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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Ecology and hunting behaviour of lions and leopards

Stander, Philip January 1994 (has links)
No description available.
2

The gentleman, the vagabonds and the stranger : cultural representations of large carnivores in Albania and their implications for conservation

Trajce, Aleksander January 2017 (has links)
This thesis explores how people in mountainous regions of Albania interrelate with large carnivores. For the research, I used a combination of questionnaire survey and ethnographic fieldwork to generate insights into how rural dwellers perceive and interact with bears, wolves and lynx. Research and conservation efforts relating to large carnivores in areas where they live near humans often have a strong focus on human-wildlife conflicts; with the presumption that conflicts are a central part of people’s relationships with predators. I argue that, although conflicts between people and predators do occur, human-predator relationships in highland Albania are complex and diverse, beyond a simple engagement with conflict-causing animals. Large carnivores have rich local cultural profiles; each species being differently perceived, and responded to, by local groups in terms of their beliefs about the behaviours and characteristics of the animals. I argue that large carnivores are constructed, and responded to, as social actors and, as such, they are integrated into the moral community of humans. Customary codes that regulate the social life of people in highland Albania seem to extend into relationships with carnivores. Damages from predators are largely interpreted and evaluated on principles of belonging and moral integrity with little considerations of their financial aspects. Lack of conservation efforts from Albanian institutions for prolonged periods of time, and the remoteness of mountain communities, has brought about a situation in which locals have been largely left uninfluenced in shaping their relationships with large carnivores. I contend that such a situation, albeit seemingly problematic from an outside perspective, is particularly beneficial in maintaining low conflicts with, or over, predators. Recent increases in conservation efforts in Albania may influence relationships between people and predators in the future. Conservation actors will be faced with the challenge of avoiding possible conflict escalation to the detriment of large carnivores and to rural livelihoods.
3

Effects of anthropogenic pressure on large mammal species in the Hyrcanian forest, Iran / Effects of poaching, logging and livestock grazing on large mammals

Soofi, Mahmood 08 December 2017 (has links)
No description available.
4

Hodnocení fragmentace krajiny Západních Karpat ve vztahu k výskytu velkých šelem / Assessment of landscape fragmentation of Western Carpathians in relation to occurrence of large carnivores

Vlková, Kristýna January 2017 (has links)
This thesis deals with the landscape fragmentation in relation to the spatial and migration requirements of large carnivores in Western Carpathians region. Based on the data of the model species (Lynx Lynx) occurrence and selected environmental factors, the habitat suitability for Lynx Lynx is discussed using the Maxent habitat model. Employing the Effective Mesh Size method, the current landscape fragmentation caused by the transport infrastructure and urban development is studied in detail in terms of the fragmentation geometry. In addition to the analysis of measure of the current fragmentation, this thesis also includes a prediction of development of the landscape fragmentation in relation to the planned large transport constructions up to the year 2030. Comparing the habitat suitability model with the measure of current landscape fragmentation, the areas with the greatest potential of the Lynx Lynx permanent occurrence as well as the problematic areas in view of the dispersion and individuals migration are determined. Comparing the habitat suitability model with the prognosis of development of the landscape fragmentation, the impact of the planned road constructions on the suitable habitat is assessed.
5

Human-carnivore conflict in Tanzania : modelling the spatial distribution of lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), and their attacks upon livestock, in Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape

Dos Santos Abade, Leandro Alécio January 2013 (has links)
Tanzania’s Ruaha landscape is an international priority area for large carnivore conservation, harbouring roughly 10% of the world’s lions, and important populations of leopards and spotted hyaenas. However, these large carnivore populations are threatened by intense retaliatory killing due to human-carnivore conflict on village land around Ruaha National Park (RNP), mostly as a result of livestock predation by lions, leopards and spotted hyaenas. Moreover, a current lack of ecological data on the distribution of these carnivores hinders the development of effective strategies for conservation and targeted conflict mitigation in this landscape. This study aimed to identify the most significant ecogeographical variables (EGVs) influencing the distribution of lions, leopards and spotted hyaenas across the Ruaha landscape, and to map areas of conservation importance for these species. In addition, the study assessed the influence of EGVs on livestock predation risk by these carnivores in the village land around RNP, and generated a predictive map of predation risk. The relative importance of livestock husbandry practices and EGVs in terms of influencing predation risk within enclosures was also investigated. Proximity to rivers was the most important variable influencing the distribution of large carnivores in Ruaha, and contributed to predation risk of grazing livestock. The traditional livestock husbandry adopted in bomas appeared insufficient to alleviate the inherent risk of predation by large carnivores. The study produced the first detailed maps of lion, leopard and spotted hyaena distribution in the critically important Ruaha landscape, and identified likely livestock depredation hotspots. These results will target conflict mitigation approaches around Ruaha, by identifying particularly high-risk areas for livestock enclosures and grazing stock. Improving husbandry in these areas could help reduce livestock depredation and retaliatory carnivore killing, therefore reducing one of the most significant conservation threats in this critically important landscape.
6

