Global climate change has emerged a new environmental issue affecting developing countries particularly after the signing of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in June 1992. This dissertation focuses on the factors which motivate Indian responses to global climate change at the international level. The study evaluates the relative impacts of two policy frames in the formulation of India's national climate change policy stance. The concept of "policy frames" refers to the idea that the definition of, and responses to a particular problem are constructed in terms of another more pressing and salient policy concern. A "policy frame" is an analytically constructed policy filter comprised of key, identifiable, policy features and existing resource constraints in a sector. The study traces the evolution of national energy (coal power and renewable energy) and environment sector policies under centralized planning based on a survey of a series of Five Year Plans (1970-1997). Characteristic sectoral policies are identified as constituting an "energy-related development policy frame" and an "environment-related development policy frame" under two distinct phases of national economic development--a managed economy and a liberalized economy. The study demonstrates that the 1991 shift towards phased economic liberalization resulted not only in a new set of energy (coal, power and renewable energy) policies and consequently an altered energy policy frame, but also in a largely unchanged set of environmental sector policies and consequently only a marginally altered environmental policy frame. The study demonstrates that the post-1991 energy policy changes together with existing energy resource constraints, constitute the dominant policy frame driving both the formulation of Indian policy stances at international climate change negotiations and also Indian responsiveness to coal, power, renewable energy, and climate change projects funded by the World Bank and GEF. The study also demonstrates that key features of the energy policy frame functions as a shared cognitive reference for a select group of national policy actors (comprising both policy makers and policy experts), responsible for formulating climate change policy responses. The study highlights the influential role played by very small set of national policy experts who construct national climate change options on the basis of features of the energy policy frame.

<p>The Central American population consists of a majority of indigenous people and the parties to the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) must strive to protect the culture, heritage and rights of the region&rsquo;s people. Trade agreements must recognize the rights of the indigenous peoples that are affected by environmental degradation resulting from trade activities, which can result in the forceful removal of their lands. The balance between the three pillars of sustainable development must be struck because international trade is necessary by fueling much of the economic growth in the developed world. Public engagement of the indigenous people through participation, information, consultation and consent are necessary to fulfill the goals of sustainable development and protect their right to property and traditional lands. We have to continue to incorporate the objectives of sustainable development in free trade agreements in order to preserve the global environment for future generations. </p>

<p> Poor and inadequate customer service is prevalent in the public sector of emerging economies. Also, limited leadership roles are ascribed to frontline employees in the sector. Improving customer service and empowering frontline employees could increase organizational effectiveness. The goal of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the problem of inadequate customer-service delivery skills and limited leadership roles for court personnel in the Lagos State Judiciary, Nigeria. The research was guided by two research questions: In what ways could the servicing experience of customers by court personnel/leaders in the Lagos State Judiciary be improved upon? and What are the lived experiences of leaders and customers in the Lagos State Judiciary System? The study participants&rsquo; were 25 court users of the Lagos State Judiciary. The data were subjected to analysis using the 4 step modified Van Kamm method by Moustakas to identify themes through exhaustive data coding and data distillation The 14 interview questions resulted in the emergence of 34 primary themes. Five overall themes emerged from thematic clusters and they were capacity building, attitude of court officials, policy changes, interaction with stakeholders and leadership training. The findings showed strong similarities between the participants&rsquo; lived experiences and experiences presented in relevant literature. The implication was that the management (leaders) of the Judiciary might benefit from this study by adopting the Folami Model for Improving Customer Servicing in the Lagos State Judiciary (FMICS &ndash; LSJ) to achieve customer service improvements. Researchers may wish in the future to explore the twin concepts of customer service and leadership styles in other contexts further to add further insight to existing literature.</p>

Universiẗat, Habil.-Schr., 2006--Erlangen-Nürnberg. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [1074]-1177) and index.

