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The article is about the mythopoeic idea of unity and interrelation of the human being and the Cosmic life, and its interpretation given in the texts of W. Shakespeare’s works. The human being, as represented in W. Shakespeare’s works, can be considered on three levels: personal, social and cosmic. As a person, a Shakespearean character is defined not only by his / her mind only, but also by the body. In the plays we see individuals of different gender, age, health and appearance. All these characteristics are relevant to the behavior of the individual and the response they get. Shakespeare skillfully shows different affects, and some states that can be explained with the help of the modern notion of hormones. All this was quite revolutionary for his epoch. Thus a human being is described as a creature with the complex psycho physiological constitution. One of the most important words in this context is "heart" that unites both physical and spiritual spheres. It brings to memory Ukrainian tradition of Cordocentrism, especially in P. Yurkevich’s interpretation. The metaphor of "body" is sometimes used in the pays to describe a social unity. Shakespeare was not a revolutionary, or even a political radical. Sometimes he shows the common people as politically deluded and easily lead. But mostly the commoners are portrayed as persons possessing the common scene and the moral standards, that guarantee the return to norm after social and political upheavals. It is important to note, that Shakespeare shows the kings as persons with weaknesses and problems, who must work hard to keep themselves and their country in order. In many plays he makes his monarchs declare the principal equality of human beings, with all the social differences appearing as secondary and transitory characteristics. Moreover, the same can be said about all the differences, underneath which all the humans are basically the same creatures with the same wants. All of them can suffer and thus are worthy of sympathy. There are some hints that animals can also be seen in the same context. This thought foreshadows the contemporary notion of animal rights an human responsibility for the planet. On the Cosmic level, the human beings are shown as the integral parts of the greater whole. In many plays there are statements reflecting the medieval model of the Universe, which goes back to the mythopoeia. The basic concept is the interrelation between the state of a person, of social group and of the world. Both the nation and its ruler were hold responsible for the cosmic state of affairs. The violation of the "Truth of the King" may have lead to turning the country into the Wasteland. This important mythologeme underlies all the plot of "King Lear". Taking this into consideration helps us to understand many obscure points. One of them is the behavior of the protagonist, that was traditionally explained only as the complete unreason of a madman who in the times of crisis asks irrelevant questions. In truth, Lear asks about the cause of the apocalyptical storm, which, on his opinion, was the direct result of some great sin. It is very close to the Greek belief, reflected in Sophocles’ "Oedipus", where the plague was sent by gods to punish the ruler’s crime. This belief also explains why in all Shakespearean plays – again, most noticeably in "King Lear" – there is an obligatory explanation in the finale. All the characters must tell their story and their confessions should be taken as forming the part of one general story. Shakespeare shows that the truth must be known and upheld, whatever the cost. Only thus the normal personal, social and cosmic life can continue. It doesn’t mean that all the plays are what was in the Soviet tradition called the "optimistical tragedies". Sometimes the losses are too great and the future is dubious. But it is the revealing of the human and cosmic truth that makes any future possible. In "King Lear" we also see the non-Aristotelian formula of catharsis, that sums up all the meaning of the suffering and losses: a person must learn compassion to restore or compensate what was destroyed in the blind egotistical strife. All these deeper senses of the plays, revealed by means of applying the principles of culturological hermeneutics, reflect the vestiges of the ancient belief in the human responsibility for the general state of the world. Such ideas, discarded by the Modern European Rationalism, are re-actualized in our times of the global ecological crisis, that demands a new level of awareness and new struggle with the human selfishness on all the levels: personal, social and universal. Taking into consideration these hidden meaning allows us deeper understanding of the Shakespearean tragedy. It can have both theoretical and practical importance, the latter being connected with the outlook-forming role of art. In the post-soviet theatres there is a tendency to turn the tragedies into the absurdist plays. It is an easy way for a director. But now it is more important to show that something can be, and must be done.

