Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 38-08, Section: A, page: 4780. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1977.

The biblical Hebrew D stem (piel) seems to be inconsistent from verb to verb, both in its meaning and in its relationship to the G stem (qal). For example, the D stem has a higher valency than the G stem for some verbs (e.g., קדשׁ G ‘to be holy’, D ‘to make holy’), whereas for other verbs, the G and D stems seem to be interchangeable (e.g., שׁבר־1 can be glossed ‘to break’ in both the G and D stems). The dominant explanation for this is by Waltke and O’Connor (1990), who draw upon earlier work by Jenni (1968) and Goetze (1942). They posit that the D stem is factitive/resultative, meaning that it describes the subject causing a passive undersubject to enter a state without describing the process. Thus שׁבר־1, which means ‘to break’ (process) in the G stem, means ‘to make broken’ (resultative) in the D stem. By developing criteria to detect this distinction and by examining every occurrence of every verb in the Hebrew Bible, we found that the D stem has a process meaning far more often than a resultative meaning, contrary to Waltke and O’Connor’s hypothesis. Furthermore, their hypothesis cannot explain verbs that lack a direct object in the D stem. As an alternate explanation, Kouwenberg (1997, 2010) argued that the D stem originally expressed verbal intensity but then developed a variety of meanings, including verbal plurality and high semantic transitivity. In addition to having cross-linguistic support, this hypothesis also passed all three tests that we devised regarding its use in the Hebrew Bible: (1) The D stem adds an agent only to verbs that have low semantic transitivity in the G stem. (2) For verbs with roughly the same meaning in the D and G stems, the D stem is more likely in contexts that have high verbal plurality or (3) high semantic transitivity. Nevertheless, the difference in likelihood is often slight. Furthermore, the flexibility of Kouwenberg’s explanation makes it difficult to falsify, even in theory. Therefore, the level of support for Kouwenberg’s hypothesis is modest. / Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations

This thesis aims to ascertain whether or not the phenomenon known as creolization played a role in the emergence of the Romance language from Latin. Creolization and normal language change differ in terms of their respective effects upon inflectional morphology: normal language change yields morphological loss and morphological creation through grammaticization. Creolization cause inflectional morphology to be severely reduced. Thus, the hypothesis tested would predict that the transition from Latin to Romance would involve an unusually high degree of morphological loss and an absence of creation of new inflectional morphology. Comparison with another language, whose external history precludes its having been creolized, Greek, is used to ascertain whether Romance shows an unusual pattern of morphological loss.. Comparison is first made between the fate of Latin nominal declension in Romance and Classical Greek declension in Modern Greek. It is found that declension was almost wholly eliminated in Romance but is preserved largely unscathed in Modern Greek. A similar fate befell adjectival declension. Likewise, the synthetic comparatives and superlatives of Latin did not survive into Romance, but those of Classical Greek survived into Modern Greek. Comparison of the two verb systems yields a similar result: whereas Romance severely reduced Latin verbal morphology (most importantly, the passive), Modern Greek has preserved the greater part of Classical Greek verbal morphology unscathed. If one adds to this a complete absence of any morphological creation in the emerging Romance languages, one is forced to conclude that creolization must indeed have played a role in the history of Romance. In conclusion, some examination is made of other alleged instances of creole-influenced language change, all of which are found wanting: some suggestions are made regarding methodology. Likewise, the implications of this conclusion, to linguists and especially Romance linguists, are presented.

This thesis consists of a commented translation of an excerpt from a ninth century C.E. letter by the celebrated Arabic translator Hunayn Ibn Ishaq. The epistle is addressed to one of his patrons, 'Ali ibn Yahya, and gives an account of the works of the Greek physician Galen as well as their translations. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part One provides a historical background to the translation, and is subdivided into two sections: (1) Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (his life, his achievements); (2) Hunayn's fellow translators and patrons mentioned in the epistle. Part Two comprises the Arabic text (Source Text), about 5,000 words, and its English translation (Target Text). Part Three consists of a theoretical discussion of the problems of translating this letter. In the first section of that part, we explain the purpose and style of our translation. We also analyze some of the main differences between Arabic and English textuality (e.g. cohesion), and discuss translation difficulties of different types, namely interpretive (e.g. polysemy) and terminological (e.g. synonymy). In Section Two, we expound Hunayn's own method of research and views on translation. Finally, we summarize the main conclusions that we draw from the epistle, and from its translation. For the convenience of the reader, a glossary of proper names is provided at the beginning of the thesis. We include as appendices three samples from various translations of the letter. Given the different nature of the three parts of this thesis, the bibliographical references are arranged under three headings, each corresponding to a part. An index of names and subjects appears at the very end.