Modélisation statistique de la distribution des grands carnivores en Europe / Statistical modelling of large carnivores' distribution in Europe

Louvrier, Julie 27 November 2018 (has links)
Les grands carnivores recolonisent l’Europe grâce à une augmentation des forêts et des populations d'ongulés sauvages ainsi que des mesures de conservation. Or, les carnivores entrent en interactions avec les activités humaines telles que l’élevage. Quantifier leur distribution peut aider à situer les impacts sur ces activités. Ces espèces sont très mobiles, difficiles à observer et vivent à de faibles densités. La modélisation de leur distribution présente plusieurs défis en raison 1) de leur détectabilité imparfaite, 2) de leur distribution dynamique dans le temps et 3) du suivi à grande échelle basé sur la collecte de données opportunistes sans mesure formelle de l'effort d'échantillonnage. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes concentrés sur deux espèces de grands carnivores, le loup et le lynx boréal, pour développer les méthodologies liées à la modélisation de la distribution d’espèces. Nous avons exploré l’application des modèles d’occupancy dans le contexte du suivi des grands carnivores en Europe. Ces modèles établissent le lien entre la présence d’une espèce et l’environnement dans le but d’établir la proportion d'une zone d'étude que l’espèce occupe, tout en prenant en compte une détectabilité imparfaite.Plus précisément, nous avons d'abord évalué la dynamique de la distribution des loups en France de 1994 à 2016, tout en prenant en compte leur détection imparfaite. Nous avons montré l'importance de prendre en compte l’effort d'échantillonnage variant dans le temps et dans l'espace à l’aide de de modèles d’occupancy dynamique.Deuxièmement, comme des faux positifs peuvent être présents lors de la surveillance d'espèces rares, nous avons développé un modèle dynamique d’occupancy qui tenait compte simultanément des faux négatifs et des faux positifs pour analyser conjointement des données qui contenaient à la fois des détections certaines et des détections incertaines. L'analyse des données sur le lynx boréal dans les pays alpins a suggéré que l'incorporation de détections incertaines produisait des estimations des paramètres écologiques plus précises.Troisièmement, nous avons développé un modèle qui prenait en compte l'hétérogénéité de la détection tout en traitant les faux positifs. En appliquant notre nouvelle approche au loup en France, nous avons démontré que l'hétérogénéité de la détection du loup était principalement due à un effort d'échantillonnage hétérogène dans l'espace.Quatrièmement, pour traiter des sources de données multiples, nous avons développé un modèle de processus ponctuel de Poisson qui permettait l'inclusion de différentes sources de données lors de la construction des SDMs. Nous avons montré comment la combinaison des données sur la distribution permettait d’optimiser un suivi en répondant à la question de savoir quelle(s) source(s) d'information apporterait l’essentiel de l’information lors du suivi du lynx en Norvège.Cinquièmement, pour comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents de la colonisation des loups en France, nous avons développé un cadre statistique pour estimer l'occupation spatio-temporelle et la dynamique des effectifs en utilisant le cadre de diffusion écologique. Nous avons montré le potentiel de notre approche pour prédire la distribution future potentielle du loup à court terme, un élément qui pourrait contribuer à cibler des zones de gestion ou se concentrer sur des zones de conflit potentiel.Dans l'ensemble, nos travaux montrent que les données opportunistes peuvent être analysées à l'aide de modèles de distribution d’espèces qui prennent en compte les contraintes liées au type de suivi utilisé pour produire les données. Nos approches peuvent être utilisées par les gestionnaires pour optimiser la surveillance des grands carnivores, cibler des zones de présence potentielles et contribuer à proposer des mesures destinées à atténuer les conflits. / Large carnivores are recovering in Europe, due to an increasing forest cover, ungulate population and conservation measures. Tthis return poses challenges as carnivores can interact with livestock farming. Assessing their distributions can help to predict and mitigate conflicts with human activities. Because large carnivores are highly mobile, elusive and live at very low density, modeling their distributions presents several challenges due to 1) their imperfect detectability, 2) their dynamic ranges over time and 3) their monitoring at large scales consisting of opportunistic data without a formal measure of the sampling effort. In this thesis, we focused on two carnivore species, wolves (Canis lupus) and Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), to develop the methodological aspects related to the modelling of species distributions. We considered the application of occupancy models in the context of monitoring large carnivores in Europe. These models allow the establishment of a link between the species’ presence and environmental covariates while accounting for imperfect detectability, in order to establish the proportion of a study area occupied by the species.We first assessed wolf range dynamics in France from 1994 to 2016, while accounting for species imperfect detection and showed the importance of accounting for time- and space-varying sampling effort using dynamic site-occupancy models.Second, acknowledging that false positives may occur when monitoring rare species, we showcased a dynamic occupancy model that simultaneously accounts for false negatives and positives to jointly analyze data that include both unambiguous detections and ambiguous detections. The analysis of data on the Eurasian lynx in Alpine countries suggested that incorporating ambiguous detections produced more precise estimates of the ecological parameters.Third, we developed a model accounting for heterogeneity in detection while dealing with false positives. Applying our new approach to a case study with grey wolves in France, we demonstrated that heterogeneity in wolf detection was due to a heterogeneous sampling effort across space.Fourth, to deal with multiple data sources, we developed a Poisson point process approach which allows the inclusion of different data sources when building SDMs. By doing so, we also answered the question about which source(s) of information would provide most of the information when monitoring the lynx in Norway.Fifth and finally, to understand the underlying mechanisms of the colonization of wolves in France, we developed a statistical framework for estimating spatiotemporal occupancy and abundance dynamics using the ecological diffusion framework. We demonstrated the potential of our approach to predict the potential future distribution of wolves in the short term, an element that could contribute to target management areas or focus on areas of potential conflict.Overall our work shows that opportunistic data can be analyzed with species distribution models that control for issues linked to the type of monitoring used to produce the data. Our approaches have the potential for being used by decision-makers to optimize the monitoring of large carnivores and to target sites where carnivores are likely to occur and mitigate conflicts.
7

