Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos de soldagem de chapas de Tântalo e Monel 400 com 100 m de espessura. Foram realizadas soldas em um laser de Nd:YAG operando em modo pulsado e em um Laser de Fibra operando em modo contínuo. Em seguida a microestrutura das amostras foram analisadas através de microscopia ótica e foram realizados ensaio de microdureza Vickers. As amostras que apresentaram melhores resultados foram submetidas a ensaios de tração e a ensaios de corrosão. Após análise dos resultados observou-se que a soldagem a laser apresenta muitos benefícios em relação a outros processos convencionais para chapas finas. A soldagem no modo pulsado apresentou maior relação de aspecto se comparado a soldagem em modo contínuo. A soldagem em modo contínuo apresentou uma velocidade de soldagem muito superior ao modo pulsado. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem no modo pulsado apresenta maior aplicabilidade para chapas finas, devido à necessidade um controle preciso sobre a intensidade aplicada. / This work carried out welding experiments of Tantalum and Monel 400 plates with 100 mm thickness. Welds were made with an Nd: YAG laser operating in a pulsed mode and in a fiber laser operating in continuous mode. Then the microstructure of the samples were analyzed by optical microscopy and were performed Vickers microhardness test. Samples that showed better results were subjected to tensile tests and the corrosion tests. After analysis of the results showed that the laser welding offers many benefits over other conventional processes for thin sheets. The welding in pulsed mode presented in superior aspect ratio compared to welding in continuous mode. The welding in continuous mode showed a much higher welding speed to pulsed mode. The results indicated that the welding in pulsed mode shows more applicability for sheet metal, due the need of a precise control of applied intensity.

Um dos mais críticos problemas encontrados na união de materiais distintos é a formação de tensões residuais, que ocorre principalmente pelo fato desses materiais possuírem coeficientes de expansão térmica e condutividades térmicas diferentes. Neste trabalho foi estudada a técnica de soldagem laser entre o aço carbono AISI 1010 e o aço inoxidável AISI 304. Os materiais foram unidos por solda autógena de topo com um laser de Nd:YAG contínuo. O principal objetivo do estudo foi a identificação da influência dos parâmetros de soldagem, pela análise das tensões residuais na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA). Foi executado um planejamento fatorial de três fatores a dois níveis com uma réplica, em que foram variadas a potência, a velocidade de soldagem e a posição focal do feixe laser. Na superfície da amostra foram realizadas medidas de tensão residual pela técnica de difração de raios X, para estudar sua variação em função dos parâmetros investigados. O método do furo cego foi também utilizado para avaliar a tensão residual ao longo da profundidade das amostras até a profundidade de 1 mm. Além das medidas de tensão residual, os cordões de solda foram avaliados por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), que tiveram como objetivos determinar a geometria do cordão e mudanças na microestrutura, também foram feitas medidas de microdureza Vickers para se avaliar a extensão da ZTA. Para se avaliar as propriedades mecânicas da união foram realizados ensaios de tração e fadiga. O software MINITAB 15 foi utilizado para a análise das tensões residuais nas diferentes profundidades da ZTA obtidas pelo método do furo cego. Foi utilizada também a regressão estatística baseada nas diferentes influências da entrada e combinação dos fatores na tensão residual geradas nessa união. Os resultados indicam que o desenvolvimento de modelos pode prever as respostas satisfatoriamente e fornecer aos usuários um guia para definir os melhores parâmetros de união. / The dissimilar materials union has the residual stress formation as one of the most critical problems, which occurs mainly because these materials have both different thermal expansion coefficients and thermal conductivities. In this study, it was investigated the laser welding technique between steels, AISI 1010 and AISI 304. The materials were joined by butt autogenous welding with a continuous Nd:YAG laser. The main objective was to identify the welding parameters influence by the residual stresses analysis in the heat affected zone (HAZ). It was executed a factorial design with three-factor at two levels with a replica, which were varied power, welding speed and focal position of the laser beam. Residual stress measurements by the diffraction of X-rays were performed on the sample surface, to study their variation as a function of the parameters investigated. The blind hole method was also used to evaluate the residual stress along the samples depth, up to depth of 1mm. Besides residual stress measurement, weld seams were evaluated by optical and scanned electron microscopy, which were aimed to determine the weld geometry and changes in the microstructure. It was also made Vickers hardness measurements to evaluate the extent of HAZ. To evaluate the mechanical properties of the union were performed tensile and fatigue test. The MINITAB 15 software was used to analyze the residual stresses obtained by the blind hole method at different depths of the HAZ. It was also used statistical regression based on both the influences different and the combination of this input factors, in the residual stress of union. The results indicate that the models can satisfactorily predict the responses and provide users a guide to better define the welding parameters.

Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos de soldagem de chapas de Tântalo e Monel 400 com 100 m de espessura. Foram realizadas soldas em um laser de Nd:YAG operando em modo pulsado e em um Laser de Fibra operando em modo contínuo. Em seguida a microestrutura das amostras foram analisadas através de microscopia ótica e foram realizados ensaio de microdureza Vickers. As amostras que apresentaram melhores resultados foram submetidas a ensaios de tração e a ensaios de corrosão. Após análise dos resultados observou-se que a soldagem a laser apresenta muitos benefícios em relação a outros processos convencionais para chapas finas. A soldagem no modo pulsado apresentou maior relação de aspecto se comparado a soldagem em modo contínuo. A soldagem em modo contínuo apresentou uma velocidade de soldagem muito superior ao modo pulsado. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem no modo pulsado apresenta maior aplicabilidade para chapas finas, devido à necessidade um controle preciso sobre a intensidade aplicada. / This work carried out welding experiments of Tantalum and Monel 400 plates with 100 mm thickness. Welds were made with an Nd: YAG laser operating in a pulsed mode and in a fiber laser operating in continuous mode. Then the microstructure of the samples were analyzed by optical microscopy and were performed Vickers microhardness test. Samples that showed better results were subjected to tensile tests and the corrosion tests. After analysis of the results showed that the laser welding offers many benefits over other conventional processes for thin sheets. The welding in pulsed mode presented in superior aspect ratio compared to welding in continuous mode. The welding in continuous mode showed a much higher welding speed to pulsed mode. The results indicated that the welding in pulsed mode shows more applicability for sheet metal, due the need of a precise control of applied intensity.

Recent advances in microelectronics and packaging industry are characterized by a progressive miniaturization in response to a general trend toward higher integration and package density. Corresponding to this are the challenges to traditional manufacturing processes. Some of these challenges can be satisfied by laser micromachining, because of its inherent advantages. In laser micromachining, there is no tool wear, the heat affected zone can be localized into a very small area, and the laser micromachining systems can be operated at a very wide range of speeds. Some applications of laser micromachining include pulsed Nd:YAG laser spot welding for the photonic devices and laser microdrilling in the computer printed circuit board market. Although laser micromachining has become widely used in microelectronics and packaging industry, it still produces results having a variability in properties and quality due to very complex phenomena involved in the process, including, but not limited to, heat transfer, fluid flow, plasma effects, and metallurgical problems. Therefore, in order to utilize the advantages of laser micromachining and to achieve anticipated results, it is necessary to develop a thorough understanding of the involved physical processes, especially those relating to microelectronics and packaging applications. The objective of this Dissertation was to study laser micromachining processes, especially laser drilling and welding of metals or their alloys, for the microscale applications. The investigations performed in this Dissertation were based on analytical, computational, and experimental solutions (ACES) methodology. More specifically, the studies were focused on development of a consistent set of equations representing interaction of the laser beam with materials of interest in this Dissertation, solution of these equations by finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM), experimental demonstration of laser micromachining, and correlation of the results. The contributions of this Dissertation include: 1)development of a finite difference method (FDM) program with color graphic interface, which has the capability of adjusting the laser power distributions, coefficient of energy absorption, and nonlinear material properties of the workpiece as functions of temperature, and can be extended to calculate the fluid dynamic phenomena and the profiles of laser micromachined workpieces, 2)detailed investigations of the effect of laser operating parameters on the results of the profiles and dimensions of the laser microdrilled or microwelded workpiece, which provide the guideline and advance currently existing laser micromachining processes, 3)use, for the first time, of a novel optoelectronic holography (OEH) system, which provides non-contact full-field deformation measurements with sub-micrometer accuracy, for quantitative characterization of thermal deformations of the laser micromachined parts, 4)experimental evaluations of strength of laser microwelds as the function of laser power levels and number of microwelds, which showed the lower values than the strength of the base material due to the increase of hardness at the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the microwelds, 5)measurements of temperature profiles during laser microwelding, which showed good correlations with computational results, 6)detailed considerations of absorption of laser beam energy, effect of thermal and aerodynamic conditions due to shielding gas, and the formation of plasma and its effect on laser micromachining processes. The investigations presented in this Dissertation show viability of the laser micromachining processes, account for the considerations required for a better understanding of laser micromachining processes, and provide guideline which can help explaining and advancing the currently existing laser micromachining processes. Results of this Dissertation will facilitate improvements and optimizations of the state-of-the-art laser micromachining techniques and enable the emerging technologies related to the multi-disciplinary field of microelectronics and packaging for the future.

Este estudo avaliou próteses implantossuportadas obtidas por 2 técnicas (cilindro cimentado ou soldado a laser) e seus comportamentos no que tange à passividade e afrouxamento de parafusos. Foram confeccionadas PPFs de 3 elementos sobre 2 implantes: G1, técnica do cilindro cimentado; G2, técnica do cilindro soldado a laser (n=10). Avaliados níveis de desajuste vertical e passividade antes e após aplicação de cerâmica prensada e após ciclagem mecânica, e a perda de torque inicial dos parafusos de retenção protética antes e após fadiga. Ciclagem mecânica simulando 1 ano de função mastigatória normal (50N, 300.000 ciclos). Análises de desajuste vertical e passividade realizadas pelo método de Sheffield. Calculada % de perda de torque de inserção. Os dados de desajuste e perda de torque foram comparados estatisticamente pelo Modelo Linear de Efeitos Mistos. De modo geral, G1 apresentou níveis de desajuste vertical estatisticamente inferiores a G2 (p<0,05) nas três condições analisadas pelo teste de Sheffield, tanto antes quanto após ciclagem mecânica, atingindo valores máximos de desajuste correspondentes a: 11,94 ± 3,17&mu;m (G1) e 48,63 ± 39,68 &mu;m (G2), antes da ciclagem, 12,42 ± 6,19&mu;m (G1) e 47,62 ± 35,16&mu;m (G2), após a ciclagem, estando os parafusos parafusados. Adicionalmente, em todas as condições experimentais, a ciclagem mecânica não influenciou no desajuste de ambos os grupos (p<0,05), com exceção do molar em G1 quando analisado apertado (p<0,0001). Quando analisado G2, verificamos aumento estatisticamente significante do desajuste vertical após prensagem cerâmica para todos os elementos (p<0,0001) nos diferentes momentos avaliados, com exceção do molar quando avaliado solto, o qual apresentou desajustes semelhantes antes e após prensagem (p=0,052). Na análise de perda de torque, valores expressos em % de perda são apresentados: Pré-molar - G1- antes ciclagem: 31,04 ± 13,22%; G2- antes ciclagem: 33,97 ± 13,41% (G1 x G2 antes ciclagem: p=0,662); G1- após ciclagem: 42,36 ± 14,99%; G2- após ciclagem: 37,92 ± 9,32% (G1 x G2 após ciclagem: p=0,461). Quando analisado o pré-molar, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas antes e após ciclagem mecânica para ambos os grupos (G1: p=0,067; G2: p=0,423); Molar - G1- antes ciclagem: 30,77 ± 12,37%; G2- antes ciclagem: 44,37 ± 11,14% (G1 x G2 antes ciclagem: p=0,032); G1- após ciclagem: 39,28 ± 13,96%; G2- após ciclagem: 54,40 ± 26,39% (G1 x G2 após ciclagem: p=0,189). Quando analisado o molar, diferenças estatísticas também não foram identificadas antes e após ciclagem, para ambos os grupos (G1: p=0,392; G2: p=0,233). Diante dos resultados, é possível concluir que: G1 apresentou índices de desajuste vertical e passividade menores que G2, porém para ambos os grupos os desajustes estão dentro dos padrões aceitáveis pela literatura; ciclagem mecânica não promoveu alterações nos níveis de desajuste vertical e perda de torque (%) para ambos os grupos; ambas as técnicas não foram capazes de promover passividade absoluta, tendo em vista os maiores valores de desadaptação do lado solto quando comparados ao lado parafusado. / This study evaluated implant supported prostheses obtained by two techniques (cemented cylinder or laser welded cylinder) and their behavior regarding passivity and screw loosening. Three-element FPPs were made over 2 implants: G1, cemented cylinder technique, G2, laser welded cylinder technique (n=10). The levels of vertical misfit and passivity were evaluated before and after ceramic pressing, and after mechanical cycling; while loss of initial torque of prosthetic retaining screws, before and after mechanical cycling. The mechanical cycling simulated one year of normal masticatory function (50N, 300,000 cycles). Vertical misfit and passivity were analyzed by Sheffield\'s test. The percentage of torque loss was calculated. The misfit and torque loss data were statistically compared by Mixed Linear Model . Overall, G1 showed vertical misfit statistically lower than G2 (p<0.05) in the three conditions analyzed by Sheffield\'s test, before and after mechanical cycling, reaching maximum values of misfit corresponding to: 11.94 ± 3.17&mu;m (G1) and 48.63 ± 39.68 &mu;m (G2) before cycling; 12.42 ± 6.19&mu;m (G1) and 47.62 ± 35.16&mu;m (G2), after cycling, when screws were tightened. Additionally, in all experimental conditions, the mechanical cycling did not influence the misfit in both groups (p<0.05), except for the molar G1 when analyzed in the tightened condition (p<0.0001). When was analyzed G2, statistically significant increase in the vertical misfit was found after ceramic pressing for all elements (p<0.0001) for different moments, except when the molar was not tightened, which showed similar misfit before and after pressing (p=0.052). In the analysis of torque loss, values expressed as percentage of loss are presented: Pre-molar - G1- before cycling: 31.04 ± 13.22%, G2- before cycling: 33.97 ± 13.41% (G1 x G2 before cycling: p=0.662), G1- after cycling: 42.36 ± 14.99%, G2- after cycling: 37.92 ± 9.32% (G1 x G2 after cycling: p=0.461). When the pre-molar was analyzed, statistical differences before and after cycling were not found for both groups (G1: p=0.067; G2: p=0.423); Molar - G1- before cycling: 30.77 ± 12.37%; G2- before cycling: 44.37 ± 11.14% (G1 x G2 before cycling: p=0.032); G1- after cycling: 39.28 ± 13.96%; G2- after cycling: 54.40 ± 26 , 39% (G1 x G2 after cycling: p=0.189). When the molar was analyzed, statistical differences were not found before and after cycling for both groups (G1: p=0.392; G2: p=0.233). Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that: G1 showed vertical misfit and passivity smaller than G2, but for both groups, the misfits are within acceptable standards for the literature; mechanical cycling did not change the vertical misfit and torque loss (%) for both groups; both techniques were not able to promote absolute passivity, in view of the higher values of misfit when compared to the side no tightened.

