L’homéostasie du fer est régulée par l’hepcidine, peptide hyposidérémiant d’origine essentiellement hépatique, qui agit par inhibition de l’absorption intestinale du fer et de son recyclage par les macrophages. Ce travail propose de mettre en évidence l’intérêt d’une approche du rôle et de la régulation de l’hepcidine en pathologie, à partir de sa quantification dans la circulation. Après une mise point du dosage par spectrométrie de masse en tandem et une validation dans des modèles pathologiques chez l’homme et la souris, nous avons étudié les anomalies du métabolisme du fer dans plusieurs pathologies. Dans un modèle murin d’obésité, nous avons montré qu’une augmentation de l’hepcidine circulante due à la contribution du tissu adipeux permet d’expliquer les phénotypes décrits chez l’homme, une carence martiale et/ou une surcharge en fer, tout en ouvrant la perspective d’une nouvelle voie de régulation. Cependant une diminution de l’absorption intestinale en fer serait en partie indépendante de l’hepcidine. Chez des patients atteints de maladie de Gaucher, l’absence de modulation de l’hepcidine sérique, malgré une hyperferritinémie fréquemment observée, a révélé une séquestration locale de fer. Enfin, la variation des taux d’hepcidine sérique dans un modèle murin d’hémolyse chronique selon le fond génétique a permis d’illustrer l’impact de l’hepcidine circulante sur le phénotype de surcharge martiale. Au travers de ces différentes applications nous avons montré comment la quantification de l’hepcidine sérique peut aider à la compréhension d’anomalies de l’homéostasie du fer chez l’homme et l’animal. / Iron homeostasis is regulated by hepcidin, a negative iron regulator peptide, mainly produced by hepatocytes, which acts by inhibiting the intestinal iron absorption and its recycling by macrophages. This work proposes to highlight the interest of approach to the role and regulation of hepcidin in pathology, from its quantification in blood. After developing a tandem mass spectrometry assay and validating it in human and mice disease patterns, we studied iron metabolism disorders in several pathologies. In a mouse model of obesity, we showed that an increase of circulating hepcidin due to the adipose tissue contribution helps explaining phenotypes described in humans, iron deficiency and / or iron overload, while opening the prospect of a new regulatory pathway. However a decrease in intestinal iron absorption is partly independent of hepcidin. In Gaucher disease patients, the absence of modulation in serum hepcidin despite frequently high ferritinemia observed, revealed a local iron sequestration. Finally, the change in serum hepcidin levels in a chronic hemolysis mouse model, according to the genetic background, has illustrated the impact of circulating hepcidin on iron overload phenotype. Through these different applications we showed how quantification of serum hepcidin may help understanding iron homeostasis abnormalities in humans and animals.

Les analogues de nucléosides représentent une famille thérapeutique très largement utilisée en cancérologie dans le traitement des hémopathies malignes et autres cancers. Leur implication sur les variations des pools des nucléotides endogènes a été largement décrite et a constitué le point de départ de ce travail. C’est dans le but d’étudier ces variations que nous avons développé une méthode de dosage sensible et spécifique des ribonucléotides et désoxyribonucléotides physiologiques intracellulaires. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire nous avons réalisé une revue de la bibliographie sur les méthodes de dosage décrites dans la littérature puis nous avons détaillé le métabolisme des nucléotides endogènes et de leurs analogues. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons la validation de notre méthode de dosage et l’application à l’étude des variations des pools endogènes de ribonucléotides et désoxyribonucléotides dans différents modèles cellulaires : lignées résistantes versus lignées parentales et lignées traitées versus lignées non traitées. Les résultats obtenus sur les cellules montrent que notre méthode de dosage permet d’étudier l’impact des analogues nucleosidiques sur les pools endogènes de nucléotides mais aussi les dosages des dérivés phosphates de ces nucléosides / Nucleoside analogues constitute family of drugs widely used in cancer therapeutic for the treatment of malignancy hemopathies and several type of cancer. Numerous studies described their action on the variation of endogen nucleotide pools. This constitutes the point of starting of the present work. A sensible and specific assay for the quantification of intracellular ribonucleotides and désoxyribonucleotides was developed. In the first part, a review concerning the analytical methods published is presented. We also focused on the metabolism of endogen nucleotides and their analogues. In the second part, our method for the quantification of endogen nucleotides and désoxynucleotides is presented from different cellular models: resistant cell lines versus wild type lines, treated cells with analogues versus untreated cells. Results obtain from the cells lines studied show that our analytical method allows to study the impact of nucleoside analogues on endogenous nucleotides, but also the quantification of the phosphate derivatives of these analogues