Thucydides' text reveals nine instances of $\sp{\sp,}\!\!\acute\epsilon\rho\omega\varsigma$ and closely related words. The lack of evidence to support the assumption that a sexual context must necessarily form the primary meaning of $\sp{\sp,}\!\!\acute\epsilon\rho\omega\varsigma$ in the fifth century scB.C. invites a closer examination. The first three instances in the History appear in conjunction with three Athenian leaders, who represent three very distinct stages in Athenian imperialism, namely Pericles, Cleon and Alcibiades. Throughout his treatments of these individuals, Thucydides highlights their interaction with the demos and underlines the process by which $\sp{\sp,}\!\!\acute\epsilon\rho\omega\varsigma$ ultimately subordinates reason: his portrayal of Pericles demonstrates the opposition between the rational $\gamma\nu\acute\omega\mu\eta$ and the irrational $\rm o\sp{\!\!\sp,}\rho\gamma\acute\eta,$ that of Cleon illustrates the process by which the Athenians turn from $\gamma\nu\acute\omega\mu\eta$ to $\rm o\sp{\!\!\sp,}\rho\gamma\acute\eta,$ and his treatment of Alcibiades underlines the dangers of such impulsive resolution. What was once $\tau\acute o\lambda\mu\alpha$ is rendered $\alpha\sp{\!\!\!\sp,}\lambda\acute o\gamma\iota\sigma\tau o\varsigma\ \tau\rm\acute o\lambda\mu\alpha.$

Military activity by Egyptians, Israelites, "Sea Peoples," rival city-states and other factors have been promoted as causative agents for the destructions that sweep across the southern Levant and eventually bring about the collapse of Bronze Age civilization. The association of wide scale destruction and historical military campaigns are primarily made on the basis of chronological factors. There is no systematic analysis of the correlates of destruction and little work to ascertain whether they correspond to the claims of original historical sources. Yet decisive conclusions continue to be made concerning (1) sociopolitical history; (2) chronology; and (3) archaeological interpretation. This dissertation focuses on Egyptian military activity during the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age transition. The research design is formulated from questions pertaining to the identification, history, and chronology of specific sites; the destruction correlates that provide the focus, means, extent, and content of military activity; and elements of continuity/discontinuity. These questions are directed to Egyptian military documents, iconography, and sites in the southern Levant. Chapter One presents an introduction to the problem, the purpose, research design, and methodology of the study. Chapter Two contains the first comprehensive analysis of Egyptian terminology and iconography of Dynasties XIX through XX. Chapters Three and Four discuss the extent of Egyptian presence in the southern Levant and analyze sites, socioethnic and geographical/sociocultural entities located in the southern Levant and mentioned in Egyptian military documents. The appendices contain complete concordances of Egyptian military terminology, toponym determinatives, and analyze the structure of the final hymnic-poetic unit of the Merenptah Stela. A paradigm for Egyptian military activity during the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age transition is suggested based on the wholistic analysis of all sources presently available.

This work intends to analyze Nahuatl mathematical structures and a minimal relationship to text, speech and literal ideographic writing. In section I there will be a historical background of language concepts in compound nouns and verbs. In section II questions will be listed concerning multiplier junctures, and section III the methods that will be used to obtain data and create a list of literal roots and stems of ideographic-image compound elements. Section IV will list the ideographic categories of the roots and stems of compound words. Section V through XII is the body of this work, compound number structures, singular and dual compound expressions with compound word trees, translation applications and cross reference matching. Mathematical structures and graphic representations of compound words will include literal morphological glosses. Translation applications will show the results of the juncture root or stem method of analysis. Multiplier structure with plurals will be addressed.