A novel lensed plastic optical fiber (LPOF) scheme to achieve the high coupling efficiency with a long working distance between the light source and LPOF is proposed. The advantages of the proposed LPOF are demonstrated by proofs of the experiment. In this study, an aspheric convex-concave plastic lens (CCPLs) is bonded with a flattened end of the plastic fiber by using the laser transmission welding (LTW) to form an aspheric-endface fiber. The working distance between the light source and LPOF can be increased with high coupling efficiency by the design of the CCPLs. According to the proposed design in this study, the working distance and the coupling efficiency can reach to 300£gm and 80%, separately. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the LTW can achieve a high welding strength and a small heat affected zone that meets the commercial utilization. But the LTW technology has some restrictions, the disadvantages of the LTW technology are improved in this study to spread the application of the laser welding.

Laser spot welding on a stainless steel plate was investigated numerically and experimentally. A numerical method was applied to predict the dimensions of fusion zone and temperature distribution in the welding process. In the numerical approach, a three-dimensional heat source equation is used to model laser beam intensity distribution, which is assumed to be a Gaussian distribution in the radial direction and exponential decay in the penetration direction. The parameters of the pulsed Nd:YAG laser spot welding include pulse energy, pulse duration, and incident angles of laser beam. Experiments were also conducted in the study. The characteristic lengths of welded spot were measured by metallographic method, and then, the dynamical behavior of the laser welding process was visualized by a high-speed video camera. Finally, the temperature variations during the laser-spot welding process were measured by an infrared pyrometer system. It is demonstrated that the numerical results by proposed model agree well with experimental observations in predicting the characteristic lengths of welded spots. From this study, it is found that weld dimensions is a strong function of incident angles of laser beam, laser energy, and pulse duration time.

No description available.

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-150). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Este estudo avaliou próteses implantossuportadas obtidas por 2 técnicas (cilindro cimentado ou soldado a laser) e seus comportamentos no que tange à passividade e afrouxamento de parafusos. Foram confeccionadas PPFs de 3 elementos sobre 2 implantes: G1, técnica do cilindro cimentado; G2, técnica do cilindro soldado a laser (n=10). Avaliados níveis de desajuste vertical e passividade antes e após aplicação de cerâmica prensada e após ciclagem mecânica, e a perda de torque inicial dos parafusos de retenção protética antes e após fadiga. Ciclagem mecânica simulando 1 ano de função mastigatória normal (50N, 300.000 ciclos). Análises de desajuste vertical e passividade realizadas pelo método de Sheffield. Calculada % de perda de torque de inserção. Os dados de desajuste e perda de torque foram comparados estatisticamente pelo Modelo Linear de Efeitos Mistos. De modo geral, G1 apresentou níveis de desajuste vertical estatisticamente inferiores a G2 (p<0,05) nas três condições analisadas pelo teste de Sheffield, tanto antes quanto após ciclagem mecânica, atingindo valores máximos de desajuste correspondentes a: 11,94 ± 3,17&mu;m (G1) e 48,63 ± 39,68 &mu;m (G2), antes da ciclagem, 12,42 ± 6,19&mu;m (G1) e 47,62 ± 35,16&mu;m (G2), após a ciclagem, estando os parafusos parafusados. Adicionalmente, em todas as condições experimentais, a ciclagem mecânica não influenciou no desajuste de ambos os grupos (p<0,05), com exceção do molar em G1 quando analisado apertado (p<0,0001). Quando analisado G2, verificamos aumento estatisticamente significante do desajuste vertical após prensagem cerâmica para todos os elementos (p<0,0001) nos diferentes momentos avaliados, com exceção do molar quando avaliado solto, o qual apresentou desajustes semelhantes antes e após prensagem (p=0,052). Na