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The aim of the thesis is to theoretically discuss and problematizing the influence of gender and sex throughout the crime as process in Sweden. The issue of gender, criminality and a system for justice will be discussed from different angles to identify, understand and problematize the different parts of the process.The research question has been: In what way may theories, research and knowledge give understanding regarding the socially constructed gender within the crime as process in an overall perspective?Different theories and examples of research and other knowledge for each step in crime as process is presented in order to understand the impact of gender. The context is delimited to Sweden, Swedish law, crime fighting and courts as well as corrective instances in Sweden. In this project, the model used for the reflection is first and foremost allowing a systematic work through of the crime as process in order to identify and formulate patterns of interest. The model is used to drive the theoretical discussion forward.The moving between sex and gender considering crime and criminality opens several challenges. They contest perceptions on crime and criminality, on its development, its extent and its appearance. The constructed systems and ideas on the importance of gender is probably of importance but are at the same time questioning, at a fundamental level, a strong tradition. Since the queries are at fundamental level it is probably hard to address theories’ accuracy built on these premises. There are too many, simultaneously effecting processes, of different directions, to understand neither good or bad nor right or wrong. What could be said is that biological sex does not suffice to understand neither crime, criminality, crime fighting nor its descriptions. If we assume the society creates all the above mentioned: how would it look if we fully accepted gender as a key variable?

This thesis will handle the gendered wage gap in the blue-collar sectors and how the blue-collar unions collective organization (from here on referred to as LO) has handled this issue. In the Swedish labour market the unions and the employers’ organizations negotiate terms and conditions of employment that result in legally binding collective agreements. Within the blue-collar sector wages are to a large extent negotiated on this level and the blue-collar unions coordinate within LO on which questions to focus on in the negotiations with the employers. But during 2015 the unions within LO were not able to agree and the coordination failed (Medlingsinstitutet, MI, 2017). The main issue was disagreement on how to handle low wages and value discrimination. To understand the split during 2015, the reader needs to understand the background and the deeply rooted norms within LO and how the Swedish labour market is organized. Therefore this thesis is divided into three parts. The first part describes historical aspects of how the Swedish labour market has developed with focus on women’s salaries. The second part looks at how LO has chosen to handle the gendered wage gap during the years 2004-2012. The last part will be a critical discourse analysis of articles handling the failed coordination in 2015.

India has a heteronormative rape legislation that is also based on notions of masculinity in the contextof rape. This means only women can be survivors or victims of rape, while men can solely be theperpetrators per definition. The Indian Penal Code 375 relates to rape and states “A man is said tocommit rape...”. This only allows for a man to be defined as the one who commits rape. The doctrinallaw is deeply connected with hegemonial interests of certain parts of society that aim to reinforceheteronormative gender relations as well as to reinforce notions of masculinity. This study analysedthe online media discourse relating to the socio-legal problem of “male rape” in India through the lensof a critical discourse analysis. The study found the strong stance for a gender-neutral rape legislationacross articles. The feminist opposition is named as the major hindering force who counters theadoption of a gender-neutral rape legislation. Generally, the legislation is deeply connected toheteronormative assumptions of relations between men and women. The societal notions ofmasculinity do not “allow” men to be victims or survivors of rape and men raping men/boys can onlyby punished under the sodomy related Indian Penal Code 377 that criminalises “unnatural offences”,like homosexuality.

