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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 C5269 / Master of Science

Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The aim of this study was to evaluate Bambara groundnut (BGN) milk subjected to spray drying with a view to establish functional, nutritional and physical properties as an ingredient in BGN yoghurt production. BGN milk powder (BGNMP) was successfully produced employing the spray drying technology. Maltodextrin was used as the drying carrier to elevate total solids of BGNM prior to spray drying. There were three levels of maltodextrin (5, 10 and 15%) employed and 10% was ideal. The optimum spray drying parameters were estimated to be the following; inlet temperature (150oC), outlet temperature (74oC), air pressure (3 bars), flow rate (10% or 16mL/min), and air flow (42.9 m3/h). The functional properties evaluated revealed high water solubility capabilities, making BGNMP readily soluble in water, which is one of the most crucial aspects of milk powders. The water solubility index of BGNMP at all maltodextrin levels ranged from 85.15 to 90.25%. There was a significant (p < 0.05) difference amongst BGNMP (5, 10, and 15%) in colour parameters (lightness, yellowness, redness, chroma and hue angle). BGNMP indicated to have a red and yellow colour, but yellow was more dominant. The particle size and particle size distribution of BGNMP ranged from 86.13 to 162.35 μm and 84.04 to 157.0 μm, respectively and did not differ significantly (p > 0.05).

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 B36 / Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of external product attributes on consumers’ perceived acceptance of pea protein as a protein substitute in food products. The interest in pea protein as a possible protein source was investigated and the various advantages of consuming pea protein were highlighted. In previous studies, pea protein was identified as a possible substitute for red meat (Davies & Lightowler, 1998), but also as protein containing the amino acid profile which corresponds with the profile recommended for adults by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (Swendseid, 1981). Additionally the nutritional and health benefits, the environmental benefits of growing pea protein as well as the non-allergen declaration accompanying pea protein were discussed. The various factors that will influence the consumer’s decision making process when introduced to a new and unfamiliar protein source such as pea protein were investigated in terms of the external product attributes as well as the factors indicated in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The external product attributes were identified as the influence of price, marketing of the product, packaging attributes of new food products, branding importance of a product and new product education and knowledge perceived necessary for acceptability of a new food product. The additional factors which were investigated, as indicated by the TRA, included the influence of the subjective norms or significant others, as well as the consumers’ personal attitude. attitude. Due to the limited insight and understanding of the influences that external product attributes have on a consumer’s perceived acceptance of pea protein as a protein substitute in food products, a qualitative exploratory research design was initiated. An exploratory research design was incorporated because this afforded the researcher the opportunity to gather thorough and comprehensive data or information and it also increased the richness and depth of explorations that could be researched (Key, 2002). The fact that an exploratory research design was incorporated, a non-probability sampling strategy was implemented. Additionally a convenient sampling strategy was also implemented because this type of sampling strategy represents sites or individuals from which data can easily be collected and where access is convenient (Cresswell, 2007). The unit of analysis for this research was female shoppers, being the main grocery and food shoppers in the household, who were living in suburban areas. The participants of the research, therefore, resided mainly in the Johannesburg and Pretoria suburban areas, within the Gauteng province and were chosen because these are two of the major suburban cities in South Africa. The data were collected through means of a multi-method approach whereby different data collection instruments were applied. In this regard focus group interviews, sentence completion exercise and a vignette were used which addressed the objectives set out in the study. From the findings of the study on the influence of external product attributes on consumers’ perceived acceptance of new products in general and new products containing pea protein, it was found that there were not any noticeable differences between a new food product and a new food product containing pea protein. The consumer did not indicate a greater willingness to accept general new products in comparison to a pea protein product. On the contrary, the fact that a new product contained pea protein did not make any difference. For consumers external product attributes in general played a major role in their purchasing decision making process. The most important requirement that the consumers had was that additional information regarding the pea protein should be provided. It was indicated by the participants that they would be interested in the pea protein product and consider purchasing it and incorporating it into their daily diet, providing they knew more about the product and had sufficient background information about the new product. Furthermore, the importance of marketing of a new product was highlighted and the fact that the packaging of the new product should be attractive and eye-catching. Price competiveness was mentioned, however, should