A presente dissertação busca aproximar o compliance penal ao cotidiano do profissional da medicina. Será analisada a possibilidade de o instituto, que tem por foco a pessoa jurídica, ser aplicado diretamente a pessoas físicas. As questões penais que envolvem a medicina também serão levantadas, com foco nos principais tipos penais que podem se apresentar no dia a dia do profissional. Será discutido se a adoção de normas de compliance consistiria uma assunção de culpa em caso de violação destas, e como esta implementação pode ser vista à luz da teoria da imputação objetiva. Estudaremos a teoria do erro de James Reason e os conceitos de Cultura Justa, ambos ferramentas que auxiliam na criação de normas preventivas. Forneceremos um delineamento geral dos elementos que devem, idealmente, compor o compliance para os profissionais da medicina. Analisaremos acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo, com breve apontamentos acerca do atual panorama dos processos criminais que envolvem questões médicas. A conclusão busca responder se a adoção do compliance se justifica frente a todo o analisado, e se é benéfica para os profissionais. / This work tries to approximate the criminal compliance to the medical professional\'s daily life. It analyses the possibility of applying the institute, which is focused on corporations, directly to individuals. Criminal issues involving the field of medicine will also be raised, focusing on main crimes that can arise on daily activities. We will discuss if the adoption of standards of compliance would be seem as an assumption of guilt in case of violations of those, and how this implementation can be seen in light of the Theory of Objective Imputation. We will study the errors theory of James Reason and the concepts of Just Culture, both tools that assist in the creation of preventive standards. We provide a general outline of the elements that should ideally comprise the compliance program to medical professionals. We will analyze decisions of the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo, with brief notes about the current situation of litigations involving medical issues. The conclusion seeks to answer whether the adoption of compliance methods can be justified at all, and if it is beneficial for the professionals.

A presente dissertação busca aproximar o compliance penal ao cotidiano do profissional da medicina. Será analisada a possibilidade de o instituto, que tem por foco a pessoa jurídica, ser aplicado diretamente a pessoas físicas. As questões penais que envolvem a medicina também serão levantadas, com foco nos principais tipos penais que podem se apresentar no dia a dia do profissional. Será discutido se a adoção de normas de compliance consistiria uma assunção de culpa em caso de violação destas, e como esta implementação pode ser vista à luz da teoria da imputação objetiva. Estudaremos a teoria do erro de James Reason e os conceitos de Cultura Justa, ambos ferramentas que auxiliam na criação de normas preventivas. Forneceremos um delineamento geral dos elementos que devem, idealmente, compor o compliance para os profissionais da medicina. Analisaremos acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo, com breve apontamentos acerca do atual panorama dos processos criminais que envolvem questões médicas. A conclusão busca responder se a adoção do compliance se justifica frente a todo o analisado, e se é benéfica para os profissionais. / This work tries to approximate the criminal compliance to the medical professional\'s daily life. It analyses the possibility of applying the institute, which is focused on corporations, directly to individuals. Criminal issues involving the field of medicine will also be raised, focusing on main crimes that can arise on daily activities. We will discuss if the adoption of standards of compliance would be seem as an assumption of guilt in case of violations of those, and how this implementation can be seen in light of the Theory of Objective Imputation. We will study the errors theory of James Reason and the concepts of Just Culture, both tools that assist in the creation of preventive standards. We provide a general outline of the elements that should ideally comprise the compliance program to medical professionals. We will analyze decisions of the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo, with brief notes about the current situation of litigations involving medical issues. The conclusion seeks to answer whether the adoption of compliance methods can be justified at all, and if it is beneficial for the professionals.

Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The objective of this study was to determine the environmental impact of agricultural inputs, to know if the environmental impacts of agricultural inputs have environmental costs, and to know who bears the environmental costs of agricultural inputs. Using a purposive sampling method, the researcher studied six farms from Chief Albert Luthuli Municipal area, Mpumalanga. The research design for the study was a mix of qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Data collection was from primary and secondary sources. Data was collected from the six farmers in Albert Lithulu, in addition secondary data was collected from the archives of Index Mundi, the University of Pretoria, the US EPA and the World Bank. Using a mix of correlation and regression analysis, findings from the study provided an answer to the three research objectives. Findings from the analysis of correlation and regression indicated that agricultural input (fertilizer, used in this study) does affect the environment; it causes an agricultural induced emission of greenhouse gases (nitrous oxide and methane). Furthermore, findings from analysis of potential environmental costs of environmental impacts (methane and nitrous oxide) showed that agricultural inputs have social costs for South Africa. Furthermore, the final findings in this study showed that the environmental costs from agricultural inputs are born by the victims. Consequently the study recommends additional environmental regulation to enable farmers internalise some of the environmental costs of agricultural inputs that are born by victims. Further research is suggested to determine the model that may be used to internalise environmental costs of agricultural inputs back to the farms. Key Words: farms, environmental costs, agricultural inputs, externalities

