The Preservation movement was born out of the realization that a significant portion of our natural and cultural resources are rapidly being consumed, lost, or destroyed in the process of contemporary development. When the preservation movement began, preservationists split into two distinctly separate philosophical groups, Natural Resource Preservationists and Cultural Resource Preservationists. Natural Resource Preservationists focused upon an ecological understanding of the universe, and fought to maintain an ecological balance, while Cultural Resource Preservationists concentrated on saving each archeological or architectural artifact. The result of this divided approach produced monuments to the grand and fantastic, and museums to the famous and nationalistic, but failed to recognize the significance of the `ordinary landscape'. Ordinary landscapes are identified by the material components created by various cultures, and these components are physical representations of the human response to the natural environment that speaks will, beliefs, and the manipulation of the natural world that surrounds them.Recognizing the dynamic and continuously evolving layers of the Cultural Landscape is a critical aspect in Cultural Landscape identification and requires that the symbiotic relationship between the human occupants and the natural environment be understood within the social, political, and natural context. The basis of this project is to establish the social, political and natural context of the Black Swamp region in northwest Ohio in order to reveal the process of landscape transformation in the 'Black Swamp', and to identify areas of the landscape that may contain significant Cultural Landscapes.The 'Black Swamp' lies parallel to the east bank of the Maumee River from Lake Erie southwest to New Haven, Indiana and measures approximately 1500 square miles. Formation of the Black Swamp and the Maumee River Valley began approximately 25,000 years ago, when the Wisconsin glacier advanced southeast out of Canada and into Ohio. Glacial movement compressed the topography into its flattened form while meltwater eroded a channel known as the Maumee River.The basin-like shape of the Maumee River Valley transported water slowly to the Maumee River. Organic matter accumulated in the drainage basin and composted into a rich black loamy soil 12"-15" thick that rested on an impervious clay subsoil. Rich in humus, the transported water of the Maumee River ran black, providing nourishment for a wide variety of vegetation, which in turn supported diverse forms of wildlife.Three distinct cultures occupied the region between the years 1700 and 1850. Native Americans, Euro-American pioneers, and American settler farmer, utilized, manipulated, and transformed the `Black Swamp' environment in varying degrees, however it was the Euro-American pioneer and the American settler farmer that exerted drastic changes upon the swamp forest environment that ultimately transformed native forest into a cultivated and highly mechanized corn belt landscape.Little, if any, components remain of the Native American culture that occupied the region for over 10,000 years. However, this study has found that the settlement and transportation patterns of the Native Americans were in each case overlapped by the subsequent culture. These initial patterns of settlement and transportation layed out by the Native American were in response to the character of the natural environment and this response created the organization of the Black Swamp landscape upon future cultures layered various components. / Department of Architecture

A paisagem vinícola é a expressão do trabalho do homem sobre o território, no qual imprime sua identidade cultural e marca a fixação de sua história ao longo do tempo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar as modificações de uma paisagem historicamente produtiva localizada em um território vinícola certificado, o Vale dos Vinhedos, em Bento Gonçalves, RS, e seu gradativo processo de transformação. O estudo analisa esse processo, mostrando como a urbanização crescente, determinada pela também crescente valorização da terra, tem conduzido a uma grande perda dos valores culturais do território. Sob a luz da história, é discutido todo o percurso da transformação da paisagem, que vai da plantação dos primeiros parreirais, com a chegada dos imigrantes italianos à região, o surgimento dos primeiros núcleos urbanos até a recente urbanização, que passa a agregar um novo valor ao território. Esta transformação vem colocando em risco um legado de anos de história, na construção dessa paisagem singular. Estabelecer um sinal de alerta quanto ao problema é mais um dos objetivos aqui traçados. / The landscape that results from wine-producing activities is the expression of human work upon a territory, where man prints his cultural identity and retains his history throughout time. The aim of this research is to investigate the changes in a historically producing landscape, placed in a certified wine-producing territory, “Vale dos Vinhedos” (Vineyards Valley) – Bento Gonçalves, RS and its gradual transformation process. This case study analyses this process showing how the increasing urbanization, determined by the also increasing land value, brings about a remarkable loss of cultural values of this same territory. In the light of History, the whole route of landscape transformation is discussed. This route begins when the first vines are planted during the Italian immigrants’ arrival to the region, continues with the initial urban settlements and reaches the current urbanization process, which sets new land value standards to the analyzed territory. This current transformation has been threatening years of historic legacy developed during the formation of this unique landscape. Alerting to this problem is also one of the objectives hear focused.

