No description available.

Wireless backhaul communication and power transfer can make the deployment of outdoor small cells (SCs) more cost effective; thus, their rapid densification can be enabled. For the first time, solar cells can be leveraged for the two-fold function of energy harvesting (EH) and high speed optical wireless communication. In this thesis, two complementary concepts for power provision to SCs are researched using solar cells – the optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) in the nighttime and solar EH during daytime. A harvested power of 1W is considered to be required for an autonomous SC operation. The conditions of darkness – worst case scenario – are initially selected, because the SC needs to harvest power in the absence of ambient light. The best case scenario of daytime SC EH from sunlight is then explored to determine the required battery size and the additional power from optical sources. As a first approach, an indoor 5m experimental link is created using a white light-emitting diode for OWPT to an amorphous silicon (Si) solar panel. Despite the use of a large mirror for collimation, the harvested power and energy efficiency of the link are measured to be only 18:3mW and 0:1%, respectively. Up to five red laser diodes (LDs) with lenses and crystalline Si (c-Si) cells are used in a follow-up study to increase the link efficiency. A maximum power efficiency of 3:2% is measured for a link comprising two LDs and a mono-c-Si cell, and the efficiency of all of its components is determined. Also, the laser system is shown to achieve an improvement of the energy efficiency by 2:7 times compared with a state-of-the-art inductive power transfer system with dipole coils. Since the harvested power is only 25:7mW, an analytical model for an elliptical Gaussian beam is developed to determine the required number of LDs for harvesting 1W; this shows an estimated number of 61 red LDs with 50mW of output optical power per device. However, a beam enclosure of the developed Class 3B laser system of up to a 3:6m distance is required for eye safety. A simulation study is conducted in Zemax for the design of an outdoor 100m infrared wireless link able to harvest 1W under clear weather conditions. Harvesting 1:2W and meeting eye safety regulations for Class 1 are shown to be feasible by a 1550 nm laser link. The required number of laser power converters is estimated to be 47 with an area of 5 5mm2 per device. Also, the dimensions of the transmitter and receiver are considered to be acceptable for the practical application of SC EH. In the last part of this thesis, two multi-c-Si solar panels are initially used for EH in an outdoor environment during daytime. The power supply of at least 1W is shown to be achievable during hour periods under sunny and cloudy conditions. A maximum average power of 4:1W is measured in the partial presence of clouds using a 10W solar panel. Since the variability of weather conditions induces the harvested power to fluctuate with values of mW, the use of optical sources is required in periods of insufficient solar EH for SCs. Therefore, a hybrid solar/laser based EH design is proposed for a continuous annual SC provision of 1Win ‘darker’ places on earth such as Edinburgh, UK. The 10W multi-c-Si solar panel and the 1550 nm laser link are considered; thus, the feasibility of supplying the SC with at least 1Wper hour monthly using a battery with energy content of only 60Wh is shown through simulations. A maximum monthly average harvested power of 824mW is shown to be required by the 1550 nm laser system that has already been overachieved through simulations in Zemax.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-02-03T11:49:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-03T11:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-02-03T11:49:25Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-03T11:49:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O câncer é um problema de saúde pública mundial. O Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA) estimou que no Brasil, no ano de 2015, 576 mil novos casos surgiram, representando a segunda maior causa de mortes por esta doença. Entre os tratamentos oferecidos para o câncer, podemos destacar a radioterapia, que utiliza fontes ionizantes para erradicar ou impedir a proliferação das células tumorais. Entretanto, o uso da radiação ionizante (R.I), pode acarretar danos às células não tumorais circunvizinhas ao tumor. Assim, tratamentos coadjuvantes que possam diminuir os efeitos deletérios da radiação são extremamente importantes. Neste contexto, o laser de baixa potência (LBP) surge como alternativa para modular a resposta das células frente à radiação ionizante. Sendo esse nosso objetivo, células de fibroblastos de gengiva humana (FMM1) e câncer de mama (MDA-MB-231) foram expostas as doses de 2,5 e 10 Gy e após 24 h receberam LBP (λ= 