Critics from Virginia Woolf and David Cecil to Lyn Pykett and U. C. Knoepflmacher, among others, have been mesmerized by the eccentric but transcendent world of Brontë’s Wuthering Heights and the Gondal poems. Despite allusions and references to various modernist elements in Emily Brontë’s novel and poetry, there has not been extensive analysis of her work in connection to modern writers of the early twentieth century. I believe that a multi-themed analysis of such components is necessary to reassess her position in the canon and establish her as a precursor to the modernists. This dissertation examines Brontë’s deliberate invitation of, and simultaneous resistance to, interpretation—qualities that align her novel and verse more with Modernist literature than that of her contemporaries. I argue that Emily Brontë had an unusual and forward-looking focus that is revealed in her treatment of children, women, and the struggles of isolated beings in the dark, foreboding and often impressionistic world of Gondal and Wuthering Heights. Her elucidation of the gap between the mundane and the spiritual, the use of farcical elements against the sublime are also precursory to modernism. This dissertation assesses the various themes, angles and techniques that Brontë employs in presenting a strange atmosphere that is representative of a future world.

Ce projet de thèse n’a jamais eu de sujet de recherche à proprement parler, mais plutôt un objet, un point d’ancrage, une attache géographique que j’ai choisi pour graviter autour: Kaliningrad. Anciennement partie de la Prusse Orientale, la région revient à l’URSS en 1945 à l’issue de la Seconde guerre mondiale, lorsque cette province allemande est divisée entre trois pays: l’URSS, la Lituanie et la Pologne. Sa capitale, Königsberg, est alors renommée Kaliningrad, en référence à Mikhaïl Kalinine, un des collaborateurs de Staline. En 1991, quand le bloc soviétique éclate, la région se retrouve séparée du territoire principal de la Russie par deux frontières. Désormais, c’est une enclave russe au milieu de l’Europe de l’Est.Les conflits qui agitent ce lieu encore aujourd’hui sont mis à nu. Tel un champ retourné, il expose un paysage irrégulier, dévoilant simultanément plusieurs couches de son histoire, où les vestiges de l’architecture prussienne et les attributs d’une ville soviétique type se côtoient dans un patchwork aux contrastes improbables. L’éloignement géographique du reste de le Russie, ainsi que son passé hanté par les sujets tabous ont provoqué un délaissement progressif de ce territoire à tous niveaux. Le paysage citadin et rural subissent le même sort, l’abandon.Aujourd’hui Kaliningrad représente au sein de l’Europe une zone qui échappe à la règle, une anomalie, un tiers paysage. Immergé dans un état d’incertitude prolongée quant à son statut et à son devenir, ce territoire évolue suivant ses lois propres, dans l’absence de volonté commune. En l’espace de 70 ans, la frontière dessinée sur une carte d’un territoire uni, s’ancre dans le paysage et devient une scission réelle qui délimite un autre type de civilisation. L’effet de serre qui s’est produit avec l’isolement de ce territoire par rapport à son milieu historique a favorisé l’émergence d’un environnement singulier: passée la frontière, nous avançons dans la réserve de la vieille Europe en friche.Avec Andrei Erofeev, historien d’art de Moscou, nous avons cherché ensemble à comprendre ce phénomène. Il s’agissait pour nous de regarder le paysage de Kaliningrad comme le résultat d’un conflit persistant entre 7 discours – différents types de perception de ce même territoire, qui régissent la relation et le comportement de ses propre habitants. Le sujet nous a ainsi conduits vers une étude multivoque et protéiforme, impliquant notamment un travail d’archives, mais surtout une expérience du territoire réelle, le travail de terrain, nourri de déplacements, d’observations et de rencontres.Mon projet de thèse, K, est issu de ce processus de réflexion et propose une forme de visualisation et d’interprétation plastique de cette recherche. La figure centrale y est celle du terrain vague, empreint successivement de la tentative de table rase du passé européen et du fiasco que connait ici le projet soviétique. C’est un lieu réel et en même temps métaphorique: le cœur de la capitale de la région et à la fois le modèle réduit de l’enclave de Kaliningrad.Les images obtenues via diverses formes d’arpentage du territoire, tendent, d’une part, à en donner une