O patrimônio natural é um bem ambiental tutelado pelo Direito. A paisagem cênica, uma das formas em que se apresenta esse patrimônio, oferece inúmeros serviços ambientais, como ecológicos, estéticos e culturais, e é considerada um direito difuso. Entretanto, para que possa oferecer serviços imprescindíveis, se faz necessária a proteção de sua integralidade. Nos destinos turísticos, a paisagem desempenha uma função elementar, pois, além de manter a composição da imagem que o visitante tem e espera do local, também garante a sustentabilidade econômica da atividade turística. Historicamente, o Estado tem incentivado a exploração insustentável dos recursos naturais. Cabe salientar que a própria legislação brasileira criou alguns passivos ambientais no decorrer do tempo. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro respalda a paisagem como bem jurídico integrante do conceito de meio ambiente, e a previsão legal de proteção jurídica se encontra em convenções internacionais, revelando-se em leis federais, estaduais e legislações esparsas brasileiras. Apesar de a paisagem natural ser tutelada pelo arcabouço jurídico brasileiro e ser imprescindível para o desenvolvimento sustentável, principalmente dos destinos turísticos, dada a íntima identificação do local com a paisagem, esta entra em conflito com os interesses econômicos dos proprietários de áreas, que proporcionam esse serviço ambiental, mas não recebem qualquer incentivo para fazê-lo. O PSA representa um mecanismo econômico que visa a operacionalizar a arrecadação de fundos, com os beneficiários da preservação dos serviços ambientais, bem como à alocação de recursos com os provedores de tais serviços, no caso, a conservação do patrimônio paisagístico. Uma vez percebida a importância dos serviços ambientais proporcionados pela paisagem, resta traçar estratégias para a preservação dos mesmos, capazes de orientar novos modelos de desenvolvimento. Os pagamentos por serviços ambientais têm como principal objetivo transferir recursos, monetários ou não, àqueles que voluntariamente ajudam a preservar, conservar ou a produzir tais serviços. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-07-10T14:49:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Karina Zago.pdf: 1326223 bytes, checksum: 162d644d12e81baa930b564b88cc7daa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T14:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Karina Zago.pdf: 1326223 bytes, checksum: 162d644d12e81baa930b564b88cc7daa (MD5) / The natural patrimony is an environmental good which is protected by the law. The landscape, one of the ways in which this patrimony is presented, offers innumerable environmental services, such as ecological, aesthetic and cultural, and it is considered a diffuse right. However, in order to provide essential services, it is necessary to protect its integrity. In tourist destinations, the landscape performs an elementary function, and beyond keeping the composition of the image that the visitor has and expects from the place, it also guarantees the economic support of the tourism. Historically, the state has encouraged the unsustainable exploration of natural resources. It should be point out that Brazilian legislation itself has created some environmental liabilities in the course of time. The Brazilian legal system supports the landscape as a legally integrant to the concept of environment, and the provision of legal protection is under international conventions, revealing itself in federal, state, and sparse laws. Although the natural landscape be protected by Brazilians laws and be essential for the sustainable development, especially in tourist destinations, due to the close identification with the local landscape, it conflicts with the economic interests of the owners of the areas, who provide this environmental service, even though receive no incentive to do so. The PSA represents an economic mechanism that aims to collect funds with the beneficiaries of the conservation of the environmental services, as well as the allocation of resources with the suppliers of such services, in this case, the conservation of the natural patrimony. Once detected the importance of the environmental services provided by the landscape, it remains to devise strategies for their preservation that can be able to guide new development models. Payments for environmental services have as main objective to transfer resources, monetary or not, to those who voluntarily help to preserve, conserve or produce such services.

The American public has shown growing concern for the protection of aesthetic values on private and public lands. For private lands, the protection of aesthetic qualities must be coupled with use rights inherent in property ownership under American law. One of the earliest models to protect such values on private lands was the use of "police power" to regulate the appearance of new development in selected districts. This has most frequently been accomplished by including design guidelines in zoning ordinances. This study examines history, relevant law and literature, and the content of design guidelines in zoning ordinances. The content analysis was designed to investigate both design elements and trends over time existed. The findings from the content analysis suggest that the use of design guidelines are increasing for contemporary areas and communities as well as historic districts. Also, that the design guidelines are becoming increasingly specific in the design elements included.

