Bibliography: pages 284-306. / Risk factors for lead exposure among children in South Africa have not been well documented. This study elucidated important factors which co-vary with lead in increasing children's risk of exposure. Two study designs were used. First, a cross-sectional analytical study involving first grade school children was executed. Venous blood samples from children were analysed for lead using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In addition other haematological and anthropometric measurements were conducted. A pre-tested questionnaire administered to parents identified risk factors for lead exposure. Statistical analyses, including log-linear models, were used to determine the relationships between biological, environmental, social factors and blood lead. In an environmental study, daily air and dust samples were collected over a year from several sites in the study area, contemporaneously with the blood and questionnaire surveys. Spatial and temporal variations in atmospheric lead were determined. In stage two a case control study was carried out to determine whether risk factors for lead exposure differed among cases (blood lead ≥ 24 ug/dl) and controls (blood lead ≤ 14 ug/dl). Levels of lead in air, water, paint and dust samples from children's homes were determined and the state of housing evaluated. Home interviews were conducted with parents to assess the role of economic, demographic, cultural, and behavioural factors in increasing children's risk. 13% of coloured children, but no white children were identified with blood lead levels ≥ 25 ug/dl. Air lead levels ranged from< 0.5 ug/m³ to> 1.5 ug/m³ and dust lead levels from< 550 ppm to> 3 000 ppm. Environmental lead levels were significantly elevated near heavy traffic, particularly during winter months. Baseline exposure was of significance in influencing blood lead levels of children attending schools in direct proximity to heavy traffic, where blood lead levels were elevated. In cases, direct inhalation of aerosols, and ingestion of lead in water were not found to be important risk factors. Hand contamination and mouthing were associated with increased risk. Sources of elevated lead were found in the homes of both cases and controls, but were not accessible in the homes of controls. A conceptual framework for lead exposure in children is proposed, to illustrate how social and environmental factors may act to increase risk. The results have implications for primary and secondary prevention strategies aimed at the community.

Thesis (M. Med. Sc.)--University of Queensland, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Michigan, 1939. / Cover title. "Reprinted from the Proceedings of the seventh Spectroscopic conference [1939. Pub. 1940]."

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 56 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-45).

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Helsinki, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-101).

No description available.

A dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Diploma in Technology: Homoeopathy, TechniKon Natal, Durban, 1994. / This study contains a review of the major recognizable Industrial problem of chronic lead toxicity. Lead poisoning has been recognized for thousands of years, dating beclt to the Roman Empire. Today, Industries In South Africa and worldwide struggle to maintain low blood lead levels In their employees and companies have to abide by regulations to ensure they ere doing all that Is In their power. Cooltson Chemicals (Pty) Limited, In Durban, which has a factory which produces lead based chemicals, was approached with regard to treating the workers exposed to the lead dust and fumes with Homoeopathlc Slmlllimum. This Individualistic Homoeopathlc treatment depends on the person's symptoms and signs on a physical, mental and emotional level, and by treating the person as a whole, the excretion of toxic lead occurs. Thus lower lead levels result. According to Herneeepetntc methodology, It Is the sum of all the symptoms and signs In each Individual ease of a disease that Is the main pointer In the choice of the remedy. This Is where despite many complaining of a slmillar condition, or suffering from a common complaint, different Homoeopathlc remedies may be prescribed. Lower blood lead levels result In fewer retrenchments as once a factory employee continually presents with excessively high blood lead levels, he risks losing his Job. A sample group of twenty volunteers was obtained from this factory and each werker tooit his prescribed medication and had blood and urine tests talten at regular Intervals over five months. The precise methodology and the consequent results are explained In this paper. The results were analysed using the computer program, SGPLUS,to obtain summary statistics. The blood lead results were subjected to The Wilcoxon Signed RankTest to determine the 11kreasesand decreases In the levels over the monitoring period. Due to sample size and the presence to only one group In the research, the remaining results were from visual observation. Based on the problems encountered during this study, recommendations are made If further research Is to be done along similar guidelines. A final conclusion closes the study. The urine porphyrin tests are not a true Indicator of lead metabolism or excretion and these results are therefore not valid. A slight change did occur In the blood lead levels as Is discussed. A great deal of progress remains to be made with the aim of lowering blood lead levels In lead-exposed factory workers. Homoeopathy has the potential to alleviate this serious problem of chronic lead toxicity. Further research could provide Industry with the answer. Presently the emphasis Is on prevention of excessively high blood lead levels with only removal from exposure as the last possible means of alleviating the problem. If a method to solving lead toxicity In the Industrial sphere can be found, It has numerous possibilities In nonIndustry. Thus an opening exists for Homoeopathy. / M