vision d’ensemble, où l’on devine le paysage d’avant, désassemblé. D’autre part, le projet déploie 7 narrations parallèles, constituées d’images et de mots, dédiées au paysage d’après coup.Le projet se partage en deux formes: l’édition et l’exposition, cette dernière étant composée à la fois d’œuvres conçues à partir de la matière documentaire collectée sur place et à distance et passée par un montage, ainsi que de documents bruts. Par ce montage d’éléments trouvés, j’ai essayé d’échapper à la chronologie historique pour proposer un récit qui s’articule autrement – par correspondances et analogies visuelles, par échos et répétitions intertemporelles, par anticipations et rattrapages. L’édition joue le rôle d’introduction sinon d’annexe de l’exposition, le projet se découvre ainsi en deux temps, intervertibles. / This project has never had a research subject as such, but rather an object, an anchor point, a geographical attachment that I chose to gravitate around - Kaliningrad.Formerly part of East Prussia, the region became part of the USSR in 1945 after the end of the Second World War, when this German province was divided between three countries: the USSR, Lithuania and Poland. Its capital, Königsberg, was then renamed Kaliningrad, after Mikhail Kalinin, a collaborator of Stalin. In 1991, when the Soviet bloc broke, the region found itself in the far west of Russia, separated from its mainland by two borders. Henceforth, it is an enclave in the middle of Eastern Europe.The conflicts that agitate this place today are exposed. As a returned field, it shows an uneven landscape, simultaneously revealing several layers of its history - vestiges of the Prussian medieval architecture, and attributes of a typical Soviet town come together in an unlikely patchwork of contrasts. The remoteness of the region from the rest of Russia and it’s past haunted by all sorts of taboos caused gradual abandonment of the territory – cities as well as the countryside suffer the same fate. Today the Kaliningrad region within Europe represents an area exempt from the rules, an anomaly, a "third landscape". Immersed in a prolonged state of uncertainty as to its status and its future, the area evolves according to its own laws, governed by the lack of common will. Thus, in 70 years, the frontier roughly drawn on a map of a united territory, took roots within the landscape and became a real split that delimits another type of civilization. The accidental “greenhouse effect” occurred with the isolation of this territory from its historical environment helped the emergence of a singular landscape: after the border we enter the reserve of the old Europe in decay.Together with Andrei Erofeev, art historian based in Moscow, we tried to understand this phenomenon. We started to consider the landscape of Kaliningrad as the result of a persistent conflict between seven discourses - different types of perception of this same territory that influences the behaviour of its own inhabitants. The theme led us to a multidisciplinary study, involving archival survey, but mostly based on the experience of the territory itself, the fieldwork, guided by displacements, observations and encounters.My thesis, “K”, proposes a form of visualization and plastic interpretation of this research. The central figure in it is the wasteland, imprinted successively by the attempt of tabula rasa of the European past and the fiasco of the Soviet project. The wasteland is a real and also a metaphorical place – it occupies the heart of the capital of the region since several decades and at the same time it represents a reduced model of the entire enclave of Kaliningrad.The images of various forms of surveying the territory tend, on the one hand, to give an overview, where we may guess the previous landscape, disassembled. On the other hand, seven parallel narratives, build with found images and words, express the afterwards landscape. The project is divided in two forms, two phases of reading - the edition and the exhibition, composed of art works based on the montage of documentary material collected on site and remotely, as well as documents shown as such.By assembling found elements I tried to avoid historical chronology and create a narrative articulated differently - through correspondences and visual analogies, anticipations and catch-ups, echoes and cross-temporal repetitions. The edition functions as an introduction or the annex of the exhibition; the project is thus set in two interchangeable stages.