660 nm, 40 mW e 0,04 cm²) com as densidades de energia de 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 J/cm². A viabilidade celular foi quantificada através do teste de exclusão com azul de tripan durante quatro dias. A influência do LBP nas fases do ciclo celular e a expressão do Antígeno Nuclear de Proliferação celular (PCNA) foram realizadas por citometria de fluxo. A expressão de β-Galactosidase foi considerada para quantificar a senescência celular. Considerando os parâmetros utilizados, observou-se aumento na viabilidade celular, da expressão de PCNA, maior população nas fases S e G2/m do ciclo celular, e a diminuição de células senescentes para as células não tumorais, enquanto que para as tumorais, nenhuma resposta foi observada na viabilidade celular, maior população nas fases S e G2/m do ciclo celular e na quantidade de células senescentes enquanto que a expressão de PCNA diminuiu. Diante disso, concluímos que o LBP exerceu efeitos em ambas as linhagens celulares. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

No description available.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T11:09:13Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T11:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T11:09:13Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T11:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma metodologia para a determinação de metais (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mo, Pb), em óleos lubrificantes e estes quantificados pela técnica de espectrometria de emissão optica com plasma induzido por laser (LIBS). As amostras de óleo usadas foram coletadas em oficina de troca de óleo, variando-se a quilometragem, ano, marca do carro e a marca do óleo, com o preenchimento de formulários contendo as informações necessárias à pesquisa. A preparação de amostras foi realizada com o depósito ds mesmas em substrato de papel e sequente otimização dos parâmetros instrumentais. Para a calibração, foi utilizado o padrão de óleo S-21 multielementar da Conostan (SCP Science, Champlain, NY). Para a avaliação da exatidão do método desenvolvido foi utilizado o padrão de óleos lubrificantes (SRM 1084a) obtidos junto ao Instituto Nacional de Padrões e Tecnologia (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD). O método proposto apresentou as seguintes vantagens quando comparado com métodos de análise tradicionais (espectrometria de absorção atômica ou espectrometria de emissão optica acoplado ao plasma indutivo com diluição da amostra): mais rápida, sem desgaste do equipamento (em função da não introdução de solvente), geração de resíduo praticamente nula e menor consumo de reagentes. O método desenvolvido foi aplicado em amostras reais e o tratamento de dados realizado por análise estatística (equação de Stuarges, teste não paramétrico de Kruskalwallis). / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Das Laserstrahlhartlöten ermöglicht die Herstellung von Fügeverbindungen mit exzellenten Nahtqualitäten. Daher hat es sich bei anspruchsvollen Anwendungen, wie zweiteiligen Heckklappen und der Verbindung von Dach und Seitenwandrahmen (Dachnullfuge) etabliert. Um die hohen Qualitätsanforderungen durch das Laserstrahlhartlöten realisieren zu können, sind allerdings anspruchsvolle konstruktive Randbedingungen zu erfüllen, die über die Fertigungskette nicht immer vollständig sicherzustellen sind. Das Ergebnis solcher Fertigungs- und Materialschwankungen äußert sich dann oft als Nahtimperfektionen, die während des Laserlötprozesses entstehen. Diese verursachen vor allem mit steigenden Prozessgeschwindigkeiten einen erhöhten und kostenintensiven Nacharbeitsaufwand und sollten daher vermindert bzw. gänzlich vermieden werden. Das Ziel ist somit den Laserlötprozess so robust wie möglich auszulegen, um auf diese Fertigungsschwankungen ohne Einschränkungen in der Nahtqualität reagieren zu können. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Ausbildung der Nahtqualität am schrägen Bördelstoß untersucht und die systemtechnischen Grenzen mit einem statischen und runden Laserspot aufgezeigt. Weiterhin werden die resultierenden Nahtqualitäten durch das Laserstrahllöten mit gescanntem Laserstrahl in Vorschubrichtung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Nahtqualität mit diesem innovativen Ansatz bezüglich des Anbindungsquerschnittes und der Oberflächenqualität weiter steigern lassen. Dies lässt sich ebenfalls für höhere Prozessgeschwindigkeiten realisieren. Abschließend werden neuartige Möglichkeiten der Prozessüberwachung, sowie erste Ansätze zur Prozessregelung des Laserstrahlhartlötens am schrägen Bördelstoß vorgestellt. Die erzielten Resultate zeigen, dass sich der Laserstrahlhartlötprozess durch die Regelung der Laserleistung in Verbindung mit evaluierten Temperaturfeldern im Bereich der Prozesszone online kontrollieren und sich dadurch die Prozessstabilität merklich steigern lässt.