Orientador: Carlos Alan Candido Dias Junior / Banca: Alaor Aparecido Almeida / Banca: José Eduardo Tanus dos Santos / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi investigado a participação de MMP's na intoxicação aguda por chumbo, bem como se a doxiciclina reverte a hipertensão induzida pelo chumbo e a alteração dos níveis plasmáticos de CGRP- (peptídeo relacionado ao gene da calcitonina), adrenomedulina ou endotelina após hipertensão induzida pelo chumbo. Utilizamos 40 ratos machos Wistar adultos jovens (pesando 200g). Grupo Pb (n=12) foi intoxicado com acetato de chumbo (1ª dose 8 μg /100g do rato, e subsequentes doses 0.1μg/100g intra-peritoneal para cobrir a perda diária, durante sete dias) e tratados com doxiciclina 30mg/kg/dia do rato (Pb+Doxy = 12) via oral uma vez ao dia. Grupo controle (n=8) recebeu acetato de sódio para oferecer quantidade equimolar de moléculas de acetato do grupo Pb. Grupo controle também foi tratado com doxiciclina (Grupo Doxy, n=8). Todos os tratamentos foram realizados por sete dias. A concentração em chumbo em sangue total foi determinada em forno de grafite por espectrometria de absorção atômica. Concentrações plasmáticas de adrenomedulina, CGRP, endotelina e MMP-2 foram avaliadas usando kits comerciais de imunoensaio enzimático (ELISA). O comitê de ética institucional (protocolo nº 458/2013) aprovou todos os experimentos. Houve aumento na pressão sistólica (grupo Pb 167 ± mmHg vs. 142 ± 2 ou 143 ± 3 mmHg no grupo controle) (P<0.05), entretanto, doxiciclina mostrou diminuir valores (137 ± 3 mmHg no grupo Pb+Doxy). A concentração de chumbo no sangue foi significativamente aumentada em ambos os grupos intoxicados (Pb e Pb + Doxy) que apresentou 10μg/dL (± 1,0) vs. 2,0 μg/dL (± 1,0) em grupos não intoxicados (grupos Controle ou Doxy). Doxiciclina reverteu a redução de 45% nos níveis de adrenomedulina induzido pelo chumbo (grupo Pb apresentou 0.43 (± 0,2) vs. 1.0 pg/mL (± 0,2) em grupo Pb+Doxy). Não observamos mudança nos níveis plasmáticos de CGRP, endotelina e MMP-2. Sugerimos que a hipertensão... / Abstract: In this work was investigated the participation of MMP's in acute lead intoxication, as well as if doxycycline reverses the lead-induced hypertension,and whether there arechanges in CGRP (calcitonin gene related peptide),adrenomedullin or endothelinplasma levels afterlead-induced hypertension.40 Wistar young adult male rats(weighting 200g) were used. Pb group (n=12) was intoxicated with lead acetate (1st dose 8μg/100g of body weight, and subsequent doses 0.10 μg/100g, intra-peritoneal to cover daily loss, during seven days) and treated with doxycycline (30mg/kg of body weight) (Pb+Doxy group, = 12) or saline (Pb group, = 12) by gavage, once a day. Control groups (n=8) received sodium acetate in order to offer the same amount of acetate molecules asPb group. Control group was also treated with doxycycline (Doxy group, n=8). All treatments were performed for seven days. Lead concentrations in whole blood were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Plasma adrenomedullin, CGRP, endothelin and MMP-2 concentrations were evaluated using commercials enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) kits. All experiments were approved by the Institution ethics committee (protocol nº 458/2013). There was an increase (P<0.05) in the systolic blood pressure of Pb group (167 mmHg vs. 142 ± 2 ou 143± 3 mmHg in Control group), however, doxycycline showed a decrease in these values (137± mmHg in Pb+Doxy group). The lead concentrations in blood were significantly increased in both intoxicated groups (Pb and Pb+Doxy groups) which presented 10μg/dL±1,0 μg/dLvs. 2μg/dL±1,0 μg/dL, in non-intoxicated groups (Saline or Doxy groups). Doxycycline reversed the reduction of 45% in the levels ofadrenomedullin induced by lead (Pb group presented 0.43 pg/mL vs. 1.0 pg/mL in Pb+Doxy group). We did not observe changes in the plasmatic levels of CGRP, endothelin and MMP-2.We suggest that hypertension induced by lead exposure (8 μg/100g ... / Mestre

Thesis ( Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-246). Also available via World Wide Web.