Also issued as thesis, Paris, 1933. / [Full name: Jean Louis Marie Joseph Moreau-Reibel]. Bibliography: p. [ix]-xii.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a formação de conhecimento em torno das Agroflorestas e, em específico, na formação do Certificado de sistemas agroflorestais de base ecológica. Propondo a existência de uma "agronomização" e de uma "biologização" das Agroflorestas, saberes diferentes incidem sobre o mundo rural e sobre a prática dos agricultores para a formação de um mecanismo de controle capaz de regularizar uma multiplicidade de práticas consideradas ilegais pelo atual regramento ambiental. O contexto da pesquisa se deu através da participação do Projeto “Fortalecimento das Agroflorestas no Rio Grande do Sul: formação de rede, etnoecologia e segurança alimentar e nutricional”, onde estavam atores que queriam contribuir com a discussão sobre Agrofloresta no Estado. Agricultores, técnicos ambientais, estudantes, professores, extensionistas rurais sensibilizados com a possibilidade de fortalecimento das Agroflorestas interessados em seu desenvolvimento como uma outra forma de pensar agricultura e floresta em conexão fazem discussões teóricas e práticas e formam uma arena de conhecimento sobre Agroflorestas, onde mesmo parecendo haver consensos, as diferenças e barreiras disciplinares salientam-se sobre a multiplicidade de práticas. Para a formação do certificado de sistemas agroflorestais de base ecológicas foram mapeadas no trabalho algumas negociações em cima do conceito de Agroflorestas, assim como analisados a trama de legislações e de conhecimentos que se conectam para a proteção ambiental. Os enquadramentos científicos e jurídicos que incidem sobre as Agroflorestas geram novos disciplinamentos a serem fabricados para gerar novas possibilidades de agriculturas ecológicas que possam ser recuperadoras de áreas degradadas. O trabalho se propõe a pensar nessa trama entre ciência e direito, onde a multiplicidade das práticas dos agricultores escapam as tentativas de regramento e, ao mesmo tempo, geram um movimento de multidão e resistência a essa trama. / The present work aims to demonstrate the formation of knowledge around the Agroforestry and in the Certificate of agroforestry ecological basis. Proposing the existence of "agronomização" and "biologização" of Agroforestry, different knowledge affect the rural world and the practice of farmers to form a control mechanism able to regulate a multitude of practices considered illegal by the current environmental law. The research context was through the participation of the Project "Fortalecimento das Agroflorestas no Rio Grande do Sul: formação de rede, etnoecologia e segurança alimentar e nutricional", where they were actors who wanted to contribute to the discussion on Agroforestry in the state. Farmers, environmental technicians, students, teachers, sensitized to the possibility of strengthening Agroforestry and interested in its development as another way of thinking about agriculture and forest in connection and making theoretical and practical discussions to form an arena of knowledge on Agroforestry. Even when there seems to be consensus, differences and disciplinary barriers protrude on the multiplicity of practices. The certificate of agroforestry ecological basis were mapped in your formation some negotiations over the concept of Agroforestry, as well as analyzed the plot of laws and knowledge that connect to environmental protection. The scientific and legal frameworks that focus on Agroforestry generate new disciplining to be made to generate new possibilities for ecological agriculture that can be reclaimers of degraded areas. The paper proposes to think of this plot between law and science, where the multiplicity of practices of farmers escape attempts regramento and at the same time generate a movement of resistance to this crowd and plot.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a formação de conhecimento em torno das Agroflorestas e, em específico, na formação do Certificado de sistemas agroflorestais de base ecológica. Propondo a existência de uma "agronomização" e de uma "biologização" das Agroflorestas, saberes diferentes incidem sobre o mundo rural e sobre a prática dos agricultores para a formação de um mecanismo de controle capaz de regularizar uma multiplicidade de práticas consideradas ilegais pelo atual regramento ambiental. O contexto da pesquisa se deu através da participação do Projeto “Fortalecimento das Agroflorestas no Rio Grande do Sul: formação de rede, etnoecologia e segurança alimentar e nutricional”, onde estavam atores que queriam contribuir com a discussão sobre Agrofloresta no Estado. Agricultores, técnicos ambientais, estudantes, professores, extensionistas rurais sensibilizados com a possibilidade de fortalecimento das Agroflorestas interessados em seu desenvolvimento como uma outra forma de pensar agricultura e floresta em conexão fazem discussões teóricas e práticas e formam uma arena de conhecimento sobre Agroflorestas, onde mesmo parecendo haver consensos, as diferenças e barreiras disciplinares salientam-se sobre a multiplicidade de práticas. Para a formação do certificado de sistemas agroflorestais de base ecológicas foram mapeadas no trabalho algumas negociações em cima do conceito de Agroflorestas, assim como analisados a trama de legislações e de conhecimentos que se conectam para a proteção ambiental. Os enquadramentos científicos e jurídicos que incidem sobre as Agroflorestas geram novos disciplinamentos a serem fabricados para gerar novas possibilidades de agriculturas ecológicas que possam ser recuperadoras de áreas degradadas. O trabalho se propõe a pensar nessa trama entre ciência e