Das Laserstrahlhartlöten ermöglicht die Herstellung von Fügeverbindungen mit exzellenten Nahtqualitäten. Daher hat es sich bei anspruchsvollen Anwendungen, wie zweiteiligen Heckklappen und der Verbindung von Dach und Seitenwandrahmen (Dachnullfuge) etabliert. Um die hohen Qualitätsanforderungen durch das Laserstrahlhartlöten realisieren zu können, sind allerdings anspruchsvolle konstruktive Randbedingungen zu erfüllen, die über die Fertigungskette nicht immer vollständig sicherzustellen sind. Das Ergebnis solcher Fertigungs- und Materialschwankungen äußert sich dann oft als Nahtimperfektionen, die während des Laserlötprozesses entstehen. Diese verursachen vor allem mit steigenden Prozessgeschwindigkeiten einen erhöhten und kostenintensiven Nacharbeitsaufwand und sollten daher vermindert bzw. gänzlich vermieden werden. Das Ziel ist somit den Laserlötprozess so robust wie möglich auszulegen, um auf diese Fertigungsschwankungen ohne Einschränkungen in der Nahtqualität reagieren zu können. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Ausbildung der Nahtqualität am schrägen Bördelstoß untersucht und die systemtechnischen Grenzen mit einem statischen und runden Laserspot aufgezeigt. Weiterhin werden die resultierenden Nahtqualitäten durch das Laserstrahllöten mit gescanntem Laserstrahl in Vorschubrichtung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Nahtqualität mit diesem innovativen Ansatz bezüglich des Anbindungsquerschnittes und der Oberflächenqualität weiter steigern lassen. Dies lässt sich ebenfalls für höhere Prozessgeschwindigkeiten realisieren. Abschließend werden neuartige Möglichkeiten der Prozessüberwachung, sowie erste Ansätze zur Prozessregelung des Laserstrahlhartlötens am schrägen Bördelstoß vorgestellt. Die erzielten Resultate zeigen, dass sich der Laserstrahlhartlötprozess durch die Regelung der Laserleistung in Verbindung mit evaluierten Temperaturfeldern im Bereich der Prozesszone online kontrollieren und sich dadurch die Prozessstabilität merklich steigern lässt.

Making gradient in the microstructure of metals is proven to be a superior method for improving their mechanical properties. In this research, we 3D print, characterize and evaluate the mechanical properties of 316L Stainless Steel with a gradient in their microstructure. During 3D printing, the gradient in the microstructure is created by tailoring the processing parameters (hatch spacing, scanning speed, and laser power and scanning speed) of the Selective Laser Melting (SLM). The Materials with Graded Microstructure (MGMs) are characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Image processing framework is utilized to reveal the distribution of cells and melt pools shapes and sizes in the volume of the material when the processing parameters change. It is shown that the laser power, scanning speed and the hatch spacing have a more significant effect on the size and shape of cells and melt pools compared to the speed. Multiple Dog bones are 3D printed with a microstructure that has smaller features (cells and melt polls) at the edges of the structure compared to the center. Tensile and fatigue tests are performed and compared for samples with constant and graded microstructures. / Master of Science / The mechanical performance of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) fabricated materials is an important topic in research. Strengthening the performance of these materials can be achieved through implementing a gradient within the microstructure, referred to as Materials with Graded Microstructure (MGMs). A complicated microstructure can weaken the microstructure, and this can be resolved by optimizing the microstructure during SLM 3D printing, in which the processing parameters are tailored. In this study, the mechanical properties of these MGMs were characterized and evaluated. The gradient in these materials were created by modifying SLM process parameters (scanning speed, hatch spacing, and laser power and scanning speed) during the build. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize these the microstructure of these MGMs, and image processing was used to examine the distribution of cells and melt pools characteristics throughout the region where the processing parameters changed. This investigation shows that laser power, scanning speed, and hatch spacing have a direct effect on the size and shape of the cells and melt pools, compared to scanning speed, which shows an effect on melt pools. Dog bone structures are 3-D printed with a graded microstructure that has small cells and melt pools at the edges, compared to the center, by changing the laser power and scanning speed. Tensile and fatigue analysis are performed and compared for samples with constant and graded microstructures, which reveal that the mechanical properties of the MGMs perform similar to the parameter at the edges, but differently in fracture mechanics.