Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Dissertation (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Dissertation (D.P.H.)--University of Michigan.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:35:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dascanio_d_me_bauru.pdf: 540186 bytes, checksum: c3dd2c0d9467bd15fa5a8e18bcac9e4c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A intoxicação por chumbo é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento das crianças, sendo potencializada por outras variáveis ambientais e sociais como: alimentação inadequada, pobreza, baixa renda e qualidade da estimulação e interação fornecidas pelos pais e escola. Isso posto, o presente estudo tem por objetivo geral comparar o desempenho intelectual de crianças com alta e baixa plumbemia com os estilos parentais nas respectivas interações com os filhos. Para isso, foi utilizada a Escala Wechsler de Inteligência - WISC-III; Roteiro de Anammese e o IEP (Inventário de Estilos Parentais). Este estudo foi realizado com 80 participantes - 40 crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 7 e 13 anos; e 40 pais (pai e mãe), todos moradores da área de risco próximo ao local de contaminação. As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos: G1 - 20 crianças com alta plumbemia (superior a 10μg/dl); e G2 - 20 crianças com baixa plumbemia (inferior a 10μ/dl). Com as informações coletadas, procedeu-se a análise estatística com Teste do Mann Whitney, com 5% de significância. Os resultados foram apresentados de forma a contemplar cinco conjuntos de dados: I) Caracterização das crianças com alta plumbemia; II) Dados anamnésicos; III) WISC-III; IV) IEP - Inventário de Estilos Parentais e V) Comparação entre o WISC-III com o IEP. A análise dos dados apontou redução da plumbemia nas crianças entre os anos de 2002 e 2005. Para as crianças com alta plumbemia os pais relataram maior número de queixa escolar, problemas de saúde, socialização e motor, embora sem significância estatística entre os grupos. Nos itens avaliados pelo WISC-III, o desempenho do Grupo I foi menor que o do Grupo 2. Na Escala de Execução o desempenho dos dois grupos foi menor que para a escala Verbal, com diferença estatística entre os grupos em: QIE (0,001) e QIOP (0,04)... / The lead poisoning cause impairment to the children's development, being strenghten by other environmental and social variables, as inadequate feeding, poverty, low income and quality of the stimulation and interaction supplied by the parents and school. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the children's intellectual development with high and low blood lead level with the parenting styles in the respective interactions with these children. In order to accomplish this study were used - WISC-III; Anamnese's Script and IEP (Parenting Styles's Inventory), in which all of the 80 participants - 40 children, of both sexes, with ages among 7 to 13 years old, and 40 parents (father or mother), lived in the risk's area, next to the contamination place. The children were divided into two groups: G1-20 children with blood lead level above 10μg/dl; and G2 - 20 children with blood lead level lower than 10μg/dl. With the collected information, the statistical analysis was preceded with Mann Whitney's test, with 5%. The results were presented in way to contemplate five groups of data: I) the children's Characterization with plumbemia; II) Anamnese's Script Date; III) WISC-III; IV) IEP - Parenting Styles's Inventory I and V) Comparison between WISC-III IEP. The analyzed data's showed a reduction of the bllod lead level in children between 2002 and 2005. For the children blood lead level the parents related a larger number of school complaints, health problems, socialization and less motor development, although without statistical difference between the groups. In the items evaluated by WISC-III, the development of Group 1 was smaller than Group 2. In the Scale of Execution the development for both groups were lower than the Verbal Scale, with statistical difference between the groups in: QIE (0,001) and QIOP (0,04). In the Parenting Styles... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Sandra Cordellini / Banca: Ione P. Lemonica / Banca: Luiz B. B. da Silva / Banca: Carlos A. Lazarini / Banca: Alaor A. Almeida / Resumo: A exposição ao chumbo (Pb) exerce papel relevante no desenvolvimento da hipertensão arterial. Sabe-se que as vias NO/GMPc e AMPc e a Na+-K+ ATPase participam na modulação do tono e da contratilidade do músculo liso vascular. Investigou-se as alterações de pressão arterial (PA) e de reatividade vascular à acetilcolina, ao nitroprussiato e ao isoproterenol, bem como a atividade funcional da Na+/K+ ATPase vascular de ratos recém-desmamados e adultos expostos ou não ao Pb nos períodos pré-natal e de amamentação, com enfoque sobre a célula endotelial. Para tanto, curvas concentração-efeito à acetilcolina, nitroprussiato, isoproterenol e potássio foram obtidas em anéis de aorta torácica com e sem endotélio de ratos recém-desmamados e adultos expostos ao chumbo durante a prenhez e amamentação. A exposição perinatal ao Pb determinou hipertensão arterial em proles recém-desmamadas [PA (mmHg): controle 107,1 ± 1,8; Pb 117,8* ± 3,9] e proles adultas [PA (mmHg): controle 126,1 ± 1,1; Pb 139,6* ± 1,6], associada a uma diminuição de sensibilidade ao K+ [CE50 (M): controle 1,93 (1,67 - 2,22); Pb 2,58*(2,14 - 3,11)]. *P < 0,05, n= 6-20. Contudo, nenhuma alteração do relaxamento induzido pelos demais agentes vasodilatadores foi observada. Esses dados sugerem que a hipertensão arterial induzida pela exposição perinatal ao Pb acontece independentemente de alterações nas vias de transdução para a vasodilatação NO/GMPc e b-adrenoceptor/AMPc. Ainda, uma diminuição na modulação endotelial... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Exposure to lead (Pb) has a role in the development of hypertension. It is known that the NO/cGMP and cAMP pathways and Na+-K+ ATPase are involved in the modulation of tone and contractility of vascular smooth muscle. It was investigated the changes in blood pressure (BP) and vascular reactivity to acetylcholine, nitroprusside and isoproterenol, as well as the functional activity of vascular Na+/K+ ATPase of weaned and adult rats exposed or not to Pb during pregnancy and lactation, focusing on the endothelial cell. Concentration-effect curves to acetylcholine, nitroprusside, isoproterenol and potassium were obtained in rings of thoracic aorta with and without endothelium of weaned and adult rats exposed to Pb during pregnancy and lactation. The perinatal exposure to Pb determined arterial hypertension in weaned offsprings [BP (mmHg): control 107,1 ± 1,8; Pb 117,8* ± 3,9] and adult rats [BP (mmHg): control 126,1 ± 1,1; Pb 139,6* ± 1,6], associated with a decreased sensitivity to K+ [EC50 (M): control 1,93 (1,67 - 2,22); Pb 2,58*(2,14 - 3,11)]. *P < 0.05, n= 6-20. However, no change in relaxation induced by other vasodilator agents was observed. These data suggest that the hypertension induced by perinatal Pb-exposure occurs independently of changes in the transduction pathways for NO/cGMP and b-adrenoceptor/AMPc vasodilation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Over the last few years, the town of La Oroya, in Perú’s central Andes has received significant international attention due to the alarming number of children suffering from high levels of lead poisoning as a result of pollution from the town’s smelter. Paradoxically, instead of collectively unifying voices to claim the protection of their health and environment, a significant portion of members of this community opted to minimize the problem with the purpose of defending job opportunities at the smelter.This dissertation examines the deep structural causes that have placed residents of this community in the difficult position of having to sacrifice their human right to health in order to preserve their right to work at the smelter. I argue that the La Oroya community acquiesced in forfeiting their own rights because they have been historically trapped in a “context of systemic unfreedom.” This is a historically formed and politically and economically reproduced context of human rights abuses, a context that affects the overall well-being of individuals and communities, and diminishes their ability to challenge such abuses and transform their realities. To assess the exact contours and components of the context of systemic unfreedom in La Oroya, and respond to the question of how this context has encouraged the trade-offs of health for work, I have designed a “capability-oriented model of human rights.” Conceptually, this model builds upon structural approaches to human rights proposed by authors such as Paul Farmer, Tony Evans and Mark Goodale. It also adopts Séverine Deneuline’s relational-political interpretation of the capability approach pioneered by Amartya Sen. Methodologically, a salient feature of my model is its incorporation of voices of affected community members as an important source of knowledge. Results of this study show the extent to which the context of systemic unfreedom in La Oroya has been sustained by the interconnection of a constellation of factors: environmental (historical pollution); institutional (economic dependency, the state’s leniency in enforcing the smelter company’s environmental obligations, the extraction-based model of economic development in Perú, the institutional fragility of the human rights discourse); social (migration, loss of collective identity, socio-economic and gender inequalities, uncertainty about pollution, limited access to information, assignment of responsibility for pollution-based illness to individuals, stigma against the poor); and personal (individual values and needs, characteristics of individual identity). These factors have converged over time and intersected at the macro, meso and micro levels, trapping residents from La Oroya in a vicious cycle of disadvantage. I conclude by suggesting that, in order to effectively address “systemic unfreedom” in this smelter town, both short-term and long-term solutions are required. That is, in addition to promoting the completion of proposed environmental mitigation and soil remediation plans in La Oroya, I offer suggestions towards reversing entrenched socio-economic and gender inequalities and reconstituting a collective community identity. Fundamentally, the ultimate goal of structural transformation in La Oroya requires addressing current patterns of power, economic dependency, and domination, thus fostering changes in the state’s vision of development. / Graduate / 2016-04-30

Lead is a serious developmental neurotoxin with the capacity to interrupt brain development and impair functioning. Since at least 1930 numerous case studies in American, Canadian and Australian literature have identified lead based paint in the home as a source of poisoning for young children; and since at least 1990 evidence has shown that it is the lead dust from deteriorating paint in older homes and renovating activities that is the primary source of chronic exposure for young children today. Not much is known about the extent of childhood lead poisoning in Canada. Gaps in our understanding include a lack of national survey data on childhood blood lead levels and an absence of reliable data to determine the era of housing that poses the greatest risk. This thesis posits that despite this paucity of research knowledge there is evidence to suggest that populations of vulnerable children continue to be harmed by exposure to historic sources of lead, such as lead-based paint found in older housing stock. This thesis examines the evidence to support this contention by critically analyzing the Canadian public health response to the issue of childhood lead poisoning. Specific attention is paid to discourse corresponding to lead-based paint, the putative major pathway of exposure for children ages 1 to 5 years. Using Foucault’s genealogical/archaeological approach, as elaborated upon by Rawlinson (1987) this thesis discusses the socio-political and economical processes that shaped health care knowledge regarding childhood lead poisoning in Canada and influenced the way knowledge was produced and used by health care providers and policy makers. The analysis is assisted via a comparison of Canadian public health discourse with American discourse, with an emphasis on discourse appearing in the post leaded gasoline era (1990-2008). The strength of a Foucauldian archaeological/genealogical analysis for nursing research and particularly for this analysis is in its focus on discourse, surfaces of emergence, transformations, mutations, contingencies, events, recognition of power/knowledge strategies, descriptions of discipline technologies and consequences, and suggested possibilities of resistance. This thesis proposes that surveillance data constituted both a product and acatalyst of the dominant view on childhood lead poisoning occurring from residential sources and posits that a lack of Canadian context specific surveillance data was the major “policing” factor limiting Canadian public health discourse. Further, privileged access to blood lead survey data maintained the view that childhood lead poisoning was a problem of the past or an American problem. Third, tensions among Canada’s two federal agencies which hold primary responsibility for lead, health and housing resulted in a weakened response whereby, to date, no legislation exists to protect vulnerable populations of Canadian children from exposure to historic sources of lead in residential dwellings.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

OBJECTIVES: Despite continued efforts to decrease environmental lead exposure, it remains a public health concern in the U.S. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of lead exposure on dental caries risk among different populations. METHODS: We used data from Detroit Dental Health Project (DDHP), a cohort study of a representative sample of low-income African–American families in Detroit, Michigan, to investigate the influence of lead toxicity on dental caries risk among children, and to assess the effect of blood lead level on the caries experience among their caregivers. Data from Dental Longitudinal Study (DLS), a closed-panel prospective cohort study of oral health and aging, was used to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between bone lead level as a cumulative measure of lead exposure and dental caries among older men. The outcome measure for cross-sectional analyses was dmfs/DMFS, which is the number of decayed surfaces, missing, and filled surfaces for each subject. Then adjusted new dmfs/DMFS increments were used for the longitudinal analyses. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted on dental caries outcome by lead biomarkers. Multiple regression and GEE models were conducted controlling for confounding. RESULTS: History of lead toxicity (≥ 10µg/dl) and children’s caries risk was significantly associated in both cross-sectional analysis (PR = 1.50, p-value=0.003) and longitudinal analysis (IRR= 1.36, p-value=0.02). These associations were independent of confounding factors such as age, brushing frequency, soda consumption, income, and child and caregiver’s caries experience. On other hand, no significant associations were found between blood lead level and dental caries experience among African American adults (β=2.3, p-value=0.5), nor between high tibia/patella lead level and dental caries incident among older adult (β=0.1, p-value=0.7 for tibia, and β=0.3, p-value=0.1 for patella) . CONCLUSION: The results suggest that children with a history of lead toxicity are at a higher risk of developing dental caries compared to other children. However, there is no significant association between lead exposure and dental caries among adults. Therefore, children with a history of lead toxicity should be given special consideration in caries risk assessment and caries prevention programs. / 2019-09-26T00:00:00Z

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