direito, onde a multiplicidade das práticas dos agricultores escapam as tentativas de regramento e, ao mesmo tempo, geram um movimento de multidão e resistência a essa trama. / The present work aims to demonstrate the formation of knowledge around the Agroforestry and in the Certificate of agroforestry ecological basis. Proposing the existence of "agronomização" and "biologização" of Agroforestry, different knowledge affect the rural world and the practice of farmers to form a control mechanism able to regulate a multitude of practices considered illegal by the current environmental law. The research context was through the participation of the Project "Fortalecimento das Agroflorestas no Rio Grande do Sul: formação de rede, etnoecologia e segurança alimentar e nutricional", where they were actors who wanted to contribute to the discussion on Agroforestry in the state. Farmers, environmental technicians, students, teachers, sensitized to the possibility of strengthening Agroforestry and interested in its development as another way of thinking about agriculture and forest in connection and making theoretical and practical discussions to form an arena of knowledge on Agroforestry. Even when there seems to be consensus, differences and disciplinary barriers protrude on the multiplicity of practices. The certificate of agroforestry ecological basis were mapped in your formation some negotiations over the concept of Agroforestry, as well as analyzed the plot of laws and knowledge that connect to environmental protection. The scientific and legal frameworks that focus on Agroforestry generate new disciplining to be made to generate new possibilities for ecological agriculture that can be reclaimers of degraded areas. The paper proposes to think of this plot between law and science, where the multiplicity of practices of farmers escape attempts regramento and at the same time generate a movement of resistance to this crowd and plot.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a formação de conhecimento em torno das Agroflorestas e, em específico, na formação do Certificado de sistemas agroflorestais de base ecológica. Propondo a existência de uma "agronomização" e de uma "biologização" das Agroflorestas, saberes diferentes incidem sobre o mundo rural e sobre a prática dos agricultores para a formação de um mecanismo de controle capaz de regularizar uma multiplicidade de práticas consideradas ilegais pelo atual regramento ambiental. O contexto da pesquisa se deu através da participação do Projeto “Fortalecimento das Agroflorestas no Rio Grande do Sul: formação de rede, etnoecologia e segurança alimentar e nutricional”, onde estavam atores que queriam contribuir com a discussão sobre Agrofloresta no Estado. Agricultores, técnicos ambientais, estudantes, professores, extensionistas rurais sensibilizados com a possibilidade de fortalecimento das Agroflorestas interessados em seu desenvolvimento como uma outra forma de pensar agricultura e floresta em conexão fazem discussões teóricas e práticas e formam uma arena de conhecimento sobre Agroflorestas, onde mesmo parecendo haver consensos, as diferenças e barreiras disciplinares salientam-se sobre a multiplicidade de práticas. Para a formação do certificado de sistemas agroflorestais de base ecológicas foram mapeadas no trabalho algumas negociações em cima do conceito de Agroflorestas, assim como analisados a trama de legislações e de conhecimentos que se conectam para a proteção ambiental. Os enquadramentos científicos e jurídicos que incidem sobre as Agroflorestas geram novos disciplinamentos a serem fabricados para gerar novas possibilidades de agriculturas ecológicas que possam ser recuperadoras de áreas degradadas. O trabalho se propõe a pensar nessa trama entre ciência e direito, onde a multiplicidade das práticas dos agricultores escapam as tentativas de regramento e, ao mesmo tempo, geram um movimento de multidão e resistência a essa trama. / The present work aims to demonstrate the formation of knowledge around the Agroforestry and in the Certificate of agroforestry ecological basis. Proposing the existence of "agronomização" and "biologização" of Agroforestry, different knowledge affect the rural world and the practice of farmers to form a control mechanism able to regulate a multitude of practices considered illegal by the current environmental law. The research context was through the participation of the Project "Fortalecimento das Agroflorestas no Rio Grande do Sul: formação de rede, etnoecologia e segurança alimentar e nutricional", where they were actors who wanted to contribute to the discussion on Agroforestry in the state. Farmers, environmental technicians, students, teachers, sensitized to the possibility of strengthening Agroforestry and interested in its development as another way of thinking about agriculture and forest in connection and making theoretical and practical discussions to form an arena of knowledge on Agroforestry. Even when there seems to be consensus, differences and disciplinary barriers protrude on the multiplicity of practices. The certificate of agroforestry ecological basis were mapped in your formation some negotiations over the concept of Agroforestry, as well as analyzed the plot of laws and knowledge that connect to environmental protection. The scientific and legal frameworks that focus on Agroforestry generate new disciplining to be made to generate new possibilities for ecological agriculture that can be reclaimers of degraded areas. The paper proposes to think of this plot between law and science, where the multiplicity of practices of farmers escape attempts regramento and at the same time generate a movement of resistance to this crowd and plot.

