L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è di analizzare l’origine ed evoluzione della dimensione esterna della politica migratoria dell’Unione Europea. Attraverso un framework teorico che coniuga la letteratura sui ‘new modes of governance’ con quella riguardante il ‘rational-choice institutionalism’, questa tesi si propone di analizzare il sistema di governance in tre settori politici che rientrano nell’ambito della dimensione esterna: politica di riammissione, controlli esterni alle frontiere, e cooperazione con Paesi terzi concernente la gestione della migrazione legale. Sulla base delle premesse teoriche sopra indicate, questa tesi avanza due conclusioni principali. In primo luogo, si sostiene che l’evoluzione del sistema di governance nei tre casi presi in considerazione, lungi dal seguire un percorso lineare verso una sempre maggiore comunitarizzazione, ha al contrario dato luogo a sistemi di governance ‘ibridi’, che combinano cioè elementi vincolanti tipici del metodo comunitario con elementi caratteristici dei “new modes of governance”, incentrati sull’uso di soft law. In secondo luogo, si evidenzia il ruolo centrale rivestito dagli Stati Membri nello sviluppare tali sistemi di governance in accordo con due obiettivi prioritari: limitare l’autonomia delle istituzioni sovranazionali all’interno del processo decisionale e plasmare i risultati di tali politiche in accordo con le preferenze degli stessi Stati Membri. / The central aim of this thesis is to provide an account of the origin and evolution of the external dimension of EU migration policy. By means of a theoretical framework that combines new modes of governance and rational-choice institutionalism, this thesis analyses the systems of governance of three policy areas falling within the external dimension: readmission policy, external border controls and cooperation with third countries in the field of legal migration. On the basis of such theoretical premises, two central arguments are advanced. First of all, it is argued that the evolution of the system of governance in the three cases, far from following a linear path towards communitarization, has resulted in the adoption of mixed systems featuring both 'old' modes of governance in line with the traditional Community Method and 'new’ modes based on soft-law and non-binding commitments. Secondly, this thesis underlines the central role played by the Member States in devising those governance mechanisms in order to fulfil two main objectives: limiting the discretion of EU supranational institutions in the decision-making process and shaping policy outcomes according to their preferred policy options.

The issue associated with the migration of foreigners, with the positive and negative aspects that inevitably bring, is a phenomenon that can not be left unnoticed by the authorities, regardless of whether they are migrants residing at the territory of the Czech Republic legally or illegally. Especially nowadays, when most countries are in the global economic crisis, it is the issue that deserves proper attention (with due regard for the possible impacts on the internal security of the Czech Republic, the economy, the social sphere and the citizens´ behaviour). The Czech Republic is aware of the risks associated with the high flow of immigrants. As a proof of that is, that this area has been evaluated as one of the possible non-military threats (or crisis situations) and as such it was defined in the crisis planning as a part of the Plan called {\clq},The Migration Wave of a Large Extent`` drawn by the National Security Council. This work on the topic of The Influence of Both Legal and Illegal Migration on the Internal Security of the Czech Republic and the Crisis Management contains an interpretation of the basic concepts and the development trends in the field of migration in the theoretical part and it also defines the authorities resposinble for solving of the individual issues related to the migration of foreigners. The practical part contains a situational analysis of the presence of foreigners in the South-Bohemian Region compared with the Czech Republic and also the rate of criminal activities committed by foreigners also compared with the Czech Republic as a whole. The research was conducted between the years of 2003 and 2009.

La Libye est une zone clé sur les chemins de la migration entre Afrique et Europe. Si les Libyens ne constituent pas un peuple de migrants, leur territoire, lui, est un lieu de transit fondamental pour les migrations, notamment clandestines, des Africains de toutes origines vers l’Europe, surtout depuis que le Détroit de Gibraltar est étroitement contrôlé. Cette thèse s’interroge sur le phénomène de la migration illégale dans cet espace. Elle tente d’appréhender ce phénomène en relation avec la situation internationale de la Libye, et donc l’évolution sur une période qui couvre l’avant-embargo, l’embargo, et l’après embargo. L’immigration clandestine est un processus complexe qui a des origines aussi nombreuses que diverses, et dont les conséquences se font sentir aussi bien sur les migrants que sur les pays d’origine, de destination et de transit. Ainsi la Libye, pays de transit, considère t-elle désormais tous les enjeux diplomatiques qui se jouent à travers le passage des migrants africains sur son sol. Ses positions sur la scène internationale depuis la création de la Jamahiriya influencent ce facteur stratégique, tout comme elles sont influencées par lui. Au carrefour de la construction euro-méditerranéenne, la Libye sait user de sa situation de zone tampon, notamment dans ses relations avec l’Italie, qui elle-même fait le pont entre l’Union européenne et la Jamahiriya. C’est ainsi que la Libye négocie son implication dans les traités internationaux du type de l’Union pour la Méditerranée. Mais ses décisions politiques dépendent également des politiques de migration européennes, notamment du processus d’externalisation de la question migratoire. En raison de sa situation si spécifique, c’est à ce pays ouvert sur la Méditerranée de peser sur la mise en œuvre de politiques qui dépassent le simple aspect sécuritaire, qui permettent que tous les acteurs de ces vastes mouvements sortent gagnants de ces fluctuations qui sont désormais inéluctables. / Libya is a key area of migration between Africa and Europe. If the Libyans are not considered as migrant population, their territory, it is a fundamental transit point particularly for illegal migrants. The Africans from all origins take this way to Europe because of the enforced control of the Strait of Gibraltar. This thesis examines the phenomenon of illegal migration in this region. It reviews this phenomenon in relation to the international situation of Libya and it’s evolution over the pre-embargo, the embargo and post-embargo period. Illegal immigration is a very complex process that has numerous and various causes. It has many consequences on the migrants, both in countries of origin, transit and destination. This situation raises an important question. Thus is Libya, a transit country in the area, taking into consideration all diplomatic issues that rise from the passing of African migrants on its territory? The political positions of Libya on the international scene have a mutual strategic influence since the creation of the Libyan Jamahiriya. At the crossroads of Euro-Mediterranean point, Libya takes advantage of its position as a buffer; especially in its relations with Italy, which itself is the bridge between the European Union and Libya. This is how Libya negotiates its involvement in international treats such as the Union for the Mediterranean. But the political decisions of Libya depend also on European migration policies, particularly the process of outsourcing of migration issue. Because of its specific location, this country bordered by the Mediterranean must have a direct impact on the policies that go beyond this security aspect. These policies must allow all actors of these vast movements to overcome these fluctuations that are now inevitable.