Summary Here are different Governing strategy to the border area in China's history, It relates to environmental factor under different space-time, The system of having garrison troops open up wasteland and grow food grain of successive dynasties is a kind of strategy that response too. After China builds in 1949, replied the complicated environment of Xinjiang, Nationality's historical background and stability of Xinjiang both need a unique organization with development, So the China has managed the policy of Xinjiang and situation at that time and offered and set up this condition of organization. The production and construction of Xinjiang accomplishing the task of stationing troops for opening up wasteland and guarding the frontier,The formation is the special organization that Its particularity has unique functions in such five respects as economy, the military, politics, culture, society,etc. So formation's special function, Have formed formation's special system, special institutional framework is while fulfilling formation's function, Have become the formation's own contradiction instead, These contradictions have caused the question which the formation develops. One present formation's subject, Just facing this incongruous place of organization and market-based mechanism, Key to formation's future development, Handle the relation between the special system and market mechanism well. Up to the environmental changes of era, Formation's key task is different, But the present situation of Xinjiang, Still there is space of development in the formation; So can expect, This unique organization of the formation is within some time of future, Still have a necessity of existence. The Research twill look over formation in the China¡¦s governing strategy toward Xinjiang , Probe into the internal and external environment that the formation establishes, How to finish the multi-functional task and impact on situation of Xinjiang; Analyse the place that the formation and market function are incongruous, How to answer in the future; In the new governing strategy of the China after the incident of the Seventh- Five event, The formation consolidates the role that acted of strategy of key interests in the China, It will be another stage task.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3110330 bytes, checksum: 5d0f80456c2a8768387162dc6bf2e7fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The overall objective is to typify the family farm establishments in Meso Wasterland of Paraíba, according to the pattern of modernization . Beyond this general goal, we intend to achieve the following specific objectives : to draw a profile of family farming in Wasterland of Paraíba; discuss the process of agricultural modernization in Paraíba and Wasterland of Paraíba, and study the importance of public policies in this modernization process, particularly credit policies and technical assistance. To achieve the stated objectives, the following methodological procedures were adopted: a) literature research, b) survey of census data that were used to characterize the rural family production in Wasterland of Paraíba, c) application of Item Response Theory (IRT) on the data collected through direct research on 314 establishments family farms that represent the specificities of the eight microregions of Wasterlamd of Paraíba. The results of the application of IRT allow us to state that most of the farmers of Wasterland of Paraíba can still be considered subsistence farmers though with levels of differentiation according to the degree of modernization. Public policies have played an important role in this process. / O objetivo geral do trabalho é tipificar os estabelecimentos de agricultura familiar, na Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano, de acordo com o padrão de modernização. Além deste objetivo geral, pretende-se atingir os seguintes objetivos específicos: traçar um perfil da agricultura familiar no Agreste Paraibano; discutir o processo de modernização da agricultura na Paraíba e no Agreste Paraibano; e estudar a importância das políticas públicas nesse processo de modernização, particularmente, das políticas de crédito e de assistência técnica. Para atingir os objetivos especificados, foram adotados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: a) pesquisa bibliográfica; b) levantamento de informações censitárias que permitiram caracterizar a produção familiar rural no Agreste Paraibano; c) aplicação da Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI) nos dados coletados através de pesquisa direta em 314 estabelecimentos de agricultura familiar que representam as especificidades das oito microrregiões do Agreste Paraibano. Os resultados da aplicação da TRI permitem afirmar que boa parte dos agricultores familiares do Agreste Paraibano ainda podem ser considerados agricultores de subsistência embora com níveis de diferenciação de acordo com o grau de modernização. As políticas públicas têm desempenhado um papel importante nesse processo.

Traditionally New Zealand ecological research has focused on nature outside of cities, however, as with global trends, there is now more interest being given to the ecological functioning of cities and the potential they may hold for protecting native biodiversity. Traditionally, efforts to maintain biodiversity in urban areas have been restricted to remnants of native vegetation and restoration activities. Little attention has been given to how native biodiversity could be woven into the urban fabric in an ecologically meaningful way. One option, that is receiving much attention overseas, is to recruit underutilised urban spaces such as wasteland. A subset of urban wasteland, abandoned industrial areas usually awaiting development and other areas such as the railway buffer, are referred to here as greyfield. These are ephemeral sites that may sit between uses for as little as a few months to many years. Overseas, particularly in European countries, these have been recognised as important habitat for both native and introduced plant species. In New Zealand cities these support primarily introduced plants and their contribution to native biodiversity has been unknown. This thesis took an interdisciplinary approach to the question of whether urban greyfields might have potential value as biodiversity protection and conservation opportunity. Ecological methods were combined with an assessment of the planning framework to answer this question. iii Greyfields in Christchurch, New Zealand were surveyed to determine their current contribution to native biodiversity and whether they may act as urban analogues of natural habitats. Overseas research has shown that urban features such as pavements, walls and rooftops offer habitats analogous to cliffs and rocky habitats. Cities are therefore increasing the habitat exploitable by species whose natural habitats are geographically restricted. The Christchurch greyfields were assessed for their potential to act as analogues of four habitat types that have been categorised as historically rare in New Zealand: braided riverbeds, shingle beaches, rock outcrops and limestone outcrops. The findings suggest that urban greyfields, if managed appropriately, have the potential to support a wider range of native species Planning documents and biodiversity strategies written for Christchurch were assessed to see how well they facilitated non-traditional biodiversity enhancement initiatives, specifically the greyfield network for native biodiversity. A major finding here was a lack of information on how to enhance biodiversity where little of the natural features of the landscape were left and that this was creating a barrier to adopting more integrative approaches to enhancing native biodiversity. Finally, a plan to create a greyfield network for native biodiversity is proposed and suggestions are made as to minor changes to the planning framework that would more easily facilitate the uptake of novel biodiversity enhancement initiatives in the City.

