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The toxicity of Vicia species and their utilisation as grains legumes /Enneking, Dirk. January 1994 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1995? / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-186).
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A study of the influence of temperature and moisture levels on silage quality using grass-legume forage stored in evacuated plastic bagsAmundson, Durwood Leo. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 71-77.
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The toxicity of Vicia species and their utilisation as grain legumesEnneking, Dirk January 1994 (has links)
The worldwide utilisation of Vicia species as forage and green manure crops is well established. Except for V. faba L., the utilisation of Vicia species as grain legumes is of minor global economic importance and mainly restricted to the Mediterranean region and South - West Asia, where the grain is used primarily as seed and in ruminant diets. In Australia, the comparatively high seed yields and low production costs for genotypes from species such as V. narbonensis L. (narbon bean or moor's pea) and V. sativa L. (common vetch) have provided an attractive alternative grain legume option for dryland farming and have thus stimulated an interest in markets for the grain. Monogastric animals (incl. humans) are the major global end-users for grain legume products. Because of the well known toxicity of Vicia spp. seeds to mono gastric animals in particular, this thesis has focused on those major toxic chemical seed components which are perceived as major constraints to the wider utilisation of these promising crops as grain legumes. A thorough examination of current and past practices of vetch cultivation and utilisation was undertaken to complement this approach. The two major aims were, first to elucidate the nature of the factors responsible for the low palatability of carbon beans to pigs, and second to review the available information about the toxicity of Vicia species and their utilisation as grain legumes. The potent feed inhibitory activity of Namoi vetch (V. villosa Roth cv. Namoi) provided a useful model for the initial age of this study. Its antifeedant activity was shown to he due to the toxic amino acid canavanine. Inclusion of canavanine in pig diets at a concentration equivalent to that found in Namoi vetch seed accounted fully for the feed inhibitory activity of this legume. The novel effect of this well known arginine analogue may well be explicable in terms of the inhibition of the argmine pathway leading to nitric oxide which is now known to be involved in the control of peristalsis. The experience gained with Namoi vetch in the feed-intake bioassay proved to be invaluable for the isolation of the much less potent y- glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine feed inhibitor from the narbon bean. A quantitative assessment of this factor's feed inhibitory activity was not permitted due to the untimely death of our veterinary colleague, Dr. Richard Davies. There is, however, a clear correlation between the total S-ethenyl cysteine content of the tested diets and the negative porcine feed intake responses. An important difference between V. villosa and V. narbonensis was noted, as demonstrated by the rate at which the pigs reduced their feed intake. It is remarkable, that the effect of canavanine - containing diets becomes evident only after the second meal, whereas the pigs immediately restrict their feed intake when presented with diets containing S-ethenyl-cysteine. Such a clear delineation of feed-intake responses provides a simple and general classification for feed-intake inhibitors, and may be worthy of further detailed physiological studies. The antifeedant effects of these compounds suggest that they have evolved as part of the plants' anti-predator defence strategy. Particular attention, including a detailed review of its economic botany, has been given to V. narbonensis, a relatively unknown but promising grain crop for Australia. With the chemical identity of the unpalatability established, the selection of more palatable genotypes is likely to provide access for the grain to monogastric feed markets. The historical evidence suggests that V. narbonensis is a niche crop of particular value for specific agricultural applications, its conversion into a broad acre crop is a challenge for the future. V. sativa was investigated as a direct consequence of a request to chemically examine the toxin content of the cultivar Blanche Fleur. By the time that investigation commenced, Blanche Fleur, which was originally introduced to Australia as a hay, forage and green manure crop, had already been prematurely promoted and exported as a cheap replacement for red lentils (Lens culinaris Med.) in ignorance of this species' well documented content of y- glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine and the favism toxin, vicine. A 1992 commentary article to Nature on our observations led to