The present study investigates attitudes towards and teachings about the end of life and the soul’s passage to the next world, as expressed in late antique religious tales in Greek, particularly from Egypt and the Sinai. The intellectual setting is that of Chalcedonian Christianity, but within those strictures there was scope for a range of creative treatments and imaginings of a topic which canonical Scripture touched upon in mostly vague terms or glancing allusions. While there was much speculation and discussion in what we may call formal theology, the use of arresting narrative, some of it with an almost dramatic character, gave exponents of doctrine the ability to reach a wider audience in a more penetrating and persuasive way. And, as the number of scriptural allusions here will make clear, it was possible to develop ideas and images within the large gaps left by Holy Writ which were nevertheless not inconsonant with the same. Coupled with the relative freedom allowed for presentations of a universal (death) was an urgency to do so which was particular to the time (one of sweeping social and political changes within, and threats to, the empire). We consider here the connection between the universal and the particular, and some of the most important approaches taken to the subject. This work builds upon that of a number of scholars, including Derek Krueger, John Wortley, Phil Booth, André Binggeli, Elizabeth Castelli and Aron Gurevich. The first and last chapters of the dissertation are given to thematic treatment of the moments immediately before and immediately after death. The second, third and fourth chapters are each dedicated to one of the three most influential ascetic writers of the period: John Klimakos, John Moschos, and Anastasios of Sinai. We look at how their presentations of death not only frame the ideals of monastic life but to record for posterity the fading ways of a changing world. / Classics

A range of present stems in Khotanese which historically ended in a consonant behave synchronically as vowel final stems. Forms like bvāre ‘they know’ or bvāne ‘may I know’ imply a synchronic stem bu-, but most scholars have preferred a shape bud- because the Proto-Iranian antecedent is *baud-. A metanalysis resolves the apparent contradiction between diachrony and synchrony. Sometime in pre-Khotanese there was a morphophonological reanalysis wherein some consonant final verb stems were reinterpreted as being vowel final, and a series of suffixes historically beginning with single *-t- were reinterpreted as beginning with double /tt/. A word like 3Sp.m butte ‘he knows’ was originally analyzed as *bud- + -te and later reanalyzed as bu- + -tte /βuttē/. The vowel stems resulting from the metanalysis behave no differently from other vowel stems. All forms arising from the addition of vowel initial suffixes show contractions which are either attested elsewhere in the grammar or are phonologically natural. They show no trace of a final consonant on the synchronic level. Properly identifying the synchronic forms of the affected stems and suffixes enables a more regular and systematic description of the attested forms. It permits a reduction from Emmerick’s four present stem types, A, B, C, D, to just two, A and B. / Inner Asian and Altaic Studies

This dissertation examines the transformation of the heroic ideal from the literary, quasi-historical standards of Homeric society, in which the self-interested desires of the individual, male warriors are paramount, through the Archaic period, when the heroic ideal shifts its emphasis toward cooperative, communal interests, stimulated by the nascent growth of the city-state, until the classical period of fifth-century B.C. Athens, when the ideal begins to degenerate, primarily as a result of changing philosophical and political influences upon the Athenians, as well as the devastating physical and psychological consequences of the Peloponnesian War. / Primarily, though, the investigation revolves around the activities of literary, and historical, women as they relate to the changing criteria of the heroic ideal. In Homer, I have a brief overview of his treatment of women. In Chapter 3, I thoroughly explore the social perceptions of Greek women in both the Archaic and Classical periods, including views of early Greek writers, problems of modern methodology in this subject area, the question of the seclusion of Athenian women, their social separation from men in the public arena, and contemporary opinions on the character and intelligence of Athenian women. The main focus will eventually become the Greek tragic heroine in the plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. / After a brief overview of political life in fifth-century Athens, the functions of tragedy, and the characterization of women in tragedy, in Chapters 4-6 I engage those plays of the three tragedians whose female characters act according to the dictates of the older, heroic code. The tragic result attests the destructive dichotomy between the basically, communal-oriented women and the dictates of the fundamentally self-centered male warrior code, which is less a negative reflection upon Athenian women than upon the anti-social nature of the heroic code itself. Finally, in Chapter 7 I look at how Vergil faced the same problems of an older, destructive, heroic ideal (symbolized in Dido, a latter day Ajax) in conflict with the peaceful, unifying ideals of collective effort (symbolized in Aeneas, the precursor of Augustus). / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 56-01, Section: A, page: 0182. / Major Professor: Justin M. Glenn. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1994.