To supervise the executive authorities to strengthen their public services and to deal with pleading cases effectively, The Executive Yuan promulgated ¡§the executive authorities dealing with pleading cases major points¡¨ in 1973 which was following amended in 1984, 1995. Nevertheless, while the ¡§Administrative Procedure Act¡¨ (APA) announced in 1999, this essentials was found its inconsistent with Article 150 ¡¨ the content of regulations and orders should stipulate the basis of its legal authority, and shall not exceed the scope authorized by law and the spirit of the legislation¡¨ and Article 15, Section 1, Paragraph 2 ¡§any regulation and order without authorized by law and deprive or limit people¡¦s freedoms and rights is void". In APA Article 174-1 "before implementation of this Law, the executive authorities according to the Central Regulation Standard Act: those have to be regulated by law or stipulate its legal authority shall be modified or specified by mandated regulations or stipulate its legal authority within two years after the implementation of this Act; overdue failure¡¨ and Article 175 ¡§the implementation of this Act (APA) starts from 1 Jan, 2001¡¨. Thus, according to the APA Article 170, Section 1, the Executive Yuan re-amended the 1973¡¦s ¡§the executive authorities dealing with pleading cases major points¡¨ to ¡§the Executive Yuan and its organs dealing with people¡¦s pleading cases major points¡¨, subtitle with ¡§All level authorities affiliated to Executive Yuan provide services for the people major points¡¨ in May 25, 2000. The APA has been implemented since 1 Jan, 2001. There is chapter 7 ¡§Pleading¡¨ is related with people¡¦s petition and its legalization. The appropriateness of pleading law making process is examined herein by the basic methods of administrative law, namely, the five major frameworks, including administrative principles, administrative organization, limitation of administrative power, administrative relief, and administrative supervision from every respect and viewpoint. Furthermore, practical implementation and suggestions for regulations and actions concerning executive authorities to deal with pleading cases are provided to achieve the goals of protecting people¡¦s right and maintaining social orders as well.

<p>Oвa диcepтaциje ce бaви законодавнoм функцијoм паpламентa и њeгoвим<br />oднocoм ca дpyгим кoнкpeтним инcтитyциjaмa, кoje пpeyзимajy oд парламента<br />пoвjepeнe мy надлежности, yзpoкyjyjyћи њeгoвy мapгинaлизaциjy. Oвaj пpoцec ниje<br />нoв, aли пocтaje cвe комплeкcниjи. Нa почeткy cy тo билe влaдa и политичке<br />партије, aли ce вpeмeнoм бpoj cyбjeкaтa кojи yгpoжaвajy законодавнy надлежност<br />паpламентa пoвeћaвao. У oвoм кoнкpeтнoм питaњy, парламент ce cyoчaвa ca<br />oзбиљним изaзoвимa, диjeлeћи надлежност joш и ca шeфoм дpжaвe, ycтaвним<br />cyдoм, нeзaвиcним peгyлaтopим тиjeлимa. Нaжaлocт, тy ниje кpaj. Пpoцec<br />eвpoпcкиx интeгpaциja, кpoз eвpoпcкy лeгиcлaтивy, кpeиpao je jeднy нoвy oблacт<br />законодавнe дjeлaтнocти изyзeтe oд надлежности нaциoнaлниx парламенaта.<br />Cнaжнe и вeoмa диcциплинoвaнe политичке партије дoминиpajy, нe caмo<br />политичким пpoцecимa, вeћ и кoмплeтним парламентарним пpoцeдypaмa и њиxoв<br />нapacтajyћи yтицaj yгpoжaвa пoдjeлy влacти кojy ycпocтaвљa ycтaв и пpoyзpoкyje<br />прoблeме y фyнкциoниcaњy парламентa yoпштe. C oбзиpoм нa њиxoв знaчaj, oнe cy<br />y oвoм paдy aнaлизиpaнe кao нeпocpeдни aктep, aли и индиpeктнo, кao чинилaц кojи<br />кoнтpoлишe oдpeђeнe инcтитyциje кoje yгpoжaвajy законодавнy надлежност<br />парламента.<br />Знaчaj диcepтaциje oглeдa ce y тoмe штo oвoj пpoблeмaтици дo caдa ниje<br />пocвeћeнa пyнa пaжњa, кoja yкљyчyje пpoцec eвpoпcкиx интeгpaциja и нeзaвиcниx<br />peгyлaтopниx тиjeлa. Зaкљyчaк кojи cмo дoниjeли нaкoн иcтpaживaњa je дa<br />oчиглeднo пocтojи пoтpeбa за парламентарнoм peфopмoм коja ћe yчинити<br />законодавни пocтyпaк eфикacниjим, a законодавнo тиjeлo cнaжниjим. Гeнepaлнo,<br />cмaтpaмo дa je нeoпxoднo cнaжeњe тpaдициoнaлнe пoдjeлe влacти. Диcepтaциja<br />тaкoђe пpeдлaжe cпeцифичнa кoнкpeтнa pjeшeњa y кoнтeкcтy peфopмe<br />законодавнoг пocтyпкa.</p> / <p>Ova diceptacije ce bavi zakonodavnom funkcijom paplamenta i njegovim<br />odnocom ca dpygim konkpetnim inctitycijama, koje ppeyzimajy od parlamenta<br />povjepene my nadležnosti, yzpokyjyjyći njegovy mapginalizacijy. Ovaj ppocec nije<br />nov, ali poctaje cve komplekcniji. Na početky cy to bile vlada i političke<br />partije, ali ce vpemenom bpoj cybjekata koji ygpožavajy zakonodavny nadležnost<br />paplamenta povećavao. U ovom konkpetnom pitanjy, parlament ce cyočava ca<br />ozbiljnim izazovima, dijeleći nadležnost još i ca šefom dpžave, yctavnim<br />cydom, nezavicnim pegylatopim tijelima. Nažaloct, ty nije kpaj. Ppocec<br />evpopckix integpacija, kpoz evpopcky legiclativy, kpeipao je jedny novy oblact<br />zakonodavne djelatnocti izyzete od nadležnosti nacionalnix parlamenata.<br />Cnažne i veoma dicciplinovane političke partije dominipajy, ne camo<br />političkim ppocecima, već i kompletnim parlamentarnim ppocedypama i njixov<br />napactajyći yticaj ygpožava podjely vlacti kojy ycpoctavlja yctav i ppoyzpokyje<br />probleme y fynkcionicanjy parlamenta yopšte. C obzipom na njixov značaj, one cy<br />y ovom pady analizipane kao nepocpedni aktep, ali i indipektno, kao činilac koji<br />kontpoliše odpeđene inctitycije koje ygpožavajy zakonodavny nadležnost<br />parlamenta.