A paisagem vinícola é a expressão do trabalho do homem sobre o território, no qual imprime sua identidade cultural e marca a fixação de sua história ao longo do tempo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar as modificações de uma paisagem historicamente produtiva localizada em um território vinícola certificado, o Vale dos Vinhedos, em Bento Gonçalves, RS, e seu gradativo processo de transformação. O estudo analisa esse processo, mostrando como a urbanização crescente, determinada pela também crescente valorização da terra, tem conduzido a uma grande perda dos valores culturais do território. Sob a luz da história, é discutido todo o percurso da transformação da paisagem, que vai da plantação dos primeiros parreirais, com a chegada dos imigrantes italianos à região, o surgimento dos primeiros núcleos urbanos até a recente urbanização, que passa a agregar um novo valor ao território. Esta transformação vem colocando em risco um legado de anos de história, na construção dessa paisagem singular. Estabelecer um sinal de alerta quanto ao problema é mais um dos objetivos aqui traçados. / The landscape that results from wine-producing activities is the expression of human work upon a territory, where man prints his cultural identity and retains his history throughout time. The aim of this research is to investigate the changes in a historically producing landscape, placed in a certified wine-producing territory, “Vale dos Vinhedos” (Vineyards Valley) – Bento Gonçalves, RS and its gradual transformation process. This case study analyses this process showing how the increasing urbanization, determined by the also increasing land value, brings about a remarkable loss of cultural values of this same territory. In the light of History, the whole route of landscape transformation is discussed. This route begins when the first vines are planted during the Italian immigrants’ arrival to the region, continues with the initial urban settlements and reaches the current urbanization process, which sets new land value standards to the analyzed territory. This current transformation has been threatening years of historic legacy developed during the formation of this unique landscape. Alerting to this problem is also one of the objectives hear focused.

A paisagem vinícola é a expressão do trabalho do homem sobre o território, no qual imprime sua identidade cultural e marca a fixação de sua história ao longo do tempo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar as modificações de uma paisagem historicamente produtiva localizada em um território vinícola certificado, o Vale dos Vinhedos, em Bento Gonçalves, RS, e seu gradativo processo de transformação. O estudo analisa esse processo, mostrando como a urbanização crescente, determinada pela também crescente valorização da terra, tem conduzido a uma grande perda dos valores culturais do território. Sob a luz da história, é discutido todo o percurso da transformação da paisagem, que vai da plantação dos primeiros parreirais, com a chegada dos imigrantes italianos à região, o surgimento dos primeiros núcleos urbanos até a recente urbanização, que passa a agregar um novo valor ao território. Esta transformação vem colocando em risco um legado de anos de história, na construção dessa paisagem singular. Estabelecer um sinal de alerta quanto ao problema é mais um dos objetivos aqui traçados. / The landscape that results from wine-producing activities is the expression of human work upon a territory, where man prints his cultural identity and retains his history throughout time. The aim of this research is to investigate the changes in a historically producing landscape, placed in a certified wine-producing territory, “Vale dos Vinhedos” (Vineyards Valley) – Bento Gonçalves, RS and its gradual transformation process. This case study analyses this process showing how the increasing urbanization, determined by the also increasing land value, brings about a remarkable loss of cultural values of this same territory. In the light of History, the whole route of landscape transformation is discussed. This route begins when the first vines are planted during the Italian immigrants’ arrival to the region, continues with the initial urban settlements and reaches the current urbanization process, which sets new land value standards to the analyzed territory. This current transformation has been threatening years of historic legacy developed during the formation of this unique landscape. Alerting to this problem is also one of the objectives hear focused.