The Swedish government has an equality goal that men´s violence against women must stop, the government has also signed several international obligations to eliminate discrimination and violence against women. The number of people that moves to Sweden due to family ties is steadily increasing and research has shown that foreign born women have an increased risk of being exposed to male partner violence. How the question about violence against women with temporary residence permit is handled in the alien law has been criticised by women’s organisations and in a government inquiry for being oppressive towards women. The aim in this thesis is to examine how the alien law is applied in the practical work and since the Migration Court generally is the final instance that decides in cases regarding continued residence permit, 16 judgments from the Migration Court are analysed. The aim is to examine how violence against women with temporary residence permit is handled by the Migration Court, which discourses about violence and immigrant women that can be identified in the judgements and how this relate to the gender equality goal to eliminate violence against women. To analyse the judgements discourse analysis is used, to analyse how the law is applied a dogmatic approach and a critical perspective is also partly used. The analysis of the judgments suggest that the interpretation of the alien law is more generous than the legislator might has intended, however the assessments in the judgements varies, especially the question of the duration of the cohabitation. The consequence is that the interpretation of the alien law is unpredictable. Findings also suggest that a woman´s credibility is dependent on that she has made the violence probable. Two discourses are identified “the seeking help discourse” that shows that a lot of responsibility is placed on the individual woman to seek help and protection. And “the discourse of the invisibility of the violence” which points to that if the woman has any other reasons to be granted a residence permit, the Migration Court in many cases fail to discuss or even mention the claimed violence or violation, which creates a notion about what the Court values. It can be stated from this study that how the Migration Court handles the question about men´s violence against women is not compatible to national obligations and to that Swedish government gender equality goal about ending men´s violence against women.

No description available.

Every key feature of the Icelandic banking in the run-up to the 2008 year meltdown can be viewed as an emblem of the concept systemic banking crisis. The concept of a banking crisis is usually defined as “an event that shows significant signs of financial distress in the banking system and which is usually associated with significant bank runs, big losses in the banking system and bank liquidations.”[1]The detailed bank data, attained after the secrecy laws were being lifted after the crisis,[2]sheds light on five core problems that, in my estimate, portray the Icelandic crisis the best. These problems are unreliable deposit insurance system, fictional collaterals, inside dealing, the inadequacy of foreign reserves and supervision problems.     Due to banks’ central role in economic welfare, the main scope of the regulations and laws in the area of banking is to contribute to operational stability in financial corporations, increase the credibility of the system, protect the customers and increase the confidence of the public. Failure of one bank can lead to disastrous consequences for the whole economic system.[3]Probably one of the most critical situations is a scenario of a bank run. Bank runs are usually seen as depositors’ reaction to fear about the bank’s solvency.[4]They are usually characterized by a massive simultaneous withdrawal from banks that in many cases may lead to liquidity problems due to the liquidity mismatch of the banks.[5]A bank’s liquidity is defined as bank’s capacity to quickly react to a sudden withdrawal without having to sell off illiquid assets.[6]The phenomenon of bank runs has two very particular features: (1)they are associated with a tendency to “run” as soon as there is a signal of potential solvency problems, and (2) a tendency to create feedback.[7]The first feature implies that the depositors are most likely to withdraw their funds as soon as they see the slightest sign of potential insolvency. The second feature is a reaction to the first signal, when depositors, who not necessarily believe in signals, run because they do not want to be the last ones to withdraw their money. Lost confidence in one bank may eventually spread to other banks and result not just in a failure of the banks involved, but even in a systemic failure. In light of the aforesaid, many countries take different measures to prevent bank runs and financial panic. Among these measures is an establishment of deposit-guarantee schemes( DGS).[8]    The significant increase in deposits in Icelandic banks not only had the effect of transforming the financing of the Icelandic banking system but, as it will be discussed in the next chapters, eventually led to catastrophic consequences as about half of the deposits were deposited with the banks’ branches abroad and in foreign currency. This increase of deposits in foreign branches resulted in a substantial increase in the obligations of the Icelandic Depositors’ and Investors’ Guarantee Fund(TIF).[9]However, the TIF was unable to cope with such an increase. When depositors lost trust in Icelandic banks, and when there was no clear information whether the TIF covered the branches of Icelandic banks in the UK and Netherlands, a scenario of bank run was inevitable. Bank runs were seen not only in Iceland but also at the branches and subsidiaries of the Icelandic banks abroad. As stated above, a scenario of a bank run usually involves many depositors simultaneously withdrawing their deposits from a bank, which in its turn causes liquidity problems.[10]In the Icelandic case that is precisely what happened with bank accounts in Icelandic branches in the UK and Netherlands, since Icelandic banks were experiencing big liquidity problems in foreign currency.