O patrimônio natural é um bem ambiental tutelado pelo Direito. A paisagem cênica, uma das formas em que se apresenta esse patrimônio, oferece inúmeros serviços ambientais, como ecológicos, estéticos e culturais, e é considerada um direito difuso. Entretanto, para que possa oferecer serviços imprescindíveis, se faz necessária a proteção de sua integralidade. Nos destinos turísticos, a paisagem desempenha uma função elementar, pois, além de manter a composição da imagem que o visitante tem e espera do local, também garante a sustentabilidade econômica da atividade turística. Historicamente, o Estado tem incentivado a exploração insustentável dos recursos naturais. Cabe salientar que a própria legislação brasileira criou alguns passivos ambientais no decorrer do tempo. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro respalda a paisagem como bem jurídico integrante do conceito de meio ambiente, e a previsão legal de proteção jurídica se encontra em convenções internacionais, revelando-se em leis federais, estaduais e legislações esparsas brasileiras. Apesar de a paisagem natural ser tutelada pelo arcabouço jurídico brasileiro e ser imprescindível para o desenvolvimento sustentável, principalmente dos destinos turísticos, dada a íntima identificação do local com a paisagem, esta entra em conflito com os interesses econômicos dos proprietários de áreas, que proporcionam esse serviço ambiental, mas não recebem qualquer incentivo para fazê-lo. O PSA representa um mecanismo econômico que visa a operacionalizar a arrecadação de fundos, com os beneficiários da preservação dos serviços ambientais, bem como à alocação de recursos com os provedores de tais serviços, no caso, a conservação do patrimônio paisagístico. Uma vez percebida a importância dos serviços ambientais proporcionados pela paisagem, resta traçar estratégias para a preservação dos mesmos, capazes de orientar novos modelos de desenvolvimento. Os pagamentos por serviços ambientais têm como principal objetivo transferir recursos, monetários ou não, àqueles que voluntariamente ajudam a preservar, conservar ou a produzir tais serviços. / The natural patrimony is an environmental good which is protected by the law. The landscape, one of the ways in which this patrimony is presented, offers innumerable environmental services, such as ecological, aesthetic and cultural, and it is considered a diffuse right. However, in order to provide essential services, it is necessary to protect its integrity. In tourist destinations, the landscape performs an elementary function, and beyond keeping the composition of the image that the visitor has and expects from the place, it also guarantees the economic support of the tourism. Historically, the state has encouraged the unsustainable exploration of natural resources. It should be point out that Brazilian legislation itself has created some environmental liabilities in the course of time. The Brazilian legal system supports the landscape as a legally integrant to the concept of environment, and the provision of legal protection is under international conventions, revealing itself in federal, state, and sparse laws. Although the natural landscape be protected by Brazilians laws and be essential for the sustainable development, especially in tourist destinations, due to the close identification with the local landscape, it conflicts with the economic interests of the owners of the areas, who provide this environmental service, even though receive no incentive to do so. The PSA represents an economic mechanism that aims to collect funds with the beneficiaries of the conservation of the environmental services, as well as the allocation of resources with the suppliers of such services, in this case, the conservation of the natural patrimony. Once detected the importance of the environmental services provided by the landscape, it remains to devise strategies for their preservation that can be able to guide new development models. Payments for environmental services have as main objective to transfer resources, monetary or not, to those who voluntarily help to preserve, conserve or produce such services.