The study deals with the evaluation of landscape changes and ecosystem functions in the case study situated in the hintreland of Prague with the emphasis on the process of suburbanization. It analyzes the amounts, the range and the types of the changes of landscape due to suburbanization process and their effects on landscape structure and function. Landscape changes are evaluated using remote sensing and software ArcGIS, function and services of ecosystems are evaluated by modified Hessen method. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis deals with the long-term changes in the landscape of border areas of selected military bases in Bohemia  Brdy and Hradiště. Specifically, in these areas it is focused on land use changes since half of the 19th century to the present. Its main objective is to identify whether and to what extent military bases affect character and intensity of land use changes beyond their borders. The first part of the thesis is devoted to general solutions relating to the key topics/concepts representing thematic base for further work (landscape, spatial polarization and military bases). The methodology of this part is based on research and discussions of literature and other sources. In the second part of the thesis the focus is on the spatial definition and characteristics of both areas of our interest. The third part is based on the knowledge of the previous two parts, and is engaged in the land use changes research in both areas. This research has a quantitative nature and is based on the use of statistical data provided by the LUCC Czechia database, which were further processed and evaluated. Final part of the thesis is based on the results of the third part and discusses the possible impact of the military bases to changes in land use in the close border areas. Key words: landscape  landscape...

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Graduate School of the Environment, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references: p. 228-232. / Geomorphology, archaeology and geoarchaeology: introduction and background -- Surface stone artefact scatters: why can we see them? -- Geomorphic controls on spatial patterning of the surface stone artefact record -- A temporal framework for interpreting surface artefact scatters in Western NSW -- Synthesis: stone artefact scatters in a dynamic landscape. / Surface scatters of stone artefacts are the most ubiquitous feature of the Australian Aboriginal archaeological record, yet the most underutilized by archaeologists in developing models of Aboriginal prehistory. Among the many reasons for this are the lack of understanding of geomorphic processes that have exposed them, and the lack of a suitable chronological framework for investigating Aboriginal 'use of place'. This thesis addresses both of these issues. -- In arid western NSW, erosion and deposition accelerated as a result of the introduction of sheep grazing in the mid 1800s has resulted in exposure of artefact scatters in some areas, burial in others, and complete removal in those parts of the landscape subject to concentrated flood flows. The result is a patchwork of artefact scatters exhibiting various degrees of preservation, exposure and visibility. My research at Stud Creek, in Sturt National Park in far western NSW, develops artefact and landscape survey protocols to accommodate this dynamic geomorphic setting. A sampling strategy stratified on the basis of landscape morphodynamics is presented that allows archaeologists to target areas of maximum artefact exposure and minimum post-discard disturbance. Differential artefact visibility at the time of the survey is accommodated by incorporating measures of surface cover which quantify the effects of various ephemeral environmental processes, such as deposition of sediments, vegetation growth, and bioturbation, on artefact count. -- While surface stone artefact scatters lack the stratigraphy usually considered necessary for establishing the timing of Aboriginal occupation, a combination of radiocarbon determinations on associated heat-retainer ovens, and stratigraphic analysis and dating of the valley fills which underlie the scatters, allows a two-stage chronology for huntergatherer activity to be developed. In the Stud Creek study area, dating of the valley fill by OSL established a maximum age of 2,040±100 y for surface artefact scatters. The heatretainer ovens ranged in age from 1630±30 y BP to 220±55 y BP. Bayesian statistical analysis of the sample of 28 radiocarbon determinations supported the notion, already established from analysis of the artefacts, that the Stud Creek valley was occupied intermittently for short durations over a relatively long period of time, rather than intensively occupied at any one time. Furthermore, a gap in oven building between about 800 and 1100 years ago was evident. Environmental explanations for this gap are explored, but the paiaeoenvironmental record for this part of the Australian arid zone is too sparse and too coarse to provide explanations of human behaviour on time scales of just a few hundred years. -- Having established a model for Stud Creek of episodic landscape change throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene, right up to European contact, its veracity was evaluated in a pilot study at another location within the region. The length of the archaeological record preserved in three geomorphically distinct locations at Fowlers Gap, 250 km south of Stud Creek, is a function of geomorphic dynamics, with a record of a few hundred years from sites located on channel margins and low terraces, and the longest record thus far of around 5,000 years from high terrace surfaces more remote from active channel incision. But even here, the record is not continuous, and like Stud Creek, the gaps are interpreted to indicate that Aboriginal people moved into and out of these places intermittently throughout the mid to late Holocene. -- I conclude that episodic nonequilibrium characterizes the geomorphic history of these arid landscapes, with impacts on the preservation of the archaeological record. Dating of both archaeological and landform features shows that the landscape, and the archaeological record it preserves, are both spatially and temporally disjointed. Models of Aboriginal hunter-gatherer behaviour and settlement patterns must take account of these discontinuities in an archaeological record that is controlled by geomorphic activity. -- I propose a new geoarchaeological framework for landscape-based studies of surface artefact scatters that incorporates geomorphic analysis and dating of landscapes, as well as tool typology, into the interpretation of spatial and temporal patterns of Aboriginal huntergatherer 'use of place'. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / vii, 232 p. ill., maps