This study examined the interaction of model cationic, neutral and anionic endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (EDC/PPCPs) with bulk and fractionated freshwater and waste water dissolved organic matter (DOM). The chemical composition of the freshwater DOM (Suwannee River, GA, SROM) proved to be rich in plant-derived hydrophobic aromatics, while the wastewater DOM (WWOM) contained a greater proportion of microbial biomolecular products, presumably resulting mainly from human waste. Studies focused on the fluorescence quenching of excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) of WWOM indicated that interaction with bis-phenol A (BPA), carbamazepine (CBZ), and ibuprofen (IBU) occurred preferentially with soluble protein-like and fulvic acid-like constituents. However, upon introduction to bulk SROM, BPA and CBZ were observed to quench humic acid-like regions of the EEMs, while negatively charged ibuprofen preferentially quenched the protein-like and fulvic acid components irrespective of DOM source and/or fraction. Despite this evidence of EDC/PPCP interactions with both DOM types, the strength of bonds formed was generally not sufficient to preclude full recovery and quantification of all three contaminants by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). An important exception, however, was for the hydrophilic acid fraction (HiA) of both DOM types, whose apparent bonding to cationic CBZ and anionic IBU significantly diminished LC-MSMS recovery. Thus, water sources rich in HiA character might produce a concentration underestimation of ionized EDC/PPCPs even with the use of sophisticated instruments such as LC-MSMS.The results of this research are consistent with the evolving ""supramolecular"" theory of natural organic matter, which postulates that organic matter itself is comprised of fragments of partially degraded biomolecules that are aggregated into ""supramolecular"" structures of apparent higher molar mass via relatively weak electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals interaction. Our findings suggest that EDC/PPCP contaminants, which comprise many of the same functional groups as waste water and freshwater DOM, may be incorporated into such DOM supramolecular structures, likely via the same types of intermolecular bonding, when they are present in natural waters under environmentally-relevant conditions.

Orientador: Ulisses Rocha Antuniassi / Resumo: A aplicação de fungicidas com ação sítio específico aliado aos multissítios ou protetores tem sido a principal estratégia para o controle químico da ferrugem asiática da soja. Apesar da alta eficiência dessas misturas, os fungicidas associados a ela podem estar susceptíveis a remoção pela água da chuva, uma vez que as aplicações para o controle da doença coincidem com período de maior precipitação nas lavouras brasileiras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a resistência à remoção pela chuva de trifloxistrobina associada a fungicidas protetores em plantas de soja expostas à chuva simulada em intervalos de tempo sucessivos após a aplicação. O trabalho foi realizado em condição de casa de vegetação na estação experimental da Fundação Mato Grosso em Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Foi utilizado o esquema fatorial 4x4 (caldas fungicidas x intervalo de tempo entre a aplicação e a chuva simulada) e o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foi avaliado o fungicida trifloxistrobina aplicado isoladamente e em mistura com um dos fungicidas protetores: mancozebe, oxicloreto de cobre e clorotalonil. Foi adicionado óleo metilado de soja (0,25%) às caldas. Cada planta tratada foi submetida à chuva, em exposição única, a um determinado intervalo de tempo: 0, 60, 180 e 360 minutos após a aplicação. O equipamento utilizado para aplicação dos tratamentos trata-se de um simulador de pulverização e chuva portátil sob trilhos desenvolvido pelo labora... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The application of fungicides with specific site action combined with multisite or protectors has been the main strategy for the chemical control of Asian soybean rust. Despite the high efficiency of these mixtures, the fungicides associated with it may be susceptible to removal by rainwater, since the applications for the control of the disease coincide with a period of greater precipitation in Brazilian crops. The objective of this work was to determine the resistance to rain removal of trifloxystrobin associated with protective fungicides in soybean plants exposed to simulated rain at successive time intervals after application. The work was carried out in a greenhouse condition at the Mato Grosso Foundation experimental station in Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The 4x4 factorial scheme (fungicide spray solutions x time interval between application and simulated rain) was used and the experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. The fungicide trifloxystrobin applied alone and mixed with one of the protective fungicides was evaluated: mancozebe, copper oxychloride and chlorothalonil. Methylated soybean oil (0.25%) was added to the spray solutions. Each treated plant was subjected to rain, in a single exposure, for a certain time interval: 0, 60, 180 and 360 minutes after application. The equipment used to apply the treatments is a spray simulator and portable rain under rails developed by the FCA / UNESP spray machines laboratory. The solutions f... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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