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I dag förekommer missbruk av aktiebolag som associationsform på grund av den låga risken till att åläggas ett personligt betalningsansvar. Det är därför relevant att undersöka varför missbruket förekommer och om det finns en koppling till ekonomisk brottslighet i insolvensrättsliga kontexter. Därför undersöks det om den aktiebolagsrättsliga, insolvensrättsliga och den ekonomiska brottslighetens reglering samverkar.    I denna framställning redogörs för de skadeståndsbestämmelserna i aktiebolagslagen och de huvudsakliga förutsättningarna och syftet med det personliga ansvaret för styrelseledamöter och den verkställande direktören. Framställningen belyser även ekonomisk brottslighet som begås i insolvensrättsliga kontexter med särskilt fokus på konkursbrott. Den slutliga avsikten med uppsatsen är att beskriva den problematik som förekommer vid ekonomisk brottslighet i samband med konkurser och om dagens reglering kan göra någon personligt ansvarig enlig aktiebolagslagen.   Det går inte att undgå att aktiebolagen har en stor betydelse för den ekonomiska utvecklingen och det svenska välståndet samt för näringslivet i synnerhet.  I dag riktas stor uppmärksamhet åt så kallad ”corporate governance” det vill säga hur bolag bör styras. På senare tid har även stor uppmärksamhet ägnats åt aktiebolagens struktur och organens befogenheter samt skyldigheter. Då samhället är i ständig utveckling, förändras även förutsättningarna för aktiebolagen. Trots detta har regleringen kring det personliga skadeståndsansvarets för bolagsledningen ungefär varit densamma sedan 70 år tillbaka i tiden.  Likt aktiebolagen har ekonomisk brottslighet stor påverkan på staten. Dessa två områden, aktiebolagsrätten och den ekonomiska brottsligheten, behöver samverkas för att näringsidkare inte ska stimuleras till att genom sitt aktiebolag, begå ekonomisk brottslighet. Det insolvensrättsliga området är också en står del av detta samspel, då stor del av ekonomisk brottslighet faktiskt begås när bolagen är på obestånd. Den ekonomiska brottsligheten kan sägas påverkas av tre faktorer, lagstiftningen, näringslivets strukturer och samhällets attityd till staten. Förhållandet mellan den ekonomiska brottsligheten och insolvens, framför allt konkurs, är omväxlande. Dels begås ekonomisk brottslighet när företaget är på obestånd eller när fara till obestånd finns. Dels utnyttjas konkurser som en del i en brottsplan för den ekonomiska brottsligheten. Efter en genomgång av lagstiftning, förarbeten, prejudikat och doktrin på områdena sammanvävs problemformuleringarna i en avslutande diskussion som utmynnar i en slutsats som besvarar framställningens syften. Där det kan konstateras att gränsdragningen mellan aktiebolagsrättsligt respektive det personliga ansvaret är hårfint i och med den bristfällighet som föreligger. Den ekonomiska brottsligheten samt insolvensförfarande är inte heller fulländade. En samverkan över rättsområdena skulle reda ut frågetecken, täcka luckorna i lagstiftningen och få lagstiftningen levande igen. Denna förändring är av stor vikt, för att förtroendet till staten, rättssamhället och näringslivet ska bevaras.

This thesis analyses whether there is a necessity to have two different CFC regimes in two legislations, the ATAD and the CCTB proposal. The author examines the issues that are already present in the CFC that pose problems. This could support the argument that the EC’s actions in the implementation of the ATAD and the CCTB have been over-reaching in the EC’s attempt to eradicate tax erosion and profit shifting through the examination of the CFC provisions in the ATAD and the CCTB proposal. In this context, this article focuses on the analysis of Articles 7-8 of the ATAD and Articles 59-60 of CCTB.