Orientador: Silvana Barbosa Rubino / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:48:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_CristianeMaria_D.pdf: 9671178 bytes, checksum: f789e3aa06e801c3ea3bd4b4b089ed68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O Desenho da História no Traço da Paisagem: patrimônio paisagístico e jardins históricos no Brasil - memória, inventário e salvaguarda é um estudo sobre o patrimônio paisagístico, a paisagem cultural e os jardins históricos no Brasil, no decorrer do século XX. A tese propõe realizar uma abordagem acerca do importante patrimônio paisagístico brasileiro, com especial atenção aos jardins de interesse histórico, transitando pelas percepções e nuances do termo paisagem. O eixo central da pesquisa girou em torno da construção da ideia de paisagem cultural, no Brasil, a partir da década de 1930, e como o órgão de preservação federal (atual IPHAN) patrimonializou os bens do patrimônio paisagístico ao longo das décadas de 1930-2010. O objetivo geral foi contextualizar, qualificar e pontuar sob quais circunstâncias foi protegido o patrimônio paisagístico brasileiro, a partir da década de 1930, abordando e explicitando como se deu a construção da ideia de paisagem cultural, em diálogo com as normativas internacionais. Os Jardins Históricos, uma das categorias do Patrimônio Paisagístico brasileiro, é tema privilegiado nesta pesquisa por ter se tornado o carro chefe quando da criação do Departamento de Patrimônio Natural dentro do quadro burocrático e organizacional da SPHAN/próMemória, na década de 1980. A pesquisa aponta que o estudo destes bens evidencia um projeto patrimonial, arquitetônico e urbanístico maior, gestado ao longo do século XX, em que as formas de estar e se relacionar com a cidade, com a arquitetura do passado e, principalmente, com o patrimônio cultural se põem em destaque. Realiza-se, ainda, um Inventário do patrimônio paisagístico brasileiro, sistematizado em categorias tipológicas / Abstract: History drawings within the landscape line: landscape heritage and historic gardens in Brazil - Its memory, inventory and safeguard is a study of landscape heritage along with its cultural landscape and historic gardens during the twentieth century in Brazil. The thesis proposes to carry out an approach transiting perceptions and nuances of the term landscape with special attention to historic garden interests and important Brazilian landscape heritage. The central foundation of the research has revolved around the cultural landscape construction idea in Brazil from the 1930s on. And the federal organ preservation (current IPHAN) claimed property on the assets of the landscape heritage from 1930 to 2010. The overall objective was to contextualize, qualify and score the circumstances which protected the Brazilian landscape heritage from the 1930s on. Thus, addressing and explaining how the dialogue regarding the construction of cultural landscape idea at international standards was made. Historic Gardens, one of the Brazilian landscape heritage categories is the prevailing theme in this research as it became a main reference during the creation of the Natural Heritage Department in the 1980s within the bureaucratic and organizational framework of SPHAN / Pro-memoria.The research shows that the study of these assets presents a bigger heritage; architectural and urban project managed during the twentieth century in which the ways of being and relating to the city, to past architecture and especially to cultural heritage is put in the spotlight. An Inventory of the Brazilian landscape heritage systematized in typological categories is also made / Doutorado / Politica, Memoria e Cidade / Doutora em História

1 Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the current plan to connect ski resorts Svatý Petr and Medvědín in Špindlerův Mlýn within a case study. The approval of this plan will not be easy at all, as its realization would involve relatively substantial interventions in the Krkonoše National Park. The aim of the thesis is to find out how the decision- making process is taking place in the case of this plan, which actors are involved in negotiating of its implementation, what are opinions of representatives of the selected actors of the decision-making process and whether residents of Špindlerův Mlýn like or dislike the plan. For answering the research questions that arise from the goal of the thesis, qualitative and quantitative methodology, namely semi-structured interviews and questionnaire survey is used. The theoretical part introduces the reader to a more general context of the realization of the plan, the methodological part describes and justifies the selected research methods and the practical part deals with the results of the research. The conclusion summarizes the main pieces of knowledge. A significant revelation of this diploma thesis is the fact that without many positive side-effects of the project, outside the main motive to allow skiers to ski on both slopes without taking off their skis, it...

National parks in the Czech Republic and their legal regulation Abstract The subject of this master theses are national parks in the Czech Republic and their legal regulation. The main legal document that regulates the issue of national parks in our country, is the Act No. 114/1992 Coll., On Nature and Landscape Protection, as amended. This Act has been significantly amended and its wording has been in force since 2017. For the most part, this new regulation affected especially national parks that represent the most important and strictly protected areas in the Czech Republic. Although, in practice the amendment has not yet been fully reflected, as some institutes are still in the process of negotiation or approval. The aim of this thesis is therefore by means of methods of description, analysis and comparison comprehensively summarize regulation of the existing national parks and at the same time in the light of the previous legislation to compare it and analyze. Subsequently, critically evaluate the extent to which the Czech legislator has managed to create an effective legal regulation responding to the current needs of nature protection. At the same time, the thesis also aimed to compare the legal regulation of national parks with a foreign state, specifically Slovakia. This thesis is divided into six...