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T15:09:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tgr_thesis.pdf: 4801672 bytes, checksum: ce1d30377cfe8fad52dbfd02d55554e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T15:09:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tgr_thesis.pdf: 4801672 bytes, checksum: ce1d30377cfe8fad52dbfd02d55554e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-08 / The evolution of software service delivery has changed the way accountability is performed. The complexity related to cloud computing environments increases the difficulty in properly performing accountability, since the evidences are spread through the whole infrastructure, from different servers, in physical, virtualization and application layers. This complexity increases when the cloud federation is considered because besides the inherent complexity of the virtualized environment, the federation members may not implement the same security procedures and policies. The main objective of this thesis is to propose an accountability framework named CloudAcc, that supports audit, management, planning and billing process in federated cloud environments, increasing trust and transparency. Furthermore, CloudAcc considers the legal safeguard requirements presented in Brazilian Marco Civil da Internet. We confirm the CloudAcc effectiveness when some infrastructure elements were submitted against Denial of Service (DoS) and Brute Force attacks, and our framework was able to detect them. Facing the results obtained, we can conclude that CloudAcc contributes to the state-of-the-art once it provides the holistic vision of the cloud federated environment through the evidence collection considering the three layers, supporting audit, management, planning and billing process in federated cloud environments. / A maneira de realizar accountability tem variado à medida em que o modo de entrega de serviços de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) tem evoluído. Em ambientes de nuvem a complexidade de realizar accountability apropriadamente é alta porque as evidências devem ser coletadas considerando-se as camadas física, de virtualização e de aplicações, que estão espalhadas em diferentes servidores e elementos da infraestrutura. Esta complexidade é ampliada quando ocorre a federação das infraestruturas de nuvem porque além da complexidade inerente ao ambiente virtualizado, os membros da federação podem não ter os mesmos grupos de políticas e práticas de segurança. O principal objetivo desta tese é propor um framework de accountability, denominado CloudAcc, que suporte processos de auditoria, gerenciamento, planejamento e cobrança, em nuvens federadas, aumentando a confiança e a transparência. Além disso, o CloudAcc também considera os requisitos legais para a salvaguarda dos registros, conforme descrito no Marco Civil da Internet brasileira. A efetividade do CloudAcc foi confirmada quando alguns componentes da infraestrutura da nuvem foram submetidos a ataques de negação de serviço e de força bruta, e o framework foi capaz de detectá-los. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o CloudAcc contribui para o estado-da-arte, uma vez que fornece uma visão holística do ambiente de nuvem federada através da coleta de evidências em três camadas suportando os processos de auditoria, gerenciamento, planejamento e cobrança.

The global pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive and rapidly changing environment, defined by rigorous regulations and a constant need for new discoveries and developments. Pharmaceutical MNCs operate in a variety of legal and cultural contexts, making it crucial for them to possess a thorough understanding of local laws and customs to ensure regulatory compliance and long-term business sustainability. The combination of a strong economy, a robust research and development infrastructure, and a highly skilled workforce has positioned Sweden as an appealing destination for pharmaceutical MNCs seeking to expand their global presence. This thesis investigates the impact of Swedish labour law, specifically the Co-Determination Act (MBL) and the Employment Protection Act (LAS), on multinational pharmaceutical companies operating in Sweden. Through a qualitative study incorporating semi-structured interviews with HR directors from two leading pharmaceutical MNCs and legal experts from two corporate law firms, the study explores how these regulations influence operational strategies, decision-making processes, and human resource management practices. The findings highlight the complexities MNCs face in complying with MBL and LAS, including extended decision-making timelines and challenges with employee retention and termination due to the “last in, first out” principle. However, the study also identifies benefits such as enhanced employee morale and trust, which contribute to a positive work environment. The conclusions suggest that while these two regulations impose significant operational constraints, they also offer strategic advantages that can lead to improved employee engagement and organisational stability. While primarily focusing on the management perspective within MNCs, this study leaves the employee viewpoint unexplored. Future research could explore the employeee xperience to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of MBL and LAS. Additionally, while centred on the pharmaceutical industry, the findings may have broader implications for other industries and could pave the way for further research into how these regulations affect various industries and potentially influence foreign direct investment in Sweden. Given the limited sample size, further research with a larger and more diverse sample is also warranted to validate and generalise these results. Nevertheless, this study provides insights for new MNCs navigating the Swedish labourlaw landscape, aiding in strategic planning and decision-making.

On June 23, 2023, the Professorship for Economic Criminal Law, Compliance, and Digitalization at the University of Liechtenstein successfully continued its hybrid event series, 'Liechtenstein Talks on Economic Criminal Law.' The central theme of the fourth conference was 'Criminal Compliance,' a key focus of the professorship's research. Experts from various countries discussed relevant aspects of compliance, particularly for Liechtenstein as a financial center, through five presentations and subsequent discussions. In her opening speech, Prof. Dr. Konstantina Papathanasiou emphasized the practical significance of 'Criminal Compliance' and its growing importance in economic regulation. The conference covered a wide range of topics, from insights into the role of a compliance officer to internal investigations, compliance risk analysis, and the use of IT tools in data forensics. Papathanasiou also highlighted the recent publication of 'Corporate Criminal Law and Criminal Compliance,' available to participants in the LL.M. program in economic criminal law. The presentations delved into diverse areas, such as the role of a compliance officer in Liechtenstein's financial market, the privatization of law enforcement through internal investigations, data protection in internal investigations, compliance risk analysis, and technological innovations in internal investigations. The speakers discussed tools like whistleblower platforms and AI-supported data forensics, addressing both opportunities and challenges.