Although much progress has been made in the United States, childhood lead poisoning remains a critical environmental health problem. Lead causes many problems such as learning disabilities, coma, and even death. Many studies have focused on these problems in the last three decades, but Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has only been employed since the 1990s. In addition, no research has examined the differences among the models based on the different geographic locations and size of cities. In this study, screening results of childhood lead levels in Indiana are evaluated based on a census tract geography. The relationship between the number of children less than six years old with elevated Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) and social-economic factors such as percentage of children in poverty and age of housing stock are examined for selected urban areas in Indiana. Stepwise and backward elimination are used to choose the independent variables and least squares regression methods are used to build evaluation models according to the location and size of urban areas in Indiana. Finally, a comparison is made among these models to examine whether there is any difference according to city size and location, and whether a state level model would be suitable for the selected urban areas. The results show that backward elimination is a better way to select the independent variables in most of the models. The census tracts with high value of residuals are located in the outer periphery of most urban areas. For some models, the residuals are lower in the census tracts with a high ratio of children screened. The results also manifest that some of the same parameters exist in the models of the same urban size or location in Indiana and geographic factors could be potential elements in building model for children’s EBLLs. None of the models have exactly the same parameters. In addition, the comparison shows that the state model is not as accurate as the urban area models. How to balance the weakness of both state model and urban area model could be an extension for further study. / Department of Geography

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Dept. of Anthropology, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Rhode Island, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-159).

Thesis (M.A.)--Northern Kentucky University, 2006. / Made available through ProQuest. Publication number: AAT 1437768. ProQuest document ID: 1203575531. Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-78)