The restrictions of the ownership of real property for the purpose of nature and landscape protection Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on restrictions of the ownership of real property for the purpose of nature and landscape protection, which are regulated in Act No. 114/1992 Coll., On nature and landscape protection. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the general bases of the legal regulation of the restriction of the ownership of real property due to nature and landscape protection and contains four chapters. The first chapter defines essential legal institutes. The second chapter contains sources of regulation at international, European and national level. The third chapter discusses generally the conflict of property right with the right to a favourable environment. The fourth chapter deals with individual ways of limiting the property right. The second part discusses specific restrictions on the right to property and is also divided into four chapters. This is the fundamental part of this thesis. The first chapter of this part is devoted to the modification of the subject of property rights to protect nature and landscape. The second chapter deals with the modification of the property rights in terms of disposition limitation. The third chapter divides the individual...

The purpose of this creative project was to develop a conceptual landscape plan for integrating residential development on an historically significant property, located at North Bend, Ohio, known as "Aston." The plan, designating areas suitable for residential development, was designed so that most of the features and elements of the property that defined its historic character were not destroyed or, at least, not unreasonably compromised. Priority was also placed on protecting the aesthetic and environmental qualities of the site. An inventory of the existing physical attributes (soil and bedrock geology, surface hydrology, topography, structures and other built features, etc.) of the property was conducted focusing on identification of historically significant elements. Additionally, written and photographic documentation established the general historic character and appearance of the property and identified important features that were no longer present in the current landscape. The documentation of the history of the property and its historic features was presented in narrative form (supported by historic and current photographs) in this study. It is probable that further documentation of this significant property is unlikely to occur since it is presently owned by a development company. The two areas of the property that were found to contain concentrations of historic resources (structures, drives, vegetation, walls, ponds, etc.) were designated as "Historic Core Areas" for preservation. Another area where the Ohio Department of Natural Resources had discovered a population of an endangered plant species was also withdrawn for preservation. Based on the implications of the physical attributes of the property, further areas were designated as unsuitable for development and will function as open "greenspaces" for the proposed community. The remaining acreage of the property constituted the areas designated as suitable for residential development. In these areas, the suggested road layout, lot sizes, siting of condominiums or housing structures, and pedestrian trails were designed. Finally, recommendations for guiding the more detailed design of the architectural and landscape architectural elements of the proposed residential development were presented. This completed creative project presents a suggestion for how modem residential development may be accommodated without substantially destroying the documented historic, environmental and aesthetic values of this significant property. / Department of Landscape Architecture

Protected area site selection is generally carried out using biodiversity data as surrogates. However, reliable and complete biodiversity data is rarely available due to limited resources, time and equipment. Instead of drawing on inadequate biodiversity data, an alternative is to use environmental diversity (ED) as a surrogate in conservation planning. However, there are few studies that use environmental diversity for site selection or that evaluates its efficiency / unfortunately, no such example exists for Turkey, where biodiversity is high but our knowledge about it is unsatisfactory. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of environmental surrogates and the utility of different biological taxa in conservation planning. The objective was to find out the most efficient surrogates, either environmental or biological, for conservation planning, so that limited resources can be used more efficiently to establish an effective protected areas network. The study was carried out in northeastern Turkey, within the Lesser Caucasus ecoregion. The taxonomic groups considered include large mammals, breeding birds, globally threatened reptiles and amphibians, butterflies, highly threatened plants, and ecological communities. The distribution data was taken from a previous study, while climate and topographical data were obtained from various sources and produced through spatio-statistical techniques. Complementarity-based site selection was carried out with Marxan software, where the planning unit was the 100 sq.km. UTM grid square. Various statistical methods, including geographically weighted regression, principal components analysis, and p-median algorithm, were used to determine ED across the units. Performance of different approaches and different sets of surrogates were tested by comparing them to a random null model as well as representation success. Results indicate that endemic or non-endemic highly threatened plant species, butterfly species and ecological communities represent biodiversity better than other taxa in the study area. As such, they can be used on their own as efficient biodiversity surrogates in conservation area planning. Another finding is that highly threatened plant species are required to be used in the site selection process if they need to be represented well / in other words, they are their own surrogates. It was demonstrated that while ED alone can be used as a surrogate to represent biodiversity of an area, they are not as good as biodiversity surrogates themselves. It is also suggested that using species taxa with smaller distributional ranges or taxa that complement each other due to ecological differences as surrogates provide better results. On the other hand, ED might be a more suitable surrogate if resources are very limited or field work is impossible. In such cases, using ED in conjunction with one of the better biodiversity surrogates is probably the best solution.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The visual landscape is a resource that should be managed sustainably. Sufficient tools for the effective management of visual landscapes are still lacking. Existing visualization software (including 3D Analyst) could be utilized as an aid in visual landscape management, but as such it lacks quantification functionalities. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) could effectively be used in the quantification of visual landscapes. The composition, value and experience of visual landscapes are complex and interrelated. Visual landscapes should be divided into physical and cognitive elements for management purposes. In the quantification of visual landscapes, the physical elements are effectively handled within a GIS. Insufficient research though, hampers the quantification of the visual landscape in terms of cognitive elements. Arc View GIS, including the 3D Analyst Extension, can be extended to quantify visual landscapes. Arc View's integrated development language, Avenue, was used to develop a new technique, namely The Visual Landscape Quantifier (VLQ). The VLQ-technique is an application based on a virtual landscape where a user can select observation and target locations. These locations are used to quantify the visual landscape in a chosen direction. Results are expressed as the percentage (%) of the visible land use in the selected visual landscape. The user can choose whether the results should be displayed as a list or as a graph. Wanted and unwanted elements in the landscape could be identified, aiding the management and planning of landscapes. Keywords: Visual landscape, landscape, Visual Landscape Quantifier, visualization, Arc View GIS, Avenue, Object Oriented Programming, 3D Analyst. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die visuele landskap is 'n hulpbron wat volhoubaar bestuur moet word, maar ongelukkig bestaan daar mm instrumente om dit effektief te bestuur. Bestaande visualiseringsprogrammatuur (insluitend Arc View 3D Analyst) kan as hulpmiddel dien in die bestuur van visuele landskappe, maar dit ontbreek kwantifiseringsfunksionaliteite. Geografiese Inligtingstelsels (GIS) kan effektief aangewend word in die kwantifisering van visuele landskappe. Die samestelling, waarde en hoe visuele landskappe ervaar word, is kompleks en interverwant. Om visuele landskappe meetbaar te maak, moet dit in fisiese en kognitiewe elemente opgebreek word. GIS hanteer die fisiese elemente van visuele landskappe effektief en gevolglik is die kwantifisering daarvan (in GIS) wel moontlik. Onvoldoende navorsing maak die kwantifisering van visuele landskappe, in terme van kognitiewe elemente, egter moeilik. ArcView GIS, insluitend die 3D Analyst-uitbreiding, kan aangepas word om visuele landskappe te kwantifiseer. 'n Nuwe tegniek, die Visual Landscape Quantifier (VLQ), is met ArcView se geïntegreerde programmeertaal, Avenue, ontwikkel. Die VLQ-tegniek berus op 'n virtuele landskap waarbinne die gebruiker toegelaat word om waarnemers- en teikenliggings te selekteer. As toepassing word die visuele landskap in die gekose rigting in terme van die persentasie (%) van sigbare grondgebruik in die geselekteerde landskap gekwantifiseer. Die gebruiker kan kies of die resultaat as 'n lys of as 'n grafiek voorgestel moet word. Moontlike gewenste of ongewenste elemente in die visuele landskap kan gevolglik geïdentifiseer word en so die bestuurs- en beplanningstaak ondersteun. Sleutelwoorde: Visuele landskap, landskap, Visual Landscape Quantifier, visualisering, ArcView GIS, Avenue, 3D Analyst, Object Oriented Programmering.