a new and unfamiliar product be introduced by a well-known brand, this would lower the initial resistance to the new product. One of the main limitations of this study is the relatively small sample size from a particular area in South Africa and, therefore, resulting in a very selective sample. The sample, therefore, remains one of convenience which limits the ability to generalize or transfer findings to a bigger group of consumers. Furthermore the study location was within a limited area, namely Gauteng. For this reason no assumptions were made nor were findings considered to be transferable to other population groups or consumer groups. Another limitation is that the topic of this study is very new and unfamiliar; there are, therefore, no previous studies with which to compare the findings. This study was exploratory in nature and the instruments were chosen specifically to explore a new and unfamiliar topic. The transferability of this study might be limited, but care was taken to describe the research context in as much detail as possible. In doing so, an attempt was made to enhance the transferability, should another researcher wish to duplicate the study. From the findings of this study certain recommendation can be made as most participants were of the opinion that they would be interested in the pea protein product and consider purchasing it and incorporating it into their daily diet provided they knew more about the product and sufficient background information had been supplied. Furthermore, it was noted from the findings that these external attributes would influence the new product acceptability and, therefore, giving the research and developers as well as the marketing team of a manufacturing company the information necessary to understand the requirements from the consumers regarding the product containing pea protein better and how this product should be marketed as a healthy alternative to other vegetable protein sources. Further recommendations are that should a food manufacturing company wish to develop a pea protein product, they would need to promote the product beforehand and create an awareness of the advantages and benefits of pea proteins. This can be done by editorials in magazines as well as promotions in printed media. Additionally, the competition between products and brands is fierce and, therefore, manufacturing companies need to differentiate their products to keep consumers interested in their product or brand. Pea protein is a new and innovative product and can, therefore, add that differentiation and benefit to food products. Future research that can be considered is that of a sensory study, to determine the actual viability of the pea protein products based on sensory evaluation. One of the main criteria indicated for the acceptability of a food product containing pea protein has been the taste. The present research was theoretical and exploratory in nature and, therefore, there were no actual products which the participants could taste. Additionally, the inclusion criteria for this study was identified as female shoppers who are in charge of household grocery and food purchases and were, therefore, specifically recruited to participate in the research. However, based on a study done by Jensen (2011), it is recommended that further studies specifically include males because men are doing more of the household grocery shopping and they are not as brand loyal as females and would, therefore, be more willing to try and experiment with new food products. A study based on the gender differences of the acceptability of new products, could highlight different extrinsic attributes that would influence the purchasing decision. / Business Management / M. Consumer Sc.

The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of external product attributes on consumers’ perceived acceptance of pea protein as a protein substitute in food products. The interest in pea protein as a possible protein source was investigated and the various advantages of consuming pea protein were highlighted. In previous studies, pea protein was identified as a possible substitute for red meat (Davies & Lightowler, 1998), but also as protein containing the amino acid profile which corresponds with the profile recommended for adults by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (Swendseid, 1981). Additionally the nutritional and health benefits, the environmental benefits of growing pea protein as well as the non-allergen declaration accompanying pea protein were discussed. The various factors that will influence the consumer’s decision making process when introduced to a new and unfamiliar protein source such as pea protein were investigated in terms of the external product attributes as well as the factors indicated in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The external product attributes were identified as the influence of price, marketing of the product, packaging attributes of new food products, branding importance of a product and new product education and knowledge perceived necessary for acceptability of a new food product. The additional factors which were investigated, as indicated by the TRA, included the influence of the subjective norms or significant others, as well as the consumers’ personal attitude. attitude. Due to the limited insight and understanding of the influences that external product attributes have on a consumer’s perceived acceptance of pea protein as a protein substitute in food products, a qualitative exploratory research design was initiated. An exploratory research design was incorporated because this afforded the researcher the opportunity to gather thorough and comprehensive data or information and it also increased the richness and depth of explorations that could be researched (Key, 2002). The fact that an exploratory research design was incorporated, a non-probability