There are number of future projections of species' geographic ranges developed under conditions of ongoing climate change. However, only a few studies have assessed what are the characteristics of species explaining interspecific variability in the projected range shifts. Examination of such relationships is important for development of effective conservation strategies mitigating the effects of climatic changes. For this purpose, I calculated the predicted shifts of European ranges in Czech birds based on maps in A Climatic Atlas of European Breeding Birds and explored relationships between these predicted shifts and several ecological traits. We found significant effects of the type of European distribution and habitat requirements. Concerning the type of European distribution, the largest shift is predicted in the central species and the northern species compared to widespread and southern species. According to the habitat type, the largest shift showed forest birds in contrast to the urban species which will shift slightly. The former pattern is probably attributable to spatial constrains different among these specific groups (central species are less limited compared to widespread species). The latter pattern could be explained by higher sensitivity of forest species to climatic changes...

The thesis deals with the topic of landscape memory, especially with the historical landscape structures present in the landscape of borderland during the post-war expulsion of its inhabitants. These are material reminders of the past, the former settlement and land use and in some cases can still serve an ecological function, have aesthetic, educational or historical value or the value of a landscape symbol. The aim of the thesis is to find, document, evaluate, research the state and discuss the significance and use of historical landscape structures from this period. In the research part, the work deals with the problematics of changes in the landscape, its memory and historical landscape structures in the context of the post-war expulsion of its inhabitants. In the practical part, the author documents the occurrence of landscape structures at the time of expulsion using historical aerial photographs and the current orthophoto, digital model of relief 5G and field research using the software QField. Historical landscape structures are categorized based on the criteria of preservation and use and the most significant ones are selected. The importance of the elements of the lost landscape in general and the significance and use of the best preserved is consulted with the mayors of the relevant...

This work is focused on the dynamics of landscape change of fish pond system in Polabí region, specifically the drainage basin of the channel Opatovický kanál. Theoretical part provides information about origin, development and present state of fish pond system. Experimental part provides the mapping of ponds in five time periods covering the epoch between the 18th and the 21st century. Information about ponds in the 16th and the 17th century are provided as well but without pond areas. The reason for their absence is insufficiency of sources. Development of the area and quantity of ponds is discussed as well as land use and land cover change on the extinct pond areas. Finally, application of the fish pond development knowledge in landscape planning and revitalization are discussed based on the information gained by the mapping and research. Key words: fish pond systems, land cover, land use, landscape changes, Polabí region, drainage basin of the channel Opatovický kanál