a ban on its importation by India and Egypt. Subsequent poultry bioassays established that the cyano- alanine content was substantially altered by cooking to produce some as yet un-identified nitrile component, but the feed inhibitory activity of the cooked grain was undiminished. Acid hydrolysis of Blanche Fleur, however, removed both, the readily detectable nitrile absorbance as well as the poultry feed-intake inhibition. This observation could potentially form the basis for a simple post-harvest detoxification process for V. sativa and other feed stuffs containing acid labile antinutritive factors. Unfortunately, cases of poisoning by Vicia species continue to be reported. These can be grouped into those caused by V. sativa and its related species (cyanogenic glycoside Vicianine: HCN poisoning; and anti- nutritional effects of (β- cyanoalanine )and those caused by canavanine containing species ( V. villosa, V. benghalensis, V. ervilia etc.). Farmers need to be made aware of the well documented biochemical distinctions between Vicia cultivars to prevent the accidental intoxication of their livestock with seeds containing high concentrations of canavanine orvicianine. Finally, an overview of the voluminous and widely dispersed vetch literature, coupled with the observations in this thesis, suggest that the utility and value of each of the three Vicia model species examined in this thesis can be markedly enhanced by the following strategies : 1. Provision of sufficient alternative feed sources to allow feed intake to be regulated by palatability, thus rninirnising toxin ingestion. 2. Adaptation to Vicia toxins a) through selection of a digestive flora capable of detoxification (in the case of ruminants) and b) through selection or modification of animal genotypes with improved biochemical tolerance or even resistance to toxicity. 3. Detoxification prior to ingestion (Post - harvest detoxification) 4. Plant selection or genetic modification of specific toxin biosynthetic pathways to provide cultivars with optimum toxin concentration and distribution in strategic tissues (minimisation of toxins in the end product). The inevitable conclusion from this thesis is that by incrementing our current fundamental knowledge of the biological chemistry of their naturally occurring anti-predator metabolites, we will promote the intelligent usage of Vicia species as highly nutritious grains for a sustainable agriculture. This thesis has resulted in 2 publications in referred journals. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Plant Science, 1994.
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The toxicity of Vicia species and their utilisation as grains legumesEnneking, Dirk. January 1994 (has links) (PDF)
Bibliography: leaves 162-186.
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The toxicity of Vicia species and their utilisation as grain legumesEnneking, Dirk January 1994 (has links)
The worldwide utilisation of Vicia species as forage and green manure crops is well established. Except for V. faba L., the utilisation of Vicia species as grain legumes is of minor global economic importance and mainly restricted to the Mediterranean region and South - West Asia, where the grain is used primarily as seed and in ruminant diets. In Australia, the comparatively high seed yields and low production costs for genotypes from species such as V. narbonensis L. (narbon bean or moor's pea) and V. sativa L. (common vetch) have provided an attractive alternative grain legume option for dryland farming and have thus stimulated an interest in markets for the grain. Monogastric animals (incl. humans) are the major global end-users for grain legume products. Because of the well known toxicity of Vicia spp. seeds to mono gastric animals in particular, this thesis has focused on those major toxic chemical seed components which are perceived as major constraints to the wider utilisation of these promising crops as grain legumes. A thorough examination of current and past practices of vetch cultivation and utilisation was undertaken to complement this approach. The two major aims were, first to elucidate the nature of the factors responsible for the low palatability of carbon beans to pigs, and second to review the available information about the toxicity of Vicia species and their utilisation as grain legumes. The potent feed inhibitory activity of Namoi vetch (V. villosa Roth cv. Namoi) provided a useful model for the initial age of this study. Its antifeedant activity was shown to he due to the toxic amino acid canavanine. Inclusion of canavanine in pig diets at a concentration equivalent to that found in Namoi vetch seed accounted fully for the feed inhibitory activity of this legume. The novel effect of this well known arginine analogue may well be explicable in terms of the inhibition of the argmine pathway leading to nitric oxide which is now known to be involved in the control of peristalsis. The experience gained with Namoi vetch in the feed-intake bioassay proved to be invaluable for the isolation of the much less potent