sampling strategy was implemented. Additionally a convenient sampling strategy was also implemented because this type of sampling strategy represents sites or individuals from which data can easily be collected and where access is convenient (Cresswell, 2007). The unit of analysis for this research was female shoppers, being the main grocery and food shoppers in the household, who were living in suburban areas. The participants of the research, therefore, resided mainly in the Johannesburg and Pretoria suburban areas, within the Gauteng province and were chosen because these are two of the major suburban cities in South Africa. The data were collected through means of a multi-method approach whereby different data collection instruments were applied. In this regard focus group interviews, sentence completion exercise and a vignette were used which addressed the objectives set out in the study. From the findings of the study on the influence of external product attributes on consumers’ perceived acceptance of new products in general and new products containing pea protein, it was found that there were not any noticeable differences between a new food product and a new food product containing pea protein. The consumer did not indicate a greater willingness to accept general new products in comparison to a pea protein product. On the contrary, the fact that a new product contained pea protein did not make any difference. For consumers external product attributes in general played a major role in their purchasing decision making process. The most important requirement that the consumers had was that additional information regarding the pea protein should be provided. It was indicated by the participants that they would be interested in the pea protein product and consider purchasing it and incorporating it into their daily diet, providing they knew more about the product and had sufficient background information about the new product. Furthermore, the importance of marketing of a new product was highlighted and the fact that the packaging of the new product should be attractive and eye-catching. Price competiveness was mentioned, however, should a new and unfamiliar product be introduced by a well-known brand, this would lower the initial resistance to the new product. One of the main limitations of this study is the relatively small sample size from a particular area in South Africa and, therefore, resulting in a very selective sample. The sample, therefore, remains one of convenience which limits the ability to generalize or transfer findings to a bigger group of consumers. Furthermore the study location was within a limited area, namely Gauteng. For this reason no assumptions were made nor were findings considered to be transferable to other population groups or consumer groups. Another limitation is that the topic of this study is very new and unfamiliar; there are, therefore, no previous studies with which to compare the findings. This study was exploratory in nature and the instruments were chosen specifically to explore a new and unfamiliar topic. The transferability of this study might be limited, but care was taken to describe the research context in as much detail as possible. In doing so, an attempt was made to enhance the transferability, should another researcher wish to duplicate the study. From the findings of this study certain recommendation can be made as most participants were of the opinion that they would be interested in the pea protein product and consider purchasing it and incorporating it into their daily diet provided they knew more about the product and sufficient background information had been supplied. Furthermore, it was noted from the findings that these external attributes would influence the new product acceptability and, therefore, giving the research and developers as well as the marketing team of a manufacturing company the information necessary to understand the requirements from the consumers regarding the product containing pea protein better and how this product should be marketed as a healthy alternative to other vegetable protein sources. Further recommendations are that should a food manufacturing company wish to develop a pea protein product, they would need to promote the product beforehand and create an awareness of the advantages and benefits of pea proteins. This can be done by editorials in magazines as well as promotions in printed media. Additionally, the competition between products and brands is fierce and, therefore, manufacturing companies need to differentiate their products to keep consumers interested in their product or brand. Pea protein is a new and innovative product and can, therefore, add that differentiation and benefit to food products. Future research that can be considered is that of a sensory study, to determine the actual viability of the pea protein products based on sensory evaluation. One of the main criteria indicated for the acceptability of a food product containing pea protein has been the taste. The present research was theoretical and exploratory in nature and, therefore, there were no actual products which the participants could taste. Additionally, the inclusion criteria for this study was identified as female shoppers who are in charge of household grocery and food purchases and were, therefore, specifically recruited to participate in the research. However, based on a study done by Jensen (2011), it is recommended that further studies specifically include males because men are doing more of the household grocery shopping and they are not as brand loyal as females and would, therefore, be more willing to try and experiment with new food products. A study based on the gender differences of the acceptability of new products, could highlight different extrinsic attributes that would influence the purchasing decision. / Business Management / M. Consumer Sc.