Dynamique des populations d’espèces rares et élusives : le lynx boréal en Europe / Population dynamic of rare and elusive species : eurasian lynx in Europe

Blanc, Laetitia 06 February 2015 (has links)
Rares, discrets, fascinants et sanguinaires sont autant d'adjectifs utilisés en Europe pour qualifier les grands carnivores qui arpentent nos forêts. La dégradation de leur habitat et la raréfaction de leurs proies, associées au folklore qui les entoure, ont engendré de nombreux conflits avec l'Homme et les ont menés à disparaître de la plupart de leurs aires historiques de répartition. Depuis, ces espèces ont le statut d'espèces protégées dans la plupart des pays européens. Ce statut est notamment garanti pour la plupart par la Directive Habitat et la convention de Berne. Ces textes législatifs ont permis d'instaurer un contexte favorable pour un retour progressif de ces espèces au sein de nos écosystèmes. Afin de remplir les exigences instaurées par ces différents textes législatifs, il était nécessaire d'améliorer les connaissances scientifiques sur l'écologie de ces espèces et la dynamique de leurs populations. Les pays européens ont ainsi déployé des efforts considérables afin de contribuer à une connaissance globale et à une gestion durable des grands carnivores. Ces efforts ne sont clairement pas homogènes entre l'ours, le loup et le lynx. Le premier enjeu de cette thèse était donc d'évaluer les facteurs pouvant expliquer l'hétérogénéité d'investissement dans la conservation de ces espèces en Europe. Ce chapitre repose à la fois sur des critères écologiques des populations locales et sur des critères économiques des pays considérés. Le premier résultat fort de cette étude montre que l'ours et le lynx auraient un même profil et bénéficieraient du même intérêt pour les scientifiques européens, le loup différant de ces deux espèces. Le second résultat probant révèle que les travaux de recherche seraient davantage orientés vers les populations à forts effectifs plutôt que vers les petites populations. L'investissement scientifique dans ce premier chapitre est en partie quantifié par l'effort investi dans le suivi des populations, qui reste un véritable défi pour les grands carnivores. En effet, le comportement discret de ces espèces, leur faible densité et leur besoin de grands espaces sont autant de contraintes pour leur suivi qui requiert alors d'importants moyens humains et financiers. Le suivi des effectifs du lynx boréal (Lynx lynx), en France, est un exemple révélateur de ces contraintes. Il reposait jusqu'à récemment sur la collecte d'indices de présence indirects. Motivés par la mise en place d'un protocole de suivi non-invasif mais coûteux par piégeage photographique dans le massif jurassien français, nous avons évalué dans un deuxième chapitre une nouvelle méthode d'estimation des effectifs de cette population qui permet d'inclure l'information spatiale dans l'analyse. Cette méthode a permis de fournir la première estimation fiable des effectifs de lynx en France. Cette estimation est fournie néanmoins avec une précision toute relative au vu du peu de données collectées lors de ce suivi. L'écart entre le budget nécessaire pour obtenir un recensement de la population et le budget disponible pour le suivi de l'espèce étant considérable, il a fallu dans un troisième chapitre développer un nouvel outil pour optimiser l'utilisation des données disponibles. La combinaison des données de présence-absence et des données de piégeage photographique a permis d'améliorer considérablement les estimations d'effectifs qui sont, dans le Jura français, plutôt en hausse ces dernières années. La situation n'est pas aussi favorable pour l'espèce dans la région des Vosges. Cette population, issue d'une réintroduction, semble décliner de manière drastique depuis les 5 dernières années. Dans un quatrième chapitre, nous avons donc étudié l'efficacité de deux stratégies de conservation visant d'une part à favoriser la connectivité entre les populations vosgienne et jurassienne et d'autre part à réintroduire des individus dans la forêt Palatine allemande, située en continuité du massif vosgien. / Rare, discrete, fascinating and bloodthirsty are all adjectives used in Europe to describe the large carnivores that roam our forests. Degradation of their habitat and depletion of their prey, combined with these wild and "bloodthirsty" aspects, have led to numerous conflicts with humans and led them to disappear from most of their historical range. Since then, most of them have a protected status in most European countries. This status is guaranteed for most of these countries by the Habitats Directive and the Berne Convention. These laws created a favorable context for a gradual return of these species in our ecosystems. To fulfill the requirements established by these laws, it was necessary to improve scientific knowledge of the ecology of these species and to develop methodological tools to understand the dynamics of their populations. European countries then made considerable efforts to contribute to global knowledge and sustainable management of large carnivores. These efforts, in the case of the bear, wolf and lynx, are clearly not homogenous within Europe. The first challenge of this thesis was to evaluate the factors that might explain the heterogeneity of investment in the conservation of large carnivores in Europe. This chapter is based both on ecological criteria of local species and economic criteria of the countries of interest. The first strong result of this study revealed that the bear and lynx have the same profile and receive the same interest from European scientists, wolf differing from the two other species. The second convincing result revealed that the research would be more oriented towards abundant populations rather than small populations as previously assumed by the scientific community. The scientific investment in this first chapter is partly quantified by the amount of effort invested in monitoring populations. It turns out to be a real challenge for large carnivores. The secretive behavior of these species, their low density and their need for large spaces are all constraints to monitoring requiring substantial human and financial resources. Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) monitoring in France is a typical example of these constraints. Until now, monitoring was based on the collection of indirect presence signs. Recently, a non-invasive but expensive camera-trapping protocol has been settled in the French Jura Mountains. We then evaluated in a second chapter a new method for estimating the size of this population. This method has provided the first reliable estimate of the abundance of lynx in France. This estimate, however, came with a relative precision given the limited quantity of data collected during this session. The gap between the needs for a census of the population and the budget available for the monitoring of the species is huge so we had to develop a new modeling tool to achieve our goal. In the third chapter, the objective was to improve these estimates, optimizing the use of the available data. The combination of presence-absence data and camera trapping data has greatly improved the French Jura population estimates that go rising in recent years. The situation is not as favorable for the species on the Vosges part. This population, after reintroduction, appears to be declining drastically over the last 5 years. In a fourth chapter, we therefore investigated the effectiveness of two conservation strategies: the first one was to instate some connectivity between the Vosges and Jura populations and the second one to reintroduce individuals in the German Palatinate Forest, situated in continuity with the Vosges.
8

Fostering large carnivore recoveries: Persian leopards and their prey in the Caucasus

Bleyhl, Benjamin 02 September 2020 (has links)
Weltweit sind viele Populationen großer Raubtiere bedroht. Die Suche nach Wegen zur Erhaltung und Wiederherstellung von Populationen großer Raubtiere ist daher ein zentrales Naturschutzziel. In einigen Regionen erholen sich die Populationen jedoch auch, was der Wissenschaft eine hervorragende Möglichkeit bietet potentielle Wege zum Schutz von Raubtieren zu identifizieren. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Voraussetzungen, die eine Erholung von Raubtierpopulationen begünstigen, besser zu verstehen. Am Beispiel der sich erholenden Population des Persischen Leoparden im Kaukasus beantwortet diese Arbeit die folgenden Forschungsfragen: (1) Bietet die Ökoregion des Kaukasus einen geeigneten, sicheren und zusammenhängenden Lebensraum für Persische Leoparden und ihre Beutetiere? (2) Was sind wirksame Schutzstrategien, die eine Erholung der Population des Persischen Leoparden im Kaukasus begünstigen? Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit lassen den Schluss zu, dass für Leoparden und ihre Beutetiere im Kaukasus großflächig geeigneter Lebensraum vorhanden ist. Trotz dieser günstigen Ausgangsposition für den Artenschutz zeigt diese Arbeit jedoch auch klar auf, dass Schutzmaßnahmen erforderlich sind, um direkte Bedrohungen abzumildern. Als wichtigsten Faktor für eine Erholung der Leopardenpopulation identifiziert diese Arbeit das Verhindern von Tötungen. Diese Arbeit verdeutlicht somit die wichtige Rolle von Konfliktminderung zwischen Menschen und Raubtieren, um die daraus resultierende Tötung von Raubtieren zu verhindern. Darüber hinaus unterstreicht diese Dissertation die Notwendigkeit der Vernetzung sicherer Lebensräume und den Wert von internationaler Zusammenarbeit zur Förderung der Genesung von Populationen großer Raubtiere. Zusammengefasst liefert diese Arbeit Einblicke in Bedingungen, die die Genesung von Großraubtieren fördern, und umreißt mögliche zukünftige Wege eines vom Aussterben bedrohten Raubtiers in einem globalen Biodiversitäts-Hotspot. / Large carnivore populations are threatened globally. This is worrisome because of their intrinsic value and their importance for ecosystems and humans. Finding ways to maintain and restore large carnivore populations is therefore a central goal for conservation. Interestingly, large carnivores are also returning to areas where they were extirpated before, which provides a great opportunity for conservation science to identify pathways to safeguard large carnivore populations. The overall goal of this thesis was to better understand the conditions that foster large carnivore recoveries. Gaining a better understanding of large carnivore recoveries is challenging though, because it requires working across broad areas, where data on environmental characteristics and prey species is often limited and inconsistent. Using the Persian leopard recovery in the Caucasus ecoregion as an example, the specific research questions of this thesis were: (1) Does the Caucasus ecoregion have suitable, safe, and connected habitat for Persian leopards and their prey? (2) What are effective management strategies to foster the recovery of Persian leopards in the Caucasus? Results revealed that suitable habitat for Persian leopards and their prey is widespread in the Caucasus. However, habitat patches are often not safe and conservation efforts are needed to mitigate threats and restore, protect, and connect populations of leopards and their prey. Reducing the persecution of leopards seems the most important strategy to foster leopard recovery in the Caucasus. For large carnivore recoveries in general, this thesis underpins the importance of human-carnivore conflict mitigation to prevent killings of carnivores, particularly in areas where populations are small. Further, this thesis underlines the need of improving connectivity among safe habitat patches and the value of international cooperation. Overall, this thesis provides insights into conditions that foster large carnivore recovery and outlines potential future pathways for a critically endangered apex predator in a global biodiversity hotspot.
9

Risk-Sensitive Foraging Facilitates Species-Level Trophic Cascades Among Terrestrial Mammals: A Meta-Analysis

Murray, Bryan David 30 September 2009 (has links)
No description available.
10

Estimating abundance, density, and occupancy of lion, leopard and serval in the Niokolo Koba National Park in Senegal

Kane, Mamadou Daha 17 July 2014 (has links)
Carnivore are undoubtedly among the most threatened of the mammal species in Africa because of the low density at which they occur and their large home range requirements that do not match with human propensity to develop and alter wildlife habitat. However, the degree of threat is unevenly distributed within the continent, with western and central African carnivores being the most threatened and the least studied. I estimated population size, density, and proportion of area occupied in relation to environmental factors of one medium-size (serval – Leptailurus serval) and two large carnivores (lion – Panthera leo and leopard – P. pardus) in the Niokolo Koba National Park, Senegal, West Africa, using remote camera surveys and both traditional (CR), spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) techniques for servals and leopards, and non-spatial (MR) and spatial mark resight (SMR) methods for lions. Lions selected optimal sites with both high tree density and prey activity; leopards occupied areas with high tree density but with less prey activity; and servals selected habitats with more dense canopy cover where leopards were absent. The presence of lions was favorable to serval presence, as we presume leopards avoid lions, although we did not have strong evidence to support it. Moreover, the half mean maximum distance moved (½ MMDM) method under CR methods appeared to overestimate leopard and serval density while full MMDM estimates were close to SECR methods density estimates. For lions, both ½ MMDM and full MMDM methods in MR framework overestimated density whereas the SMR method resulted in more reasonable estimates, especially in light of previous assessments of lion densities in West Africa.. These results are of high importance for conservation and management purposes of the imperiled Niokolo Koba carnivore community. / Master of Science

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