In this study a setup is designed and constructed in the Hydromechanics Laboratory of Middle East Technical University in order to observe the flow through grate inlets under different flow and geometry conditions. The rate of interception of flow is determined over a rectangular channel through preliminary experiments run on the tilting flume. The performance of the new set setup has been examined and grate efficiency is obtained both in terms of longitudinal slope and the Froude number. The results which are obtained show that the setup can be used to conduct experiments to obtain a general expression for grate efficiency.

L’attention pour la biodiversité se porte aujourd’hui sur les villes : il faut désormais prendre soin des espèces et des écosystèmes jusqu’au cœur des milieux les plus artificiels. Or, accueillir une nature sauvage bouleverse les critères d’ordre et de propreté des espaces urbains, et modifie les cultures professionnelles de leurs concepteurs et gestionnaires. Fin 2011, la Ville de Paris s’est dotée d’un Plan biodiversité. Fondé sur les savoirs de l’écologie scientifique, il doit permettre de renforcer la présence du vivant dans la capitale et affiche la volonté de changer le regard sur le sauvage en ville. Cette politique est confrontée à l’ethnographie d’une vaste friche urbaine, enjeu territorial pour la biodiversité parisienne : la petite ceinture. Construite au XIXe siècle autour de Paris, cette voie ferrée, en grande partie inutilisée, a été colonisée par la flore et la faune. Officiellement interdite au public, elle est pourtant intensément fréquentée par de nombreux habitants. Les rapports au lieu et à la nature qu’il abrite ont été étudiés chez les usagers informels des rails. L’absence de fonction officielle et une surveillance lâche permettent l’existence d’une vie sociale diversifiée, transgressive et inventive. Si la nature n’est pas centrale dans les relations à la friche, elle est une composante de l’identité du lieu. Le développement libre du végétal est valorisé pour sa rareté dans un monde urbain ultra-contrôlé, alors que son intérêt écologique est peu évoqué. En parallèle, la petite ceinture s’institutionnalise au titre de la nature. D’une part, une gestion différenciée est appliquée depuis 2006 par des équipes dont l’action participe d’une mise en ordre de l’espace. D’autre part, la Mairie de Paris aménage certains points du linéaire en jardins associatifs ou publics. L’étude du cas d’une promenade dans le XVe arrondissement révèle une véritable attention portée à la biodiversité. Mais la reconquête du délaissé va aussi de pair avec des modalités nouvelles de maîtrise du vivant et une normalisation du lieu et de sa pratique sociale. Herbes folles et pratiques informelles émergent là où le contrôle se desserre. Si les mauvaises herbes ont été réhabilitées, peut-être est-il possible de changer notre regard sur la fertilité sociale de la friche. / The attention for biodiversity has drawn to cities: it is now necessary to take care of species and ecosystems even in the most artificialized environments. Yet, hosting a wild nature disturbs the order and cleanliness criteria ruling urban spaces, and changes the professional cultures of their designers and managers. By the end of 2011, Paris adopted a Biodiversity Plan. Based on ecological science knowledge, its aim is to reinforce the presence of flora and fauna in the capital and to change city-dwellers’ perceptions on wild nature in cities. This policy is confronted to the ethnography of a vast urban wasteland, which is a territorial issue for Parisian biodiversity: the petite ceinture. Built during the XIXth century around Paris, this railway line, unused on a large portion, has been colonized by fauna and flora. Although public access is not permitted, this area is nevertheless intensely frequented by many inhabitants. The study among informal users focused on their relations to the place and the nature within it. The lack of official function and the loosy surveillance allow a diverse, transgressive and inventive social life. If nature is not central in the relations to the wasteland, it is a component of the place’s identity. The free development of plants is recognized for its rarity in an ultra-controlled urban world, while their ecological interest is not much mentioned. At the same time, the petite ceinture is being institutionalized. On one side, a differentiated management is implemented since 2006 by a staff whose action participates in ordering the space. On the other side, Paris City Hall converts some spots of the linear into community and public gardens. The case study of a promenade in the XVth arrondissement reveals a true attention towards biodiversity. But the recapture of the railway goes together with new modalities of controlling life, and the normalization of the place and its social practice. Wild grass and informal practices emerge where control comes loose. If bad weeds have been rehabilitated, maybe it is possible to change our perspective on the social fertility of the wasteland.