Two experiments were conducted in NEAVI ( Center for Studies in Poultry ) located in the Central Animal Laboratory of the Federal University of Sergipe , in order to develop a practical and inexpensive technology for the production of shrimp waste meal, as well as evaluating the content of digestible amino acids and their energy values . This study aimed to determine drying times in different proportions of shrimp waste . 35 and 50 kg of shrimp waste , in duplicate , totaling 40.70 and 100 kg , respectively, the amounts of 20 were allocated into six platforms . The time taken to dryness the residue was 35 , 45 and 55 hours, respectively. Chemical composition of shrimp head meal ( FRC ) was also evaluated and the following results were obtained : 90.7 % dry matter , crude protein 39.3 % , ether extract 5.8% , calcium 11.3 % , phosphorus 2.23 % calcium and 1 , 47 % and shrimp waste flour showed values of 89.0 % for dry matter , 32.6 % crude protein , 3.9% for fat , 9 , 87 % for calcium, phosphorus and 2.22 % to 1.53 % for sódio.No first experiment we determined the digestibility of amino acids using the method of ileal collection with 180 broiler chicks , 28 days old , distributed in a completely randomized experimental design , divided into 3 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 birds per experimental unit . The experimental diets were composed of free protein diet with 0 , 5, 10 and 15% inclusion of FRC . The best coefficients were obtained with the 10% level of inclusion for methionine ( 81.2 % ) , cystine ( 58.6 % ) , methionine + cystine ( 73.1 % ) , lysine ( 82.4 % ) and threonine ( 53.3 %). The second experiment determined the coefficients of metabolization of DM, CP , N , Gord , Ca and P and the apparent metabolizable energy (AME ) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance ( AMEn ) of test diets and food . The method of total excreta collection with 180 broiler chicks of cobb trademark , aged 16-26 days old was used . The completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates 6 birds per experimental unit was used . The FRC was included in a reference diet at levels of 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 and 20 % . The chicks were housed in metal cage with trays to collect excreta . A significant influence of the inclusion levels of CRP (P <0.05 ) in the level of 10% was higher in the following factors : dry matter was obtained 73.27% and 76.37 % crude protein . The coefficient of metabolizable ether extract was higher in the inclusions of iv 15 % with coefficients of 95.48 % and 20 % which was 96.59 % . Nitrogen retention was higher in higher levels of inclusion of FRC 10 , 15 and 20 % , which did not differ , obtaining values of 74.3 , 77.0 and 76.9 % , respectively . No statistical difference was observed in the coefficients metabolization of calcium and phosphorus . The AME and AMEn were significantly affected by the inclusion of FRC , as was increased to include these variables suffered diminishing effect on their values . The best level was 10% which presented values of AME 2325.1 Kcal / Kg and AMEn 1827.5 Kcal / Kg for flour of shrimp waste . / Dois experimentos foram realizados no NEAVI ( Núcleo de Estudos em Avicultura) localizado no Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, a fim de desenvolver uma tecnologia prática e barata para a produção da farinha de resíduo de camarão, bem como avaliar o conteúdo de aminoácidos digestíveis e seus valores energéticos. Objetivou-se a determinação dos tempos de secagem em diferentes proporções de resíduo de camarão. Foram alocadas em seis plataformas as quantidades de 20; 35 e 50 kg de resíduo de camarão, em duplicata, totalizando 40,70 e 100 kg, respectivamente. O tempo levado para secagem do resíduo foi de 35, 45 e 55 horas, respectivamente. Também foi avaliada composição química da farinha de cabeça de camarão (FRC) e foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: matéria seca de 90,7%; proteína bruta de 39,3%, extrato etéreo de 5,8%, cálcio de 11,3%, fósforo de 2,23% e cálcio de 1, 47% e a farinha de resíduo de camarão apresentou valores de 89,0% para matéria seca, 32,6% para proteína bruta, 3,9% para extrato etéreo, 9,87% para cálcio, 2,22% para fósforo e 1,53% para sódio.No primeiro experimento foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos utilizando-se o método de coleta ileal com 180 pintos de corte, com 28 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em 3 tratamentos, com 10 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. As dietas experimentais foram compostas por dieta isenta de proteína com 0, 5, 10 e 15% de inclusão de FRC. Os melhores coeficientes foram obtidos com o nível de 10% de inclusão para metionina (81,2%), cistina (58,6%), metionina+cistina (73,1%), lisina (82,4%) e treonina (53,3%). No segundo experimento foram determinados os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de MS, PB, N, Gord, Ca e P e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) das dietas teste e do alimento. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas com 180 pintos de corte de marca comercial cobb, com idade de 16 a 26 dias de idade. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em 5 tratamentos com 6 repetições e 6 aves por unidade experimental. A FRC foi incluída em uma dieta referência nos níveis de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%. Os pintos foram alojados em baterias metálicas com ii bandejas para a coleta de excretas. Houve influência significativa dos níveis de inclusão da FRC (P<0,05), em que o nível de 10% mostrou-se superior nos seguintes coeficientes: de matéria seca obteve-se 73,27% e proteína bruta com 76,37%. O coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo foi maior nas inclusões de 15% com coeficientes de 95,48% e 20% que foi de 96,59%. A retenção de nitrogênio foi superior nos maiores níveis de inclusão de FRC 10, 15 e 20%, que não diferiram entre si, obtendo valores de 74,3; 77,0 e 76,9%; respectivamente. Não foi observada diferença estatística nos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade de cálcio e fósforo. A EMA e EMAn foram afetadas significativamente pela inclusão de FRC, conforme aumentou-se a inclusão, essas variáveis sofreram efeito decrescente em seus valores. O melhor nível de inclusão foi o de 10% que apresentou valores de EMA de 2325,1 Kcal/Kg e de EMAn 1827,5 Kcal/Kg para a farinha de resíduo de camarão.