Orientador: Tânia Gracy Martins do Valle / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Merighi Tabaquim / Banca: José Gualberto Tuga Martins Angerami / Resumo: A intoxicação por chumbo é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento das crianças, sendo potencializada por outras variáveis ambientais e sociais como: alimentação inadequada, pobreza, baixa renda e qualidade da estimulação e interação fornecidas pelos pais e escola. Isso posto, o presente estudo tem por objetivo geral comparar o desempenho intelectual de crianças com alta e baixa plumbemia com os estilos parentais nas respectivas interações com os filhos. Para isso, foi utilizada a Escala Wechsler de Inteligência - WISC-III; Roteiro de Anammese e o IEP (Inventário de Estilos Parentais). Este estudo foi realizado com 80 participantes - 40 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 e 13 anos; e 40 pais (pai e mãe), todos moradores da área de risco próximo ao local de contaminação. As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos: G1 - 20 crianças com alta plumbemia (superior a 10μg/dl); e G2 - 20 crianças com baixa plumbemia (inferior a 10μ/dl). Com as informações coletadas, procedeu-se a análise estatística com Teste do Mann Whitney, com 5% de significância. Os resultados foram apresentados de forma a contemplar cinco conjuntos de dados: I) Caracterização das crianças com alta plumbemia; II) Dados anamnésicos; III) WISC-III; IV) IEP - Inventário de Estilos Parentais e V) Comparação entre o WISC-III com o IEP. A análise dos dados apontou redução da plumbemia nas crianças entre os anos de 2002 e 2005. Para as crianças com alta plumbemia os pais relataram maior número de queixa escolar, problemas de saúde, socialização e motor, embora sem significância estatística entre os grupos. Nos itens avaliados pelo WISC-III, o desempenho do Grupo I foi menor que o do Grupo 2. Na Escala de Execução o desempenho dos dois grupos foi menor que para a escala Verbal, com diferença estatística entre os grupos em: QIE (0,001) e QIOP (0,04)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The lead poisoning cause impairment to the children's development, being strenghten by other environmental and social variables, as inadequate feeding, poverty, low income and quality of the stimulation and interaction supplied by the parents and school. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the children's intellectual development with high and low blood lead level with the parenting styles in the respective interactions with these children. In order to accomplish this study were used - WISC-III; Anamnese's Script and IEP (Parenting Styles's Inventory), in which all of the 80 participants - 40 children, of both sexes, with ages among 7 to 13 years old, and 40 parents (father or mother), lived in the risk's area, next to the contamination place. The children were divided into two groups: G1-20 children with blood lead level above 10μg/dl; and G2 - 20 children with blood lead level lower than 10μg/dl. With the collected information, the statistical analysis was preceded with Mann Whitney's test, with 5%. The results were presented in way to contemplate five groups of data: I) the children's Characterization with plumbemia; II) Anamnese's Script Date; III) WISC-III; IV) IEP - Parenting Styles's Inventory I and V) Comparison between WISC-III IEP. The analyzed data's showed a reduction of the bllod lead level in children between 2002 and 2005. For the children blood lead level the parents related a larger number of school complaints, health problems, socialization and less motor development, although without statistical difference between the groups. In the items evaluated by WISC-III, the development of Group 1 was smaller than Group 2. In the Scale of Execution the development for both groups were lower than the Verbal Scale, with statistical difference between the groups in: QIE (0,001) and QIOP (0,04). In the Parenting Styles... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gaspar_af_dr_botfm.pdf: 479621 bytes, checksum: c410da6a3836e0f572669f507194c3d0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A exposição ao chumbo (Pb) exerce papel relevante no desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial. Sabe-se que as vias NO/GMPc e AMPc e a Na+-K+ ATPase participam na modulação do tono e da contratilidade do músculo liso vascular. Investigou-se as alterações de pressão arterial (PA) e de reatividade vascular à acetilcolina, ao nitroprussiato e ao isoproterenol, bem como a atividade funcional da Na+/K+ ATPase vascular de ratos recém-desmamados e adultos expostos ou não ao Pb nos períodos pré-natal e de amamentação, com enfoque sobre a célula endotelial. Para tanto, curvas concentração-efeito à acetilcolina, nitroprussiato, isoproterenol e potássio foram obtidas em anéis de aorta torácica com e sem endotélio de ratos recém-desmamados e adultos expostos ao chumbo durante a prenhez e amamentação. A exposição perinatal ao Pb determinou hipertensão arterial em proles recém-desmamadas [PA (mmHg): controle 107,1 ± 1,8; Pb 117,8* ± 3,9] e proles adultas [PA (mmHg): controle 126,1 ± 1,1; Pb 139,6* ± 1,6], associada a uma diminuição de sensibilidade ao K+ [CE50 (M): controle 1,93 (1,67 – 2,22); Pb 2,58*(2,14 – 3,11)]. *P < 0,05, n= 6-20. Contudo, nenhuma alteração do relaxamento induzido pelos demais agentes vasodilatadores foi observada. Esses dados sugerem que a hipertensão arterial induzida pela exposição perinatal ao Pb acontece independentemente de alterações nas vias de transdução para a vasodilatação NO/GMPc e b-adrenoceptor/AMPc. Ainda, uma diminuição na modulação endotelial... / Exposure to lead (Pb) has a role in the development of hypertension. It is known that the NO/cGMP and cAMP pathways and Na+-K+ ATPase are involved in the modulation of tone and contractility of vascular smooth muscle. It was investigated the changes in blood pressure (BP) and vascular reactivity to acetylcholine, nitroprusside and isoproterenol, as well as the functional activity of vascular Na+/K+ ATPase of weaned and adult rats exposed or not to Pb during pregnancy and lactation, focusing on the endothelial cell. Concentration-effect curves to acetylcholine, nitroprusside, isoproterenol and potassium were obtained in rings of thoracic aorta with and without endothelium of weaned and adult rats exposed to Pb during pregnancy and lactation. The perinatal exposure to Pb determined arterial hypertension in weaned offsprings [BP (mmHg): control 107,1 ± 1,8; Pb 117,8* ± 3,9] and adult rats [BP (mmHg): control 126,1 ± 1,1; Pb 139,6* ± 1,6], associated with a decreased sensitivity to K+ [EC50 (M): control 1,93 (1,67 – 2,22); Pb 2,58*(2,14 – 3,11)]. *P < 0.05, n= 6-20. However, no change in relaxation induced by other vasodilator agents was observed. These data suggest that the hypertension induced by perinatal Pb-exposure occurs independently of changes in the transduction pathways for NO/cGMP and b-adrenoceptor/AMPc vasodilation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Thesis (M. Heal. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-88). Also available via the World Wide Web.

by Lau Wai Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1981. / Bibliography: leaves 189-205.

Lead is a central nervous system poison. Healthy People 2010 established a target blood lead level (BLL) for children of 0 μg/dL by 2010, but is silent with regard to any changes in BLLs standards for working age adults. In this paper, the relation of BLL to performance on two neurobehavioral tests was assessed in working age adults (N = 4909; Age 20 to 59 years; 51.4% Female) employing data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES 111). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated a significant effect of BLL on time taken to complete an attention demanding cognitive task (Symbol Digit Substitution Task, SDST) but not accuracy of performance of the SDST or simple reaction time, after controlling for confounding variables of age, sex, race-ethnicity, and education. Persons with BLL ≥5 μg /dL took longer (multivariate adjusted mean = 23.6 Sec, SE = 0.30) compared to individuals with BLLs <5 μg /dL (mean = 22.5 Sec, SE = 0.14). The results suggest that lead burden in working age persons impairs central nervous processes involving executive mental functions (decision speed and attention). The findings, if confirmed by case control and or cohort studies would indicate a need to reconsider currently accepted lead levels in working age adults.