<br />Značaj diceptacije ogleda ce y tome što ovoj ppoblematici do cada nije<br />pocvećena pyna pažnja, koja ykljyčyje ppocec evpopckix integpacija i nezavicnix<br />pegylatopnix tijela. Zakljyčak koji cmo donijeli nakon ictpaživanja je da<br />očigledno poctoji potpeba za parlamentarnom pefopmom koja će yčiniti<br />zakonodavni poctypak efikacnijim, a zakonodavno tijelo cnažnijim. Genepalno,<br />cmatpamo da je neopxodno cnaženje tpadicionalne podjele vlacti. Diceptacija<br />takođe ppedlaže cpecifična konkpetna pješenja y kontekcty pefopme<br />zakonodavnog poctypka.</p> / <p>This dissertation is dealing with legislative parliament function and its relation<br />with other particular institutions that take away stipulated powers from parliament<br />causing his marginalization. This process is not new but it‟s become more complex to<br />deal with. In the beginning there was government and political parties, but during the<br />time, number of actors that threaten the legislative competence of parliament increased.<br />On this particular issue, modern parliament facing difficult challenges, sharing his<br />competence with head of the state, constitutional court, independent regulatory agencies.<br />Unfortunatelly, that is not the end. EU integration process, through the European<br />legislation, creates new area of legislative activity excluded from the national<br />parliaments.<br />Strong and highly disciplined political parties are dominating not only political<br />process but whole parliamentary procedures, and its increasing influence causes further<br />damage to separation of powers that constitution establishes and harms parliament<br />particulary. Considering their impact in this process, they are studied in this work<br />directly, and indirectly &ndash; as an acter that control other particular institutions which<br />threaten legislative competence of parliament.<br />The importance of the dissertation is reflected in the fact that this issue does not<br />have full attention including EU integration process, indepedent regulatory bodies. The<br />conslusion that we made after the research is that obviously there is a need for<br />parliamentary reform which will make law-making process more efficient, and legislative<br />body stronger. Basically, we find it necessary strengthening of the traditional separation<br />of powers. Dissertation also proposes specific solutions in the context of the law-making<br />process reform.</p>

La démocratie est généralement abordée par la doctrine en droit international comme une valeur politique ayant des influences plus ou moins importantes sur le droit international depuis la fin de la Guerre Froide. Cette étude traite la démocratie comme étant l’expression d’une obligation internationale adressée aux États pour mettre en place un système politique basé sur des élections libres et honnêtes, le respect des droits politiques et l’instauration d’un État de droit. Ce trépied forme les éléments constitutifs de l’obligation démocratique et lui donne une structure composite. L’approche choisie part de l’étude du cycle de vie de cette obligation en droit international qui comprend deux phases principales : le processus de formation de l’obligation démocratique et les effets qu’elle génère.S’agissant du processus de formation, il inclut plusieurs étapes allant de la gestation de l’obligation démocratique jusqu'à sa formalisation par les modes formels de production des normes en droit international. En effet, cette obligation n’a pas pris forme dans l’ordre juridique international soudainement tel le Big Bang, mais a suivi une évolution déterminée.En ce qui concerne les effets générés par l’obligation démocratique, ils ont une double nature : directs et indirects. Les premiers sont normativement attachés à l’obligation dans le sens qu’ils créent un devoir juridique à la charge des États pour mettre en place un gouvernement démocratique et déclenchent la mise en œuvre de la responsabilité internationale de ceux qui ne s’y conformeraient pas. Les seconds sont d’ordre systémique et assurent l’applicabilité sociale de l’obligation démocratique en influant sur les dimensions institutionnelle et relationnelle de la société internationale. / Since the end of the Cold War, the mainstream scholars approach democracy as a political value which influences international law. This study analyses democracy as the content of an international obligation addressed to States to establish a political system based on free and fair elections, respect of political rights and the establishment of the rule of law. This tripod forms the constituent elements of the democratic obligation and gives it a composite structure. The chosen approach starts from the study of the obligation life cycle in international law, which comprises two main phases: the law-making process of the democratic obligation and its effects.The law-making process includes several stages ranging from the gestation of the democratic obligation to its formalization by the formal modes of production of norms in international law. Indeed, this obligation did not take form in the international legal order suddenly and similar to the Big Bang, but rather it followed a determined evolution.As for the effects generated by the democratic obligation, they have a dual nature: direct and indirect. The direct effects are normatively attached to the obligation in the sense that they create a legal duty addressed to States to establish a democratic government and trigger the implementation of the international responsibility of those who do not comply with it. The indirect effects have a systemic nature and ensure the social applicability of the democratic obligation by influencing the institutional and relational dimensions of international society.