Originally presented as the author's postdoctoral Thesis--Universität Münster, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [405]-465) and index.

From an historical perspective, environmental law is an assembly of common law principles and regulatory techniques derived from public health and planning legislation. Until recently, it lacked a distinct, recognisable identity, and status. A separate discipline of ‘environmental law’ now exists which appears to have an internal coherence and to operate within a settled conceptual framework, anchored by a number of guiding principles. This development is not, though, a one-way process. There is an equally dynamic contraflow of legal disciplines claiming environmental concerns as their own, notably property and tort, company and insurance law. In a similar vein, at both European Union and national levels of government, there is a sense that the very nature of environmental problems means that environmental protection must form part of a wider range of policies and law. This thesis takes account of these recent developments by considering the contribution of environmental assessment to the development of environmental law. It examines the implementation of Council Directive 85/337 on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment' in the United Kingdom and thus the integration of a European Community method of environmental assessment alongside indigenous’ methods of environmental appraisal in the planning system. Some explanation is required, both as to the choice of subject matter, and to the methodology chosen to write this thesis.

Thesis (doctoral)--Berlin, Humboldt-Universiẗat, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 271-285).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Passau, 2006. / "Zivilrecht"--Cover. Includes bibliographical references (p. 275-290).

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities. / Department of Government and Public Administration

En tant que juge de droit commun du droit communautaire puis du droit de l'Union européenne, le Conseil d’Etat français a dû intégrer le droit communautaire puis le droit de l'Union européenne en tant que norme de référence du contrôle de conventionnalité. Pour l’aider dans cette intégration, le Conseil d’Etat dispose d’un outil : le renvoi préjudiciel.L’utilisation du renvoi préjudiciel par le Conseil d’Etat correspond à la recherche d’un équilibre fragile de partage des compétences entre la Cour de justice et le Conseil d’Etat. Le Conseil d’Etat a d’abord essayé de trouver sa place et en réalité de déterminer son rôle de juge de droit commun, il a aussi contribué à définir le rôle de juge national dans la procédure du renvoi préjudiciel. Ensuite, parce qu’il a su contribuer à définir le rôle de juge national dans le dialogue avec la Cour de justice, le Conseil d’Etat a utilisé le renvoi préjudiciel comme un outil de collaboration entre le juge national et la Cour de justice dans le but de parvenir à l’application harmonieuse du droit de l'Union européenne.Cette intégration a été lente puisqu’elle a eu pour socle un a priori négatif puis des incompréhensions entre la Cour de justice et le Conseil d’Etat puisque ces derniers n’envisageaient pas la procédure de renvoi préjudiciel sous le même angle. Si aujourd’hui, le Conseil d’Etat et la Cour de justice dialoguent dans la même direction, les divergences de conception, de perception du rôle du renvoi préjudiciel au cours des années d’échanges entre les deux juridictions ont permis que se développe un riche et constructif dialogue qui s’est révélé être bénéfique pour le droit de l'Union européenne. / As ordinary court of law of community law, then of law of the European Union, the French Council of State had to integrate community law followed by law of the European Union as reference standards of the control of conformity to a convention. In order to help in this integration, the Council of State has a tool: preliminary ruling proceedings. The use of preliminary ruling proceedings by the Council of State corresponds to the search for a delicate balance of shared competences between the Court of Justice and the Council of State. The Council of State tried at first to find its place and, in fact, to establish its role as a judge of common law. It also contributed to define the role of national judge in the preliminary ruling proceedings. Then, because it was able to contribute to define the role of the national judge in the exchange with the Court of Justice, the Council of State used preliminary ruling proceedings as a tool of understanding between the national judge and the Court of Justice in order to achieve the uniform application of Union law. This integration has been slow because at its core was a negative a priori, followed by a lack of understanding between the Court of Justice and the Council of State because the latter did not envisage preliminary ruling proceedings in the same way. If today the Council of State and the Court of Justice have entered into a dialogue in the same direction, divergences in conception, in perception of the role of the preliminary ruling proceedings during years of exchange between the two jurisdictions allowed the development of a rich and constructive dialogue, beneficial for the law of the European Union.

