineral-law dispensation on township development, and conversely, how township development impairs or limits the mining of coal. For a better understanding of the limitations which the current legislative provisions create in respect of the rights of landowners and holders of mining rights, a brief evaluation of the historical development of the right to mine coal is provided. The entitlements and reciprocal obligations of holders of mining rights and owners of the affected land are considered, and the parties’ legal remedies to resist interference in their respective rights are explored. In the process of considering possible remedies to resolve the conflict which inevitably arises, I explain why English-law principles governing lateral support (support owed by two adjacent properties [neighbour law]), and subjacent support (where the landowner may not be deprived of the vertical support his property derives from the sub-surface minerals) were incorrectly transplanted into our law. In Anglo Operations Ltd v Sandhurst Estates (Pty) Ltd, the South African Supreme Court of Appeal rejected the previously-held view that the right to subjacent support -- like the right to lateral support -- is a natural property right incidental to the ownership of the land. It was further held that conflict between holders of rights to minerals and owners of land should be resolved, not in accordance with English-law principles of neighbour law, but in terms of the law developed for rights relating to the use of servitudes. In summary, the court found that where the parties have not specifically contracted against the specific action (such as opencast or planned-subsidence mining), and provided that it was reasonably necessary for the mining right holder to use this invasive method, he may do so, so long as he does so in the manner least injurious to the entitlements of the surface owner. This decision, however, did not take into account the changes brought about by the comprehensive statutory framework of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 which I argue has replaced the earlier servitude construction. In this dissertation I consider whether possible solutions to resolve the conflict can be found in the principles relating to neighbour law, and whether the principles governing the use of servitudes remain relevant in resolving conflicts between landowners and holders of mining rights. I evaluate possible legal remedies and place special emphasis on the constitutionality of the curtailment of a landowner’s use and enjoyment of his property resulting from mining activities on or under his land. I further consider whether the exercise of a mining right, granted by the state, which results in a serious infringement of a landowner’s ownership, could in certain circumstances amount to a deprivation or possibly an expropriation in terms of section 25 of the Constitution. I discuss the position where the state’s regulatory interference is so severe that it deprives a landowner of the ability to exercise any, or a substantial portion of his ownership entitlements. I evaluate the possibility that such interference may constitute de facto expropriation for which compensation may be claimed. In the penultimate chapter I briefly mention how the relationship between landowners and holders of mining rights is managed and conflict is defused in other jurisdictions such as China, Australia, the United States of America, India, Germany and Swaziland. I conclude this dissertation with suggestions on possible ways in which the conflict may be resolved or at least minimised in future. / Die regulering van mynbou in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope dekade ‘n fundamentele verandering ondergaan ten einde breër toegang tot die nasie se minerale en petroleum hulpbronne te bevorder. Die Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act,6 Wet 28 van 2002, het ‘n radikale ommekeer in die mynbou industrie meegebring deurdat die regulering van mynbou aktiwiteite onder die toesig en beheer van die nasionale regering geplaas is. Die transformatiewe oogmerk van hulpbron hervorming ingevolge die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika kon egter nie geskied sonder ‘n mate van opoffering nie. Die grootste aanslag van die nuwe mineraalreg bedeling word sonder twyfel gevoel deur die eienaars van grond ten opsigte waarvan mynregte deur die regering aan ‘n ander party toegeken word. Ingevolge die gemenereg was die eienaar van grond voorheen ook die eienaar van die minerale wat in die grond voorgekom het. Gevolglik was dit onder die uitsluitlike beheer van die eienaar om te bepaal of enigiemand anders die reg kon verkry om minerale op of in die betrokke grond te ontgin. Na aanvang van die inwerkingtreding van die Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act is hierdie posisie egter omvêrgewerp aangesien die regering voortaan die bevoegdheid het om te bepaal wie en op watter voorwaardes iemand die reg verkry om minerale te ontgin. Die toekenning van die reg om minerale te ontgin op ‘n ander se eiendom sonder die eienaar se toestemming, maak dus ernstige inbreuk op sy regte. Grondeienaars se bevoegdhede wat uit hul eiendomsreg voortvloei word in talle gevalle ernstig ingeperk ten einde die oogmerke van hulpbron transformasie te bereik. Die ondersoek wat hierna volg, is daarop toegespits om die beperkende aanslag van die regulering van steenkoolmynbou-aktiwiteite op die ontwikkeling van dorpsgebiede asook dié van die ontwikkeling van dorpsgebiedie op steenkoolmynbou beter te verstaan. Ten einde hierdie invloed beter te verstaan, word die geskiedkundige ontwikkeling van die reg om minerale in Suid-Afrika te ontgin kortliks oorweeg. Die regte en verpligtinge van die houers van mynregte en die eienaars van die grond wat deur die uitoefening daarvan geraak word, asook die remedies waaroor die onderskye partye beskik ten einde hul regte teen inbreukmaking deur die ander party te beskerm, word daarna oorweeg. In genoemde ondersoek toon ek aan waarom die Engelsregtelike burereg- beginsels van laterale steun en onderstut nie toepassing in ons reg behoort te vind nie en waarom die botsing wat ontstaan vanweë die uitoefening van die grondeienaar en die houer van ‘n mynreg se regte liefs versoen moet word deur die Suid-Afrikaanse serwituutreg beginsels toe te pas soos aangetoon in die beslissing van Anglo Operations Ltd v Sandhurst Estates. Hiedie beslissing het egter nie die veranderinge wat meegebring is deur die nuwe bedeling van die Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act in ag geneem nie en daar word gevolglik aangevoer dat die serwituut beginsels vervang is deur ‘n breedvoerige wetgewende stelsel. Die grondwetlikheid van die beperking op die bevoegdhede van ‘n grondeienaar om sy eiendom te gebruik en te geniet, word ondersoek, asook of daar enige gronde vir ‘n eis om skadevergoeding mag wees. In besonder word daar oorweeg of die leerstuk van konstruktiewe onteiening moontlik toepassing kan vind in gevalle waar die staat se regulering ‘n uitermatige beperkende effek het op die bevoegdhede van ‘n grondeienaar om sy eiendomsreg uit te oefen. In die voorlaaste hoofstuk ontleed ek baie kortliks hoe die verhouding tussen eienaars van grond in mynbougebiede en houers van regte om minerale te ontgin in Sjina, Australië, die Verenigde State van Amerika, Indië, Duitsland en Swaziland gereguleer word. Ter afsluiting word aandag gegee aan moontlike maniere om die belangebotsing tussen die betrokke partye uit die weg te ruim of te beperk. / Private Law / LL. M.