y- glutamyl-S-ethenyl-cysteine feed inhibitor from the narbon bean. A quantitative assessment of this factor's feed inhibitory activity was not permitted due to the untimely death of our veterinary colleague, Dr. Richard Davies. There is, however, a clear correlation between the total S-ethenyl cysteine content of the tested diets and the negative porcine feed intake responses. An important difference between V. villosa and V. narbonensis was noted, as demonstrated by the rate at which the pigs reduced their feed intake. It is remarkable, that the effect of canavanine - containing diets becomes evident only after the second meal, whereas the pigs immediately restrict their feed intake when presented with diets containing S-ethenyl-cysteine. Such a clear delineation of feed-intake responses provides a simple and general classification for feed-intake inhibitors, and may be worthy of further detailed physiological studies. The antifeedant effects of these compounds suggest that they have evolved as part of the plants' anti-predator defence strategy. Particular attention, including a detailed review of its economic botany, has been given to V. narbonensis, a relatively unknown but promising grain crop for Australia. With the chemical identity of the unpalatability established, the selection of more palatable genotypes is likely to provide access for the grain to monogastric feed markets. The historical evidence suggests that V. narbonensis is a niche crop of particular value for specific agricultural applications, its conversion into a broad acre crop is a challenge for the future. V. sativa was investigated as a direct consequence of a request to chemically examine the toxin content of the cultivar Blanche Fleur. By the time that investigation commenced, Blanche Fleur, which was originally introduced to Australia as a hay, forage and green manure crop, had already been prematurely promoted and exported as a cheap replacement for red lentils (Lens culinaris Med.) in ignorance of this species' well documented content of y- glutamyl-β-cyanoalanine and the favism toxin, vicine. A 1992 commentary article to Nature on our observations led to a ban on its importation by India and Egypt. Subsequent poultry bioassays established that the cyano- alanine content was substantially altered by cooking to produce some as yet un-identified nitrile component, but the feed inhibitory activity of the cooked grain was undiminished. Acid hydrolysis of Blanche Fleur, however, removed both, the readily detectable nitrile absorbance as well as the poultry feed-intake inhibition. This observation could potentially form the basis for a simple post-harvest detoxification process for V. sativa and other feed stuffs containing acid labile antinutritive factors. Unfortunately, cases of poisoning by Vicia species continue to be reported. These can be grouped into those caused by V. sativa and its related species (cyanogenic glycoside Vicianine: HCN poisoning; and anti- nutritional effects of (β- cyanoalanine )and those caused by canavanine containing species ( V. villosa, V. benghalensis, V. ervilia etc.). Farmers need to be made aware of the well documented biochemical distinctions between Vicia cultivars to prevent the accidental intoxication of their livestock with seeds containing high concentrations of canavanine orvicianine. Finally, an overview of the voluminous and widely dispersed vetch literature, coupled with the observations in this thesis, suggest that the utility and value of each of the three Vicia model species examined in this thesis can be markedly enhanced by the following strategies : 1. Provision of sufficient alternative feed sources to allow feed intake to be regulated by palatability, thus rninirnising toxin ingestion. 2. Adaptation to Vicia toxins a) through selection of a digestive flora capable of detoxification (in the case of ruminants) and b) through selection or modification of animal genotypes with improved biochemical tolerance or even resistance to toxicity. 3. Detoxification prior to ingestion (Post - harvest detoxification) 4. Plant selection or genetic modification of specific toxin biosynthetic pathways to provide cultivars with optimum toxin concentration and distribution in strategic tissues (minimisation of toxins in the end product). The inevitable conclusion from this thesis is that by incrementing our current fundamental knowledge of the biological chemistry of their naturally occurring anti-predator metabolites, we will promote the intelligent usage of Vicia species as highly nutritious grains for a sustainable agriculture. This thesis has resulted in 2 publications in referred journals. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Plant Science, 1994.
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The potential of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) as a forage for dairy herds in central AlbertaMontgomery, Janet. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on Nov. 25, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta." Includes bibliographical references.
