Lepidium latifolium L. (perennial pepperweed, LEPLA) is an exotic invader throughout western North America. At Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) in southeast Oregon, it has invaded about 10% of meadow habitats that are important for wildlife. This study's objective was to determine the most effective and least environmentally harmful treatment to control this weed and restore native vegetation using integrated pest management techniques. During summer 1995, nine 0.24-ha plots in three meadows infested with L. latifolium at MNWR were randomly assigned to a treatment with metsulfuron methyl herbicide, chlorsulfuron herbicide, disking, burning, herbicide (metsulfuron methyl or chlorsulfuron) then disking, herbicide (metsulfuron methyl or chlorsulfuron) then burning, or untreated. Changes in L. latifolium ramet densities and basal cover of vegetation, litter, and bare soil were evaluated in 1996 and 1997. Sheep grazing was evaluated as a treatment for reduction in flower production along roadsides and levees during summer 1997. Revegetation treatments of seeding, transplanting or natural (untreated) revegetation were attempted at plots treated with chlorsulfuron, disking, chlorsulfuron then disking, and at untreated plots from October 1996 through September 1997. Chlorsulfuron was the most effective control treatment with greater than 97% reduction in L. latifolium ramet densities two years after treatment. Metsulfuron methyl was an effective control (greater than 93% reduction) for one year. Disking was ineffective. Burning was ineffective at the one site where sufficient fine fuels existed to carry fire. Herbicide treatments were associated with increased grass and reduced forb cover. Disking was associated with reduced grass and litter cover. Disking combined with either herbicide treatment was associated with reductions in all plant cover (49 to 100%), increased bare ground, and invasion by other weedy species such as Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Canada thistle, CIRAR) and Bromus tectorum L. (cheatgrass, BROTE). Ungrazed L. latifolium averaged 4513 flowers per ramet. Sheep grazing reduced L. latifolium flower production by at least 98%. Revegetation treatments were unnecessary in sites treated with chlorsulfuron and were ineffective at all treatment sites. / Graduation date: 2000

This diploma thