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Coral reefs are the most diverse marine ecosystem, but are increasingly threatened by local and global anthropogenic changes. In this thesis, I examine the impact of local stressors on the spatial variability of coral reef fish community composition by modeling the !-diversity of 35 islands across the Pacific Ocean that are characterized by either low or high human disturbance. By examining !-diversity across three spatial scales (within island, within island group, and across island group), and using null models to control for differences in alpha-diversity or abundance, I reveal previously undocumented effects of human disturbance on coral reef fish assemblages. At all scales, human disturbances alter !-diversity. At the largest-scale, islands with high human disturbance have lower incidence- and abundance-based !-diversity, consistent with biotic homogenization. This pattern was driven by both species with high and low abundances that differed across islands. At the smaller two scales (within islands or island groups), the presence of low abundance species is more variable on islands with high human disturbance (manifest in greater incidence-based !-diversity), but these islands have lower abundance-based !- diversity driven by moderately abundant and widespread species. Multivariate techniques show that islands with high human disturbance have a weaker species-environment relationship, and as such, I suggest that homogenization of coral reef fish assemblages by human disturbances is resulting in greater stochasticity of species composition. / Graduate / 0329 / wiwchar@uvic.ca

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Biodiversity is being lost around the world and anthropogenic activities, like non-native species introductions and urbanization, are among the leading causes of decline. Broadening our understanding of human-driven impacts on biodiversity can lead to more effective solutions and contribute towards stemming biodiversity losses. In this thesis, I explored the impacts of non-native species introductions and urbanization on butterfly-plant communities. I evaluated potential factors influencing the range expansion of a newly introduced species (Chapter 1), examined the role of urbanization in structuring biological communities (Chapter 2), and identified important ecological interactions between native and non-native species (Chapter 3). In my first chapter, I found that the newly introduced European Common Blue butterfly (Polyommatus icarus) was more abundant in urban and disturbed habitat that was unmown and where their preferred larval host plant (Lotus corniculatus), a non-native species, was present. I also found that P. icarus was not a strong flier relative to other butterfly species, suggesting that adult dispersal may not be a driving factor in range expansion. Instead, this species could expand its range in the future by colonizing habitats in developed regions across Canada given the association I found between P. icarus and disturbed habitat. In my second chapter, I found that urbanization led to the biotic homogenization of butterfly communities around Montréal, QC, favouring a few, highly abundant, non-native species. Homogenization was detected at both the taxonomic and functional levels and was driven by increases in P. icarus abundance in the more urban sites. In my third chapter, I found that non-native plants were well integrated into native butterfly nectar diets in an at-risk oak savanna ecosystem on Vancouver Island, BC and that usage of non-native plants increased when they were more available during the season. I also found that native butterflies visited non-native plants more often than flower availability predicted on its own, suggesting that butterflies may even prefer non-native nectar. Findings from my thesis research broaden our understanding of the ways in which butterfly communities can be influenced by human activities like urbanization and the introduction of non-native species, informing conservation efforts and directing future research needs.