Aus ökonomischer und ökologischer Sicht ist es attraktiv, vegetationsbestandene städtische Brachflächen für Erholungszwecke zu nutzen, ohne dabei intensiv in Flora und Fauna einzugreifen. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich damit, wie mit einfachen Gestaltungsmitteln die Attraktivität solcher Flächen für die Stadtbewohner sicher gestellt bzw. erhöht werden kann. Zunächst wurde untersucht, welche Merkmale städtischer Brach- und Grünflächen für die menschliche Wahrnehmung und Bewertung relevant sind. Neben Merkmalen, die für Natur außerhalb von Städten bekannt sind (Grad des Kronenschlusses, Künstlichkeit, Übersicht, Schönheit), wurde das Merkmal »Zugänglichkeit« identifiziert, das besonders für städtische Brachflächen relevant ist. Weiterhin wurde eine Systematik der Nutzungsmöglichkeiten städtischer Grünflächen erstellt. Zu deren Prüfung sowie zum tatsächlichen Nutzungsverhalten städtischer Grünflächen wurden empirische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Insbesondere passive Erholung (z. B. Spazieren gehen) hat eine zentrale Rolle bei der Nutzung städtischer Natur, gefolgt von extrinsisch motivierten Aktivitäten, Aktivitäten zusammen mit anderen Menschen und Sportaktivitäten. Zuletzt wurde in zwei Experimenten gezeigt, dass einfache Brachflächen-Gestaltungsmerkmale zur Erfüllung wichtiger psychischer Bedürfnisse beitragen können und so die Präferenz für eine Grün- bzw. Brachfläche erhöhen. Es existierten keine globalen Präferenzunterschiede zwischen den betrachteten Park- und Brachflächen. Während die untersuchten Gestaltungsmerkmale für die betrachteten Parks keine oder nur geringe Wirkung aufwiesen, hatten sie einen Einfluss auf die Präferenz von Brachflächen. Abschließend können psychologische Anforderungen an die Nutzbarmachung vegetationsbestandener Brachflächen für Erholungszwecke formuliert werden: Wichtig sind Zugänglichkeit, explizite Funktionszuschreibung, vielfältige Nutzbarkeit, Mittel zur Erhöhung des Verständnisses der Fläche sowie Vermitteln von Sicherheit. / Re-using vegetation-covered urban wasteland areas for recreation purposes in ways that do not substantially interfere with flora and fauna seems economically and ecologically attractive. The present dissertation researches the role of simple design features for increasing (or maintaining) the attractiveness of these areas. To that end visual features were identified which are relevant to the human perception of (and preferences for) urban green spaces and urban wasteland areas. A number of features were found that were known from previous studies of rural nature (e. g. degree of canopy closure, artificiality, prospect, and beauty). Additionally, the feature ‘accessibility’ was identified, which appears to be relevant for urban wasteland areas in particular. In a next step, a taxonomy of urban green space usages was compiled and empirically validated. The actual usage behaviour was also assessed, revealing passive recreation (e. g. going for a walk, enjoying nature) as the most important way urban green spaces are used. Other important usages comprise extrinsically motivated activities, social activities, and sporting activities (in descending order). A further set of experiments showed that simple measures in redesigning vegetation-covered urban wasteland areas can – by increasing the degree to which they fulfil important psychological needs – increase the preference for a certain area. No global differences in preference existed between the examined green space and wasteland areas. While the tested design measures showed no or little effect on green space preference they did increase preference for the presented wasteland areas. In conclusion, a few psychological requirements for wasteland re-utilization for recreation purposes can be devised: it seems beneficial to provide accessibility, emphasize the site’s recreational purpose, allow for versatile usages, provide means to enhance understanding of a site, and convey a feeling of safety to the users.