The objective of the present work was to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the coefficients of metabolization of flour shrimp waste (FRC) in broilers rednecks Color Plume (CPK) not sexed, under different methodologies for collecting and ages. In experiment 1 180 birds aged 28 to 40 days subject to the total collection system were used. In experiment 2 150 birds age of 53 to 65 days undergoing total and partial collection of excreta use of acid insoluble ash indicator (CIA) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and six replicates of six five birds each, respectively. Treatments consisted of a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal -four test diets with 5, 10, 15 and 20 % replacement of FRC in the reference diet. The experiment lasted 12 days, seven days of adaptation to the cages and the test diets and 5 days for collection of excreta and quantification of food intake. Until each experimental period the birds were reared in shed masonry, floor covered with wood shavings beaten, which received commercial food and water at will. The samples were collected individually frozen until the end of the trial period, after which you were homogenized and prepared separately for analysis of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE). FRC was determined for values of 87,4 % DM, 32,6 % PB, 40% MM , 12.1% calcium, 2.3 % phosphorus , and 2385 kcal of gross energy / kg of DM . The average coefficients of metabolizability determined at the age of 28 to 40 days and between 53 to 65 days were respectively, 70,5 and 78,7 % for dry matter and 65,2 to 72,5 % crude protein. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME ) of FRC in particular natural matter in the first stage of establishment was 1092 kcal / kg of DM , and the second phase was 1260 kcal / kg in MN , regardless of the methodology . / Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da farinha de resíduo de camarão (FRC) em frangos caipiras da linhagem Color Plume (CPK) não sexados, submetidos a diferentes metodologias de coleta e idades. No experimento 1 foram utilizados 180 aves com idade de 28 a 40 dias submetidos ao sistema de coleta total de excretas. No experimento 2 foram utilizados 150 aves com idade de 53 a 65 dias submetidos à coleta total e parcial de excretas com uso do indicador cinza ácida insolúvel (CIA). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições com seis e cinco aves por unidade experimental, respectivamente. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração referência a base de milho e farelo de soja e quatro rações testes, com 5, 10, 15 e 20% de FRC em substituição a ração referência. Os períodos experimentais tiveram duração de 12 dias, sendo sete dias de adaptação as gaiolas e as rações testes e 5 dias para colheita das excretas e quantificação do consumo de ração. Até cada período experimental as aves foram criados em galpão de alvenaria, de piso batido coberto com maravalha, onde receberam ração comercial e água a vontade. As amostras coletadas individualmente foram congeladas até o final do período experimental, onde logo após foram homogeneizadas e preparadas separadamente para analises de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB). Para a FRC foi determinado valores de 87.4% de MS, 32,6 % de PB, 40 % de MM, 12,1 % de cálcio, 2,3 % de fósforo e 2385 kcal de energia bruta/kg na MS. Os coeficientes médios de metabolizabilidade determinados na idade de 28 a 40 dias e entre 53 a 65 dias foram respectivamente de, 70,5 e 78,7 % para matéria seca, 65,2 e 72,5 % para proteína bruta. A energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) da FRC na matéria natural determinada na primeira fase da criação foi de 1092 kcal/kg na MS, e para a segunda fase foi de 1260 kcal/kg na MN, independente da metodologia.