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Functional and nutritional characteristics of Bambara groundnut milk powder as an ingredient in yoghurtHardy, Zolelwa January 2016 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The aim of this study was to evaluate Bambara groundnut (BGN) milk subjected to spray drying with a view to establish functional, nutritional and physical properties as an ingredient in BGN yoghurt production. BGN milk powder (BGNMP) was successfully produced employing the spray drying technology. Maltodextrin was used as the drying carrier to elevate total solids of BGNM prior to spray drying. There were three levels of maltodextrin (5, 10 and 15%) employed and 10% was ideal. The optimum spray drying parameters were estimated to be the following; inlet temperature (150oC), outlet temperature (74oC), air pressure (3 bars), flow rate (10% or 16mL/min), and air flow (42.9 m3/h). The functional properties evaluated revealed high water solubility capabilities, making BGNMP readily soluble in water, which is one of the most crucial aspects of milk powders. The water solubility index of BGNMP at all maltodextrin levels ranged from 85.15 to 90.25%. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference amongst BGNMP (5, 10, and 15%) in colour parameters (lightness, yellowness, redness, chroma and hue angle). BGNMP indicated to have a red and yellow colour, but yellow was more dominant. The particle size and particle size distribution of BGNMP ranged from 86.13 to 162.35 μm and 84.04 to 157.0 μm, respectively and did not differ significantly (p > 0.05).
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Legume grains (Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum) of the Pacific Northwest as an alternative broiler feedstuff /Antoine, Sarah-Cate. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-72). Also available on the World Wide Web.
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Evaluation of selected legumes for sustainable weed ecology/soil fertility/livestock management interactions in crop-livestock systems of the moist savannah of NigeriaOwoeye, Lawrence Gbadebo 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This project aimed at enhancing the net benefit in production systems. It took
a holistic approach to evaluate the potential interactions of herbaceous
legumes in relation to weed dynamics, soil fertility and livestock management
in the crop-livestock system in Nigeria. The project was carried out between
2000 and 2002 in two localities. These were the National Animal Production
Research Institute (NAPRI) at Zaria in the northern Guinea savannah and the
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) at Ibadan in the derived
savannah. The main experiment was carried out in the northern Guinea
savannah, while the secondary experiments were simultaneously conducted
in the derived savannah and the northern Guinea savannah. The
experimental design for the three experiments reported in this thesis is a splitsplit
plot, fitted into randomised complete block design (RCBD), with four
replications. Main plot treatments were herbaceous legumes, namely Vigna
unguiculata, Arachis hypogaea, Glycine max, Aeschynomene bistrix,
Centrosema pascuorum, Stylosanthes guianensis and natural vegetation.
Sub-plot treatments were management systems (1) M1, 'residues left in the
field'; (2) M2, 'residues taken out of the field' and (3) M3, 'residues fed to
livestock, manure/urine/refused feeds returned'. Sub-plot treatments were
administered in a sequence following rotational fallows of herbaceous
legumes and natural vegetation. However, plots in the secondary
experiments were not subdivided before the cropping of maize in 2002, and
for logistical reasons only two sub-plot treatments, M1and M2, are featured in
this experiment. Herbaceous legumes were established at the start of the rainy season,
approximately in June, in 2000, 2001 and 2002. All herbaceous legumes
received single super phosphate (SSP) at 20kg ha" P20S at planting, while
minimum hand weeding was done to maintain pure legume stands during the
establishment phase. Forage biomass was higher in the derived savannah
than in the northern Guinea savannah. Similarly, higher forage yields were
observed after two consecutive years of legume fallow and natural vegetation,
compared to the first year plots. Grain yield for Glycine max was consistently
higher than for the other two grain legumes in 2001 and 2002.
Chemical analysis of herbaceous legumes and natural vegetation showed that
crude protein values ranged between 11.2% to 17.3% for legumes; that was
significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 8.6% value found for natural vegetation.
Moreover, all herbaceous legumes and natural vegetation, except Arachis
hypogaea, had dry matter digestibility values of more than 30%.
Maize grain and stover yields on herbaceous legumes fallowed plots were
evaluated and compared with those for natural vegetation. Results in 2001,
i.e. after a one-year fallow with legumes, indicated that the dry matter of
maize grain and stover yields in the Stylosanthes guianensis plots were
higher among the forage legumes. Arachis hypogaea gave the highest grain
and stover yields among the grain legumes in the northern Guinea savannah.
Results in 2002, i.e. after a two-year fallow, also showed that the productivity
of maize planted on Arachis hypogaea and Glycine max fallowed plots were
consistently higher across the three management systems tested in the Centrosema pascuorum, Glycine max, Aeschynomene histrix, Vigna
unguiculata and least weight gain was recorded for the natural vegetation.