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L’urbanisation est reconnue comme la cause principale de l’homogénéisation biotique à grande échelle. L’objectif de ce mémoire de maîtrise est de comprendre cette relation à une échelle locale dans une perspective d’assemblage des communautés. Des inventaires floristiques ont été effectués dans quatre microhabitats (haies, bases de mur, clôtures entretenues et non entretenues) et un mesohabitat (friches) répartis le long de trois niveaux locaux d’urbanisation dans les villes de Montréal et Québec. La richesse taxonomique et fonctionnelle ainsi que la diversité bêta taxonomique et fonctionnelle ont été comparées parmi les traitements (villes, niveaux locaux d’urbanisation, habitats). Nos résultats indiquent que l’urbanisation ne mène pas à l’homogénéisation régionale ou locale des communautés, et ce, dans la mesure où il n’y avait ni convergence dans la composition taxonomique entre les deux villes ni changement de diversité bêta le long du gradient d’urbanisation. Cependant, la ville la plus urbanisée (Montréal) présentait une diversité bêta inférieure à la ville la moins urbanisée (Québec), tandis que les habitats avec un niveau d’entretien faible étaient habituellement moins homogènes que les habitats avec un niveau d’entretien élevé. Finalement, nos résultats soulignent la nécessité d'établir des stratégies de conservation de la flore indigène dans les habitats semi-naturels en milieu urbain, puisque les espèces indigènes étaient fonctionnellement plus diversifiées entre les villes et au sein de celles-ci que l’étaient les espèces exotiques. / Urbanization is recognized as an important driver of broad scale biotic homogenization. This study aim is to understand this relation at local scale while integrating concepts of community assembly. Species plant composition was surveyed along three levels of local urbanization in four microhabitats (hedgerows, wall bases, maintained and unmaintained fences) and in one mesohabitat (wastelands) within Montréal and Québec cities. We compared species and functional richness as well as taxonomic and functional beta diversity among treatments (cities, local levels of urbanization, habitats). Our results did not support homogenization associated with urbanization at either large or local scales, as we did not find any convergence in plant composition between cities nor any change of beta diversity along the urbanization gradient within cities. However, the overall most urbanized city (Montréal) had lower beta diversity than the less urbanized one (Québec) while highly managed habitats were usually more homogeneous than the less managed ones. Finally, our results stress the need to establish conservation strategies of native flora in semi-natural habitats in urban areas since we demonstrated that native species in wastelands were functionally more diverse between cities than exotic species.

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La hausse de l’urbanisation et la hausse d’introduction des espèces exotiques qui l’accompagne sont parmi les plus grands risques pour la biodiversité. Les espèces exotiques peuvent non seulement affecter la diversité alpha et réduire les populations d’espèces indigènes, mais également entrainer des changements de la biodiversité bêta. Toutefois, ces phénomènes sont complexes et la littérature sur le sujet présente des résultats variés. C’est pourquoi le but de cette recherche est d’étudier l’influence des espèces exotiques et envahissantes sur la diversité alpha et bêta de 61 boisés urbains de la grande région de Montréal. Nos résultats ont montré que les espèces envahissantes ont un effet plus grand que les espèces non envahissantes sur la diversité alpha. Elles sont toutes deux associées à une hausse de la richesse totale et de la diversité alpha. Toutefois, une hausse du couvert des espèces envahissantes est associée à une diminution de la richesse et du couvert des espèces indigènes. Nos résultats ont également montré qu’un grand couvert en espèces envahissantes provoque des changements significatifs de la diversité bêta en réduisant la différence entre les sites. À l’opposé, lorsque la richesse en espèces exotiques est grande, nous avons observé une différenciation en espèces indigènes qui serait expliquée par la diminution de leur richesse. Pour finir, nous avons constaté que les espèces exotiques et envahissantes sont associées à un changement significatif de la composition en espèces. Nos résultats suggèrent que les espèces exotiques, tout particulièrement les espèces envahissantes, sont associées à des changements importants de la diversité des boisés urbains. Toutefois, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour confirmer si elles sont responsables de ces changements ou simplement le symptôme de perturbations sous-jacentes. / Urbanization and exotic species introduction associated with it are among the most important causes of the current biodiversity crisis. These disturbances are associated with a decrease in native species alpha diversity and with changes in beta diversity worldwide. However, those changes are complex, and studies on this subject show mixed results. Consequently, the impact of exotic species on native flora is still up for debate. In this context, we aimed to study the relationship between exotic and invasive species on the diversity of 61 forest patches in the Metropolitan region of Montreal. Our analysis showed that invasive species had slightly more impact on native diversity than non-invasive ones. However, the effects of invasive and non-invasive species were similar. They both added to the total richness, and their richness was associated with an increase of alpha diversity. They were also associated with a decrease in native species cover and the invasive species with a reduction of native richness. We also found that a high cover in exotic species, especially invasive ones induced homogenization in urban forest patches. However, at high richness, they tend to induce differentiation in native species beta diversity, caused by a decrease in native species richness. Finally, we found that exotic species induce significant changes to the species composition of the forest patches. Our results suggest that exotic species, especially invasive ones, are associated with significant changes in urban forest diversity. However, further research is needed to verify if they are direct actors in those changes or symptoms of underlying disturbances.