Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho apresenta a contribuição obtida no desenvolvimento de um Gerador de Eletricidade Híbrido (HYBRIDGEN), com tecnologia nacional, focado nos sistemas de terceira geração de energia elétrica híbrido, composto por um módulo de células a combustível tipo PEMFC, associado a um acumulador chumbo ácido. Mostra-se também a sua capacidade de operar em modo contínuo, carga com demanda variável e fator de carga inferior a 50%. Foram abordados quatro temas principais. O primeiro refere-se a um estudo para a melhoria da eficácia na conversão de energia em corrente contínua (cc), ao regular o potencial de saída do conversor cc-cc. A energia é proveniente do módulo de célula a combustível de 1 kWe, equipado com sistema térmico de refrigeração e sistema de alimentação de gases, aqui denominados MCC1. Para tal, foi construído o modelo matemático do sistema conversor de corrente contínua (sistema conversor cc-cc), com solução suportada em equações diferenciais algébricas, ensaios no MCC1, bem como em simulação computacional no programa MATLAB7®. O segundo tema refere-se ao desenvolvimento do projeto e montagem do protótipo do HYBRIDGEN devido à inexistência no mercado brasileiro de um equipamento com as características necessárias tanto para a pesquisa, quanto para uso comercial. Desenvolveu-se uma placa controladora para o acumulador (PCC), os esquemas elétricos, os barramentos e o sistema de relés. Também foi utilizado o MCC1 em desenvolvimento pelo IPEN e ELECTROCELL® com tecnologia 100% nacional. O HYBRIDGEN foi instalado em um sistema móvel. O terceiro tema refere-se à análise de estabilidade do modelo matemático do sistema conversor cc-cc. Utilizou-se de quatro testes de estabilidade, sendo: 1 - pela Resposta em Frequência ao utilizar o Teorema do Mapeamento, de Nyquist; 2 - Lugar das Raízes, de Nyquist; 3 - função de teste Degrau, em pontos de operação e, 4 - função de teste Impulso, em pontos de operação. Por fim, apresentaram-se os resultados dos ensaios de potencial e corrente de uma célula a combustível unitária de 25 cm2, do MCC1, e do HYBRIDGEN. No desenvolvimento dos primeiros testes o MCC1 atingiu 704,55 We, (potência considerada condição predominante de operação). A seguir, demonstrou-se a capacidade do HYBRIDGEN para simultaneamente: alimentar cargas em corrente contínua; carregar o acumulador de 45 Ah; alimentar o inversor de 2 kWe e o autotransformador, para fornecer energia a equipamentos em 12Vcc, 127 Vac e 220Vac, 60 Hz, todos num total de 819,52 We. Esses resultados foram obtidos mesmo com limitações na refrigeração ventilada do MCC1, observadas no decorrer dos testes. Assim, o HYBRIDGEN se mostrou viável tecnicamente, e com grande potencial de uso. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem a realizací regulátoru pro použití v solárním systému s větším počtem olověných akumulátorů. Takový regulátor umožňuje nezávislé připojení a řízení nabíjení většího počtu akumulátorů různého stáří a parametrů. To je v kontrastu s řešeními obsahujícími jedno připojení pro více baterií připojených paralelně, kde se míchání baterií různého druhu a stáří nedoporučuje. Tento regulátor nabízí vysokou škálovatelnost skladování energie v solárním systému. Umožňuje také používat starší baterie s novými, místo nutnosti staré baterie nahradit, když jejich kapacita klesne pod požadovanou úroveň. V této práci jsou podrobně popsány požadavky, návrh hardwaru a softwaru a implementace regulátoru s nominálním výstupním proudem 20A pro pět 12V olověných baterií. Práce popisuje také další funkce, stejně jako alternativní návrhy a algoritmy. Důležitá část práce se zabývá designem spínačů pro velké proudy, ochrany proti zkratu a obvodů pro měření stejnosměrného proudu. Správná funkčnost regulátoru byla ověřena měřením.

Lead-acid batteries are most used secondary electrochemical power sources. Their basic principle has remained the same for several years; only the operating parameters are in development. Lead-acid batteries are used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), which operates in the partial charge PSoC. Sulphation is one of the possible failures lead-acid batteries in the HEV, especially the negative electrode. By adding additives to the negative active mass can reduce the rate of sulphation and increase ability to accept an electrical charge by negative electrode.

Användandet av solceller ökar kontinuerligt i Sverige och effekten som genererasav solcellerna förvaras oftast i bly-syra batterier. Dessa batterier har en dåligpåverkan på miljön eftersom det krävs mycket energi och miljöfarliga material såsom bly och svavelsyra för att tillverka dessa batterier. Östersjökompaniet AB ochmånga av dess kunder inser vikten av ett hållbart tänkande och var intresseradeav att veta om det var möjligt att maximera livslängden av dessa batterier. Underarbetets gång analyserades olika metoder för upp- och urladdning av batterier somkan påverka ett batteris livslängd och hur man kan bära sig åt för att optimera det.En laddningskontroller användes för att optimera laddningen av batteriet. För attberäkna laddningsnivån i batteriet användes metoden ”Extended voltmeter”. Enprototyp som kunde ladda batterierna på ett optimalt sätt, varna då batterietsladdningsnivå blev för låg samt en användarvänlig applikation för övervakning avbatteriet konstruerades. Ett batteris beräknade livslängd är ingen exakt vetenskap.Enligt studier kan livslängden av ett batteri fördubblas om det laddas upp ochladdas ur på ett optimalt sätt i jämförelse med då det laddas ur helt. / The use of solar cells is continuously increasing in Sweden and the powergenerated by the solar cells is usually stored in lead acid batteries. These batterieshave a bad impact on the environment as much energy and environmentallyhazardous materials like lead and sulfuric acid are required to manufacture thesebatteries. Östersjökompaniet AB and many of its customers realize the importanceof sustainable thinking and were interested in knowing if it was possible tomaximize the lifetime of these batteries. During the course of the work, differentmethods of battery charging and discharging were analyzed that could affect thebatteries lifetime and how to take care of them to optimize them. A chargecontroller was used to optimize the charge of the battery. To calculate theremaining state of charge in the battery, the Extended voltmeter method was used.A prototype that was able to charge the batteries optimally, warn when the batterycapacity became too low, and a user-friendly application for battery monitoring wasdesigned. The calculated lifetime of a battery is not an exact science. According tostudies the lifetime of a battery can be doubled if it is c

Pour assurer une énergie électrique de qualité et de façon permanente, il existe des systèmes électroniques d’alimentation spécifiques. Il s’agit des Alimentations Sans Interruptions (ASI). Une ASI comme tout autre système peut tomber en panne ce qui peut entrainer une perte de redondance. Cette perte induit une maintenance corrective donc une forme d’indisponibilité ce qui représente un coût. Nous proposons dans cette thèse de travailler sur deux composants parmi les plus sensibles dans les ASI à savoir les condensateurs électrolytiques et les batteries au plomb. Dans une première phase, nous présentons, les systèmes de surveillance existants pour ces deux composants en soulignant leurs principaux inconvénients. Ceci nous permet de proposer le cahier des charges à mettre en œuvre. Pour les condensateurs électrolytiques, nous détaillons les différentes étapes de caractérisation et de vieillissement ainsi que la procédure expérimentale de vieillissement standard accéléré et les résultats associés. D’autre part, nous présentons les résultats de simulation du système de surveillance et de prédiction de pannes retenu. Nous abordons la validation expérimentale en décrivant le système développé. Nous détaillons les cartes électroniques conçues, les algorithmes mis en œuvre et leurs contraintes d’implémentation respectifs pour une réalisation temps réel. Enfin, pour les batteries au plomb étanches, nous présentons les résultats de simulation du système de surveillance retenu permettant d’obtenir le SOC et le SOH. Nous détaillons la procédure expérimentale de vieillissement en cycles de charge et décharge de la batterie nécessaire pour avoir un modèle électrique simple et précis. Nous expliquons les résultats expérimentaux de vieillissement pour finir avec des propositions d’amélioration de notre système afin d’obtenir un SOH plus précis. / To ensure power quality and permanently, some electronic system supplies exist. These supplies are the Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPS). An UPS like any other system may have some failures. This can be a cause of redundancy loss. This load loss causes a maintenance downtime which may represent a high cost. We propose in this thesis to work on two of the most sensitive components in the UPS namely electrolytic capacitors and lead acid batteries. In a first phase, we present the existing surveillance systems for these two components, highlighting their main drawbacks. This allows us to propose the specifications which have to be implemented for this system. For electrolytic capacitors, we detail different stages of characterization ; the aging accelerated standard experimental procedure and their associated results. On the other hand, we present the simulation results of monitoring and failure prediction system retained. We discuss the experimental validation, describing the developed system. We detail the electronic boards designed, implemented algorithms and their respective constraints for a real time implementation. Finally, for lead acid batteries, we present the simulation results of the monitoring system adopted to obtain the SOC and SOH. We describe the aging experimental procedure of charging and discharging cycles of the batteries needed to find a simple and accurate electric models. We explain the aging experimental results and in the end we give suggestions for improving our system to get a more accurate SOH.

This thesis deals with a design of a power supply for a measuring equipment for a geophysical mapping intended to do a reconstruction of an electrical impedance of a ground environment of water reservoirs. The power source is going to be used for laboratory measurements and for outdoor experiments. The thesis describes the selection of suitable components, equipment design and testing. The theoretical part explains the functions of used components and the principle of an electrical impedance tomography. The conclusion summarizes the properties of the proposed solution and evaluates the final product.

The task of research work is to study new mechanisms and to minimize disturbance of lead batteries for hybrid electric vehicles. Those arising under the PSoC (Partial State of Charge) and is linked to irreversible sulphation mainly negative electrodes. As one solution to prevent sulphation of the negative electrode appears to be the active ingredients in a negative matter. In the investigated electrodes is verified the influence of carbon, titanium dioxide and silica on the grain size of the order of nanometers.

Lead-acid batteries of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) are functioning in PSoC regime (Partial State of Charge). In PSoC regime new fail mechanisms occur. These mechanisms usually lead to nonreversible sulphation of negative electrodes. Main aim of this research is to avoid negative electrode sulphation and to improve lifetime of lead-acid accumulators used in HEV.