Objective functions in linear optimisation, or linear combinations in algebra,
used to link dynamic processes in livestock production (Iiveweight gain) with
the dynamic processes in soils (soil nitrogen), weeds (weed biomass),
herbaceous legumes (legume biomass) and crop production (maize grain and
stover yields) under varying management systems took the form:
Management system 1, Y, = f (XI, Xz, x4); Yr= 0
Management system 2, Y, = f (x" x2); Yz = 0
Management system 3, Y, = f (XI, Xz, xl); Yz= f (XI, Xz, X4. x5)
Where
(1)
(2)
(3)
Y1 = Crop in kg; Y2 = Livestock weight gain in kg; X1= Weed in kg; X2 = Soil N
g kg-1; X3 = Livestock compost in kg; N= Herbaceous legumes in kg; X5 =
Maize stover in kg, for the three management systems considered in this
experiment.
Deductions from these equations showed that Aeschynomene histrix
performed better under M1, i.e. when legumes residues were left on the field.
Natural vegetation performed better than the herbaceous legumes under M2,
i.e. when legumes residues were exported out of the field. However, the
presence of manure in M3 enhanced soil fertility in the system and improved
the overall productivity across all the legumes and natural vegetation.
Overall rankings, conducted by pooling all components in the system,
indicated that Glycine max performed best among the legumes, followed by
Stylosanthes guianensis and Arachis hypogaea, which ranked second and viithird
respectively. In relation to the specific legume groups, Stylosanthes
guianensis performed better than the other two forage legumes, while Glycine
max also performed better than the other two grain legumes tested.
We can see from these on-station research results that there are indications
of positive opportunities for improving overall productivity and resources. This
can be done through integrating and complementing crop and livestock
production, to provide a sustainable intensification of agriculture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is uitgevoer om die potensiële wisselwerking van kruidagtige
peulplante met onkruiddinamika, grondvrugbaarheid en veebestuur te
evalueer. Die hoofeksperiment in die "Northern Guinea Savannah" is vanaf
2000 tot 2002 uitgevoer by die "National Animal Production Research
Institute" (NAPRI) in Zaria, Nigerië. Die twee sekondêre eksperimente is
gelyktydig in Zaria en by die "International Institute of Tropical Agriculture"
(liTA) naby Ibadan in die "Derived Savannah" uitgevoer.
Die eksperimentele ontwerp was 'n dubbel gesplete perseelontwerp gepas in
'n volledig ewekansige blokontwerp met vier herhalings. Die hoofkomponente
was die kruidagtige peulplante naamlik: Vigna unguiculata, Arachis hypogaea,
Glycine max, Aeschynomene histrix, Centrosema pascuorum, Stylosanthes
guianensis en natuurlike plantegroei. Die gekose peulplante is potensieel
aangepas vir uiteenlopende omgewings en word dikwels na verwys as "'n
mandjie van opsies". Subperseel behandelings was (1) peulplant gevestig en
gelaat op die land - M1; (2) peulplant gevestig, geoes en weggeneem uit die
land M2 en (3) peulplant gevestig, geoes, vir vee gevoer,
mis/urine/vermorste voer terug na die land - M3. Die dubbel gesplete perseel
behandelings is toegedien in 'n sekere volgorde nadat die peulplant
rusoes/braak toegepas is. In die eerste jaar is die kruidagtige peulplante
geplant op die hoofperseel van 25m by Sam. In die tweede jaar is die
hoofperseel verdeel in twee persele waar onderskeidelik peulplante en mielies
gevestig is terwyl daar in die derde jaar 'n verdere verdeling was wat gelei het tot
verskillende gewasrotasiestelsels, nl. Peulplant-peulplant-mielies,
peulplant-mielies-peulplant en peulplant-mielies-mielies.
Parameters wat insluit planthoogte, -wydte en persentasie grondbedekking
van die kruidagtige peulplante is tweeweekliks gemeet op vier 1M2 persele
wat ewekansig oor elke hoofperseel versprei is in beide gebiede waar die
studie uitgevoer is.