Kiel, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Le phénomène du religieux joue un rôle important en Europe. Le droit ecclésiastique stipule les rapports juridiques entre l’Etat et les Eglises et les Religions. L’article 9 CEDH et son développement jurisprudentiel créent les conditions d’existence d’un droit ecclésiastique européen de facto. En outre, la Déclaration 11 annexée au Traité d’Amsterdam, la Charte des Droits fondamentaux de l’Union et le Traité de Lisbonne forment les fondements d’un droit ecclésiastique de l’Union, dans la perspective d’une convergence plus avancée. La contribution de l’Eglise Orthodoxe à la construction européenne est considérée indispensable par le biais des Représentations des Eglises Orthodoxes localement établies au sein de l’Union Européenne, ainsi que de sa tradition ecclésiale. / The religious phenomenon plays an important role in Europe. The ecclesiastical law regulates the relationship between the State and the Churches/Religions. The article 9 of the ECHR and its jurisprudential development create conditions for the existence of a de facto European ecclesiastical law. In addition, the Declaration 11 annexed to the Amsterdam Treaty, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the Lisbon Treaty are the foundations of an Ecclesiastical law of the Union from the perspective of a more advanced convergence. The contribution of the Orthodox Church to the European construction is considered indispensable through representations of the locally established Orthodox Churches, within the European Union and its ecclesiastical tradition. / Το θρησκευτικό φαινόμενο παίζει ένα σημαντικό ρόλο στην Ευρώπη. Το εκκλησιαστικό δίκαιο ρυθμίζει τις σχέσεις Εκκλησιών και Θρησκειών με το κράτος. Το άρθρο 9 ΕΣΔΑ και η νομολογιακή του ανάπτυξη δημιουργούν τις δομές ύπαρξης ενός ευρωπαϊκού εκκλησιαστικού δικαίου de facto. Από την άλλη, η Δήλωση 11 της Συνθήκης του Άμστερνταμ, ο Χάρτης Θεμελιωδών δικαιωμάτων και η Συνθήκη της Λισσαβόνας διαμορφώνουν τα θεμέλια ενός Εκκλησιαστικού δικαίου της Ένωσης, υπό τη προοπτική μίας πιο προχωρημένης σύγκλησης. Η συνεισφορά της Ορθόδοξης Εκκλησίας στην οικοδομή της Ευρώπης θεωρείται απαραίτητη μέσω των αντιπροσωπειών των κατά τόπους Ορθόδοξων Εκκλησιών στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση αλλά και μέσω της εκκλησιαστική της παράδοση.

The role of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the process of direct tax integration in the European Union (EU) has been widely discussed in the academic literature, while another important actor, the European Commission, has attracted much less attention. The Commission’s input is commonly perceived to be limited to the right of legislative initiative. This study questions such an oversimplified interpretation and draws a more nuanced picture of EU tax harmonisation by integrating an analysis of the complex regulatory approaches adopted by the Commission for the establishment and smooth functioning of the Internal Market. It is argued that the past decade brought a notable change in the Court-dominated pattern of direct tax integration. This change is apparent first in the evolution of enforcement strategies under Articles 258 and 260 TFEU; and second, in the increased reliance upon non-binding regulatory measures. Both developments have strengthened the role of the Commission, supplying it with more possibilities for influencing national direct tax systems, despite the reluctance of Member States to agree upon legislative harmonisation. Against this background, the procedural and substantive problems associated with these instruments require closer examination. The normative scope of this research covers the key procedural problems related to the infringement procedure and non-binding regulatory measures. The empirical component explores the Commission’s enforcement and coordination practices, drawing particular attention to two case studies: the tax treatment of losses in cross-border situations and exit taxation. Following the analysis of enforcement and coordination in the field of direct taxation, the study argues the need and proposes potential solutions for (i) the developing of a more comprehensive procedural framework for the infringement procedure and non-binding regulatory acts; (ii) the strengthening of accountability mechanisms; and (iii) the enhancing of the effectiveness of their application.

A Corruption is perceived as a threat of the economical and political stability worldwide therefore a lot of anti-corruption steps are taken and the priority is given to international cooperation. To minimize the potential risk of corruption it is necessary to interconnect the systems of anti-corruption fight. In my thesis, the stress is put on the link between the law regulation of European Union and law regulations of member states aiming the Czech Republic measures. The anti-corruption legal framework set by the European Union has the preventive and represive character and it gives to every member state a space for its own anti-corruption iniciative to make the whole anti-corruption system more effective. The thesis is focused on criminal law, but there is also mentioned other areas of law as well as the relevant EU organizations and authorities. In the end I give specific results and recommendations.