This dissertation proposes a normative theory of political representation grounded in popular sovereignty and positive law, rather than in democracy and efficient labour allocation. The first three chapters assess the contributions to the idea of representation of three early modern thinkers. Hobbes proposes a formal model of authorised action at a distance, but, contrary to a long-standing consensus in political thought, not an actual theory of representation. Rousseau, a well-known opponent of representation, proposes ideas about government, sovereignty, and positive law, which, despite his contrary intentions, form a foundation for a normative theory of representation. Sieyes refines concepts from both to create a more mature practical statement on representation which he attempts to implement in three revolutionary constitutions in France in the 1790's. The next three chapters make an argument connecting representation to law creation. First the concept of a decision is defined, and then abstracted through various levels of political authority and action. Law creation is distinguished from all other classes of authorised political decision making by four unique properties which tie in with problems initially raised by the early modern philosophers regarding popular sovereignty. Various numbers of authorised actors are considered as constituting political bodies credentialed to carry out the relevant decisions identified as meeting the minimal conditions of law, and ultimately only assembly — a body numbering in the hundreds, with a reserved place for making recognised decisions, and a formal connection to expressed popular preferences — meets the conceptual requirements of the class of decisions mooted. The thesis ends with an argument connecting law to representation as the solution to the problem of plurality.

Financial markets play a vital role in the allocation of the world’s resources. Yet financial markets are also prone to booms and busts as financial intermediaries imperfectly respond to the world around them. This thesis examines the role of financial markets in the context of climate change. It examines how financial markets are slowly, though imperfectly, moving towards addressing one of the greatest economic and scientific challenges of our century. I examine in-depth a number of areas where financial markets are operating effectively to address the challenges of climate change. I also identify those areas where market failures signal the need for further government intervention. This thesis proceeds in four substantive chapters. My approach is empirical and employs both quantitative and qualitative techniques. I first address financial market theory on the role of information in efficient market operation (Chapter 3). I then examine behaviourally how financial markets are integrating new climate-related information in investment decisions (Chapter 4). This thesis then examines the two financial markets in depth. The first is an empirical examination of how carbon markets have influenced publicly listed markets in energy stocks within Europe (Chapter 5). The second is an empirical examination of direct investment (venture capital and private equity) in clean technologies in Europe and North America (Chapter 6). Four findings emerge from this thesis: Firstly, financial market reform must begin with greater information disclosure to the market on the physical and carbon-related risks facing corporations and the community. Secondly, large asset owners (such as pension funds) should demand greater integration of long-term systemic risk considerations in their asset allocation decisions if they are to adequately respond to climate change. Thirdly, market structure appears to materially influence the operation of a carbon price signal within an energy market. This indicates further empirical research is needed by governments to examine whether carbon markets achieve their intended aims. Fourthly, the flow of direct investment (private equity) in emerging clean technologies is highly contingent on geography. The size and direction of capital flows is influenced by regulation, capital market structures, and physical environmental variables. Government must bear this in mind when formulating appropriate technology and industry policy to spur clean technology investment.