Resultate het getoon dat die kruidagtige peulplante wat getoets is potensiële
kandidate is vir insluitings in gewas/weiding rotasiesteiseis. Alhoewel
voerproduksie hoër was in die "derived savannah" as in die "northern Guinea
savannah", het die prestasie van die peulplante in die noordelike savannah
gevarieer met die gewasproduksiestelsels. Hoër opbrengste is gerealiseer na
twee opeenvolgende jare van oesrus met peulplante vergeleke met die eerste
jaar waar daar geen residuele effek van die peulplante was nie, en die laaste
jaar wat deur 'n mielie-oes voorafgegaan is. Biomassa opbrengste na twee
jaar van aanhoudende verbouiing was die hoogste vir S. guianensis en die
laagste vir A. hypogea. Ruproteien inhoud van die kruidagtige peulplante het
gewissel van 170 g kg-1 DM in A. hypogea tot 62.4 g kg-1 DM in A histrix.
Graanproduksie deur G. max was deurlopend hoër in 2001 en 2002 vergeleke
met die twee ander graanproduserende peulplante nl. V. unguiculata en A.
hypogea. Die voerproduksie in 2002 was heelwat hoër as die vorige jaar.
Rotasie effekte op mieliegraan en oesreste na peulplante is vergelyk oor die
dubbel gesplete persele (areas met verskillende oesruslengtes) om die ximplikasies
van hulle residuele effek op grondvrugbaarheid verbetering en
onkruid dinamika te bepaal.
Mielie-opbrengs na een jaar van rusoes toon hoër waardes op persele wat
onder kruidagtige peulplante was vergeleke met natuurlike plantegroei. Net
so was die opbrengs deurlopend hoër op persele waar daar graan peulplante
was as waar daar voer peulplante was. Oor die algemeen was die waardes
hoër vir G. max, gevolg deur A. hypogea, A. histrix, C. pascuorum, V.
unguiculata, S. guianensis en die laagste vir natuurlike plantegroei. In terme
van die bestuurstelsels, het persele wat kompos ontvang het (M3) beter as
die ander twee bestuurstelsels presteer (2.6 Mg ha" mieliegraan). Produksie
van mieliegraan en oesreste na twee opeenvolgende jare van mielieverbouing
was die hoogste na G. max (7.2 Mg ha" mieliegraan), gevolg deur die A.
histrix perseel en die laagste op S. guianensis persele. Algemene
waarnemings oor die twee subpersele wat met mielies beplant was in 2002
het getoon dat mielies beter presteer het op persele wat twee opeenvolgende
jare met peulplante beplant was.
Onkruidsamestelling en verspreiding is in beide die peulplante en natuurlike
plantegroei gemeet. Grond vir saadbankontledings is op diagonale transekte
in 0.5m by 0.5m kwadrate gemonster. Grondmonsters is ge-analiseer vir pH,
totale stikstof, organiese koolstof, fosfor, kalsium en magnesium. Hierdie
parameters is gebruik in 'n meervoudige regressie ontleding om hulle effek op
onkruidspesievoorkoms te bepaal. Onkruidgetalle in lande na In rusoes het In deurlopende hoër vlak van
besmetting getoon op die natuurlike plantegroei persele as op die peulplant
persele. Die prestasie in terme van onkruidonderdrukking was in dalende
volgorde: S. guianensis, C. pascuorum, V. ungucuilata, G. max, A. hypogaea
en A. histrix. Die onkruidsamestelling het verskilonder die verskillende
behandelings en dit het ook met tyd verander in dieselfde behandelings.
In Bykomende eksperiment met die peulplante is uitgevoer om hulle effek op
inname en groei van skape, asook die effek op kompos wat gemaak is van
vermorste materiaal en uitskeidings van die skape, te bepaal.
Droë materiaal verteerbaarheid was hoog vir S guianensis, G. max en A.
histrix terwyl die laagste syfer verkry is by A. hypogea (177.6 g kg-1 DM).
Ramme wat met kruidagtige peulplante gevoer is het beter presteer as die
wat met natuurlike plantegroei gevoer is. Ramme wat met A. hypogaea
gevoer is, het In gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GOT) getoon van 85.7 g
daq", gevolg deur S. guianensis, C. pascuorum, G. max, A. histrix, V.
unguiculata en laaste natuurlike plantegroei.