análise de perda de torque, valores expressos em % de perda são apresentados: Pré-molar - G1- antes ciclagem: 31,04 ± 13,22%; G2- antes ciclagem: 33,97 ± 13,41% (G1 x G2 antes ciclagem: p=0,662); G1- após ciclagem: 42,36 ± 14,99%; G2- após ciclagem: 37,92 ± 9,32% (G1 x G2 após ciclagem: p=0,461). Quando analisado o pré-molar, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas antes e após ciclagem mecânica para ambos os grupos (G1: p=0,067; G2: p=0,423); Molar - G1- antes ciclagem: 30,77 ± 12,37%; G2- antes ciclagem: 44,37 ± 11,14% (G1 x G2 antes ciclagem: p=0,032); G1- após ciclagem: 39,28 ± 13,96%; G2- após ciclagem: 54,40 ± 26,39% (G1 x G2 após ciclagem: p=0,189). Quando analisado o molar, diferenças estatísticas também não foram identificadas antes e após ciclagem, para ambos os grupos (G1: p=0,392; G2: p=0,233). Diante dos resultados, é possível concluir que: G1 apresentou índices de desajuste vertical e passividade menores que G2, porém para ambos os grupos os desajustes estão dentro dos padrões aceitáveis pela literatura; ciclagem mecânica não promoveu alterações nos níveis de desajuste vertical e perda de torque (%) para ambos os grupos; ambas as técnicas não foram capazes de promover passividade absoluta, tendo em vista os maiores valores de desadaptação do lado solto quando comparados ao lado parafusado. / This study evaluated implant supported prostheses obtained by two techniques (cemented cylinder or laser welded cylinder) and their behavior regarding passivity and screw loosening. Three-element FPPs were made over 2 implants: G1, cemented cylinder technique, G2, laser welded cylinder technique (n=10). The levels of vertical misfit and passivity were evaluated before and after ceramic pressing, and after mechanical cycling; while loss of initial torque of prosthetic retaining screws, before and after mechanical cycling. The mechanical cycling simulated one year of normal masticatory function (50N, 300,000 cycles). Vertical misfit and passivity were analyzed by Sheffield\'s test. The percentage of torque loss was calculated. The misfit and torque loss data were statistically compared by Mixed Linear Model . Overall, G1 showed vertical misfit statistically lower than G2 (p<0.05) in the three conditions analyzed by Sheffield\'s test, before and after mechanical cycling, reaching maximum values of misfit corresponding to: 11.94 ± 3.17&mu;m (G1) and 48.63 ± 39.68 &mu;m (G2) before cycling; 12.42 ± 6.19&mu;m (G1) and 47.62 ± 35.16&mu;m (G2), after cycling, when screws were tightened. Additionally, in all experimental conditions, the mechanical cycling did not influence the misfit in both groups (p<0.05), except for the molar G1 when analyzed in the tightened condition (p<0.0001). When was analyzed G2, statistically significant increase in the vertical misfit was found after ceramic pressing for all elements (p<0.0001) for different moments, except when the molar was not tightened, which showed similar misfit before and after pressing (p=0.052). In the analysis of torque loss, values expressed as percentage of loss are presented: Pre-molar - G1- before cycling: 31.04 ± 13.22%, G2- before cycling: 33.97 ± 13.41% (G1 x G2 before cycling: p=0.662), G1- after cycling: 42.36 ± 14.99%, G2- after cycling: 37.92 ± 9.32% (G1 x G2 after cycling: p=0.461). When the pre-molar was analyzed, statistical differences before and after cycling were not found for both groups (G1: p=0.067; G2: p=0.423); Molar - G1- before cycling: 30.77 ± 12.37%; G2- before cycling: 44.37 ± 11.14% (G1 x G2 before cycling: p=0.032); G1- after cycling: 39.28 ± 13.96%; G2- after cycling: 54.40 ± 26 , 39% (G1 x G2 after cycling: p=0.189). When the molar was analyzed, statistical differences were not found before and after cycling for both groups (G1: p=0.392; G2: p=0.233). Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that: G1 showed vertical misfit and passivity smaller than G2, but for both groups, the misfits are within acceptable standards for the literature; mechanical cycling did not change the vertical misfit and torque loss (%) for both groups; both techniques were not able to promote absolute passivity, in view of the higher values of misfit when compared to the side no tightened.