This study investigated the effects of temperature and humidity on the photocatalytic oxidation of volatile organic compound (VOCs) over titanium dioxide. Benzene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), perchloroethylene (PCE), and toluene were selected to investigate the influences of temperature and humidity on photocatalytic conversion. Among these four VOCs, benzene and MTBE were selected for the investigation of reaction pathways and kinetics. This work employed a self-designed annular packed-bed photocatalytic reactor to determine the conversion and reaction rates during photocatalytic degradation of VOCs. Degussa P-25 TiO2 was used as the photocatalyst and a 15 W near-UV lamp (350 nm) served as the light source. Benzene conversions increased with temperature below 160 ºC, but decreased above 160 ºC. Moreover, the conversions of MTBE increased with temperature from 30 to 120 ºC, and the thermocatalytic reaction began above 120 ºC. The conversions of PCE decreased as the temperature increased from 120 to 200 ºC. Toluene conversions almost remained constant at 100~200 ºC. Based on the gas-solid catalytic reaction theory, raising the reaction temperature could promote the chemical reaction rate and reduce reactant adsorption on TiO2 surfaces. The overall reaction rate increased with temperature, indicating that the reduction of reactant adsorption did not affect the overall reaction, and thus the chemical reaction was the rate-limiting step. As the chemical reaction rate gradually increased and the reactant adsorption decreased with temperature, the rate-limiting step could shift from the chemical reaction to the reactant adsorption, while the overall reaction rate decreased with temperature. Additionally, the competitive adsorption between VOCs and water for the active sites on TiO2 resulted in VOCs influent concentration and humidity promoting or inhibiting the reaction rate. The mineralization of benzene and the selectivity of CO and CO2 were not obviously affected under various temperatures, humidities, and influent benzene concentrations. The benzene mineralization ratios ranged from 0.85 to 1.0, to which CO and CO2 contributed approximately 5~20% and 80~95%, respectively. Temperature and humidity variation did not influence the photocatalytic reaction pathway of benzene. Acetone (AC) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) were two major organic products for the photocatalysis of MTBE. The addition of water transferred the reaction pathway from producing AC to TBA, while the temperature increase transferred the reaction pathway from producing TBA to AC. A modified bimolecule Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model was developed to simulate the temperature and humidity related promotion and inhibition of the photocatalysis of benzene and MTBE. The competitive adsorption of VOCs and water on the active sites resulted in VOCs influent concentration and humidity promoting or inhibiting the reaction. The reaction rate constant increased with temperature while the adsorption equilibrium constants decreased, confirming that increasing reaction temperature enhanced the chemical reaction, but reduced the adsorption of VOCs and water. Furthermore, the correlation developed here was also used for determining the apparent activation energy of photocatalytic oxidation of VOCs and the adsorption enthalpies of benzene, MTBE, water vapor, and oxygen.

Ethyl lactate (EL) plays a major role as green solvent and also a replacement for most petrochemical solvents. The esterification process of lactic acid and ethanol to produce EL is an equilibrium-limiting reaction and the selective removal of one of the reaction products can be improved using a membrane reactor and when coupled with a heterogeneous catalyst offers an opportunity for process intensification. This thesis investigates the batch process esterification reaction involving lactic acid (LA) and ethanol (EL) in the presence of a water selective membrane using different cation-exchange resin catalysts. The product was analysed using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). The analytical methods used for the characterisation of the cation-exchange resins and membrane include Fourier transform infrared coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy attached to energy dispersive analyser (SEM/EDAX), Liquid nitrogen physisorption and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) respectively. A novel method was developed for carrying out esterification reaction in a gaseous phase system using a flat sheet polymeric membrane. Prior to the esterification reaction, different carrier gases were tested with ceramic membrane to determine the suitable carrier gases for the analysis of esterification product. The four carrier gases used for the permeation test were argon (Ar), helium (He), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2). A 15nm pore size commercially available tubular ceramic support, consisting of 77%Al2O3 and 23%TiO2 with the porosity of 45% was used for the carrier gas investigation. The support was modified with silica based on the sol-gel dip-coating techniques. The dip-coated membrane exhibited a higher molar flux with He (0.046mol m-2s-1) and Ar (0.037mol m-2s-1) with a much lower flux for N2 (0.037mol m-2s-1) and CO2 (0.035 mol m-2s-1) at 0.30 bar. Helium gas with the highest permeation rate were identified as the suitable carrier gas for the analysis of esterification product with GC-MS. The esterification reaction in the presence of four cation-exchange resins to produce ethyl lactate was carried out between 60-160 oC in a batch and membrane processes to determine the effectiveness resin catalysts for LA esterification. The effect of external mass transfer diffusion limitation between the liquid components and the resin catalysts was avoided by increasing the agitation time of the esterification reaction. The percentage conversion rate of the lactic acid feed from the batch process esterification was found to be in the range of 98.6 to 99.8%. The reaction kinetics of the esterification reaction was described based on two simplified mechanisms of Langmuir Hinshelwood model to describe the adsorption components on the surface of the catalysts. The lactic acid feed gave a conversion rate of up to 100 % confirming the effectiveness of the acetate membrane impregnated resin catalysts in the selective removal of water for the separation of ethyl lactate. The significance of producing ethyl lactate through batch process intensified by a water-selective membrane processes can be recommended for industrial LA production.

Le contexte environnemental (réchauffement climatique) et économique (épuisement des ressources en énergies fossiles) entraîne une nécessaire mutation du paysage énergétique mondial. L’hydrogène est présenté comme un vecteur d’énergie propre pouvant, par l’intermédiaire d’une pile à combustible, fournir de l’électricité pour diverses applications (nomade, portable, automobile et stationnaire). Cependant, son développement reste tributaire de son mode de stockage. Parmi les composés présentant de bonnes capacités de stockage, le borohydrure de sodium NaBH4 se distingue puisqu’il permet aussi un dégagement contrôlé de l’hydrogène d’après la réaction d’hydrolyse suivante : ( ) (2 ) ( ) ( ) 4 ( ) 4 2 2 2 2 NaBH ++ x H O l→NaBO . xH O + H g Il constitue ainsi une solution sûre et facile d’utilisation, et est donc envisageable pour des applications grand public. La thèse avait pour objectif l’approfondissement des connaissances relatives à la réaction catalysée d’hydrolyse du borohydrure de sodium selon deux axes principaux: la catalyse de la réaction et l’étude des produits d’hydrolyse. Concernant le premier axe, notre objectif était de mieux comprendre et d’améliorer la cinétique de la réaction d’hydrolyse, les catalyseurs étudiés étant à base de cobalt. Un catalyseur « modèle » a été utilisé et comparé à des nanoparticules métalliques synthétisées et d’autres espèces chimiques à base de cobalt (oxyde, hydroxyle et carbonate). Le modèle cinétique de Langmuir-Hinshelwood a permis de décrire la cinétique de l’hydrolyse. Un mécanisme réactionnel basé sur les adsorptions en surface du catalyseur de BH4 - et de H2O a été proposé. Enfin, la nature des sites actifs en surface a été discutée. En ce qui concerne le second axe de la thèse, nous avions deux objectifs : identifier les phases formées en fonction des conditions expérimentales et approfondir les connaissances thermodynamiques du système binaire NaBO2-H2O pour définir les différents équilibres se formant à l’issu de la réaction d’hydrolyse. Pour ce faire, les borates ont d’abord été synthétisés, puis caractérisés en termes de structure cristallographique et de stabilité en température. C’est ainsi qu’un nouveau borate de sodium, Na3[B3O4(OH)4] ou NaBO2•2/3H2O, a été obtenu. D’autre part, l’étude des équilibres liquide+solide, solide+solide et liquide+vapeur nous a permis d’établir le diagramme binaire NaBO2-H2O à pression atmosphérique. / As an alternative solution to fossil fuels, hydrogen is may be the most advanced technology. However, its large scale development is today harshly hindered by the issues it encounters, its storage being certainly the most significant. Various storage methods are under investigation but solid storage as in sodium borohydride NaBH4 appears to be convenient with regard to its storage capacities, safety and cost. The hydrogen stored in NaBH4 can be released by hydrolysis at ambient temperature. The hydrolysis reaction leads to the formation of 4 hydrogen molecules and borates: ( ) (2 ) ( ) ( ) 4 ( ) 4 2 2 2 2 NaBH ++ x H O l → NaBO . xH O + H gThe efficiency of this reaction suffers from two problems. First, slow kinetics of hydrogen release is observed for this reaction. Second, the “hydration” of NaBO2 is detrimental to the storage capacities of the system NaBH4-H2O. Indeed, the higher the pseudo-hydration degree (i.e. x), the lower the gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity. Both issues are the topics we have studied in the present work. Hydrogen release can be accelerated by using a cobalt catalyst. Hence, we focused on various cobalt-based catalysts. A reference catalyst was first chosen, and then tested and compared to lab-prepared cobalt nanoparticles and other cobalt-based materials (oxide, hydroxide and carbonate). The Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model well captured the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction. Accordingly, a reaction mechanism based on the adsorptions of both BH4 - and H2O on the catalyst surface has been proposed. The adsorptions are expected to occur on specific surface sites which nature has been discussed. The gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity of NaBH4-H2O can be increased by decreasing the pseudo-hydration degree (i.e. x) of the borates. However, this implies that the thermodynamics of the NaBO2•xH2O compounds are well known as they are crucial for favouring the formation of water-free borates. Borates were then synthesized and characterized in terms of crystallographic structure, pseudo-hydration degree and thermal stability. In this context, a new sodium borate has been synthesized: Na3[B3O4(OH)4] or NaBO2•2/3H2O. Besides, we studied the liquid+solid, liquid+vapor and solid+solid equilibria that permitted to set the binary phase diagram NaBO2-H2O at atmospheric pressure