Bykomende ontledings was gemik daarop om objektiewe funksies af te lei
om dinamiese prosesse in vee (massatoename) met dinamiese prosesse in
grond (grond N), onkruid (onkruidmassa), kruidagtige peulplante
(peulplantmassa) en mielies (mieliegraan en oesreste massas) onder
verskillende bestuurstelsels te verbind. In In poging om objektiewe funksies xiivan
die verskillende komponente van die studie te bepaal, is die volgende
lineêre funksies vir die drie bestuurstelsels oorweeg nl.
Bestuurstelsel1. Yl = f (Xl, xz, x.); Yz= 0
Bestuurstelsel 2, Yl = f (Xl, Xz); Yz= 0
Bestuurstelsel3, Yl = f (Xl, X2, Xl); Yz= f (Xl. Xz. x.. les)
Waar
(1)
(2)
(3)
Y1 = Oesopbrengs in kg; Y2 = Daaglikse massatoename in kg; X1 =
Onkruidmassa in kg; X2 = Grond N in g kg-1
; X3 = Kompos in kg; X4 =
Kruidagtige peulplante in kg; X5 = Mieliereste in kg.
Onder bestuurstelsel 1, het A. histrix beter as die ander gewasse presteer,
terwyl natuurlike veld beter presteer het onder bestuurstelsel 2. Dit is 'n
aanduiding dat bestuurstelsel 2 nie volhoubaar is nie. Die derde
bestuurstelsel verteenwoordig volle integrasie van gewas en vee
produksiestelsels. Die teenwoordigheid van mis in die stelsel het
grondvrugbaarheid verbeter en algemene produktiwiteit verbeter.
Hierdie resultate dui aan dat daar geleenthede is om algemene produktiwiteit
te verbeter deur integrasie en komplementering van gewas- en
veeproduksiestelsels om volhoubare intensifikasie van landbou te bereik.
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Densidade de plantio na produção de ervilha-de-vagem /Tavares, Ana Emília Barbosa, 1983. January 2012 (has links)
Orientador: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Banca: Rumy Goto / Banca: Paulo César Tavares de Melo / Resumo: É comum os produtores de ervilha aproveitarem a estrutura de tutoramento utilizado para a produção de tomate. Porém, este aproveitamento de estruturas pré-estabelecidas dificulta o aumento da população de plantas via redução no espaçamento entre plantas. Uma alternativa é conduzir duas plantas na mesma cova, aumentando assim a densidade no plantio da ervilha. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel - UNESP/FCA, São Manuel/SP, com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade de ervilha de vagens comestíveis em diferentes densidades de plantio, variando o espaçamento entre plantas e o número de plantas por cova. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos no esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (espaçamentos entre covas de 0,2, 0,3, 0,4 e 0,5 m com 1 ou 2 plantas por cova), representando densidades de 20.000 à 100.000 plantas por hectare para o espaçamento de 1,0 m entre linhas, com seis repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: produtividade; número de vagens comerciais por hectare e por planta; número de ramificações nas hastes principais; comprimento e largura de vagem comercial. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste F e análise de regressão. Foi obtida maior produtividade de vagens e menor produção por planta, quanto menor o espaçamento. Porém, se o produtor for plantar com um espaçamento maior, aconselha-se o uso de duas plantas por cova / Abstract: It is common for producing peas utilize structure staking used for tomato production. However, the use of pre-defined structures difficult to increase the population of plants by reducing the distance between plants. An alternative is to conduct two plants in the same hole, thus increasing the density of planting. The work was carried out in São Manuel Experimental Farm - UNESP/FCA, São Manuel/SP, with the objective of evaluating the productivity of edible pea pods at different planting densities, varying the spacing between plants and the number of plants per hole. The experimental design was randomized blocks with eight treatments in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 (hole spacing of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 m with 1 or 2 plants per hole), representing densities of 20,000 to 100,000 plants per hectare to 1.0 m spacing between rows, with six replications. The following characteristic were evaluated: yield; number of commercial pods, total and per plant, number of branches in the main stem, length and width of commercial pods. The data were submitted to the F test and regression analysis. It was obtained higher yield and lower production per plant, the smaller the spacing. However, if the producer decides to plant with a greater spacing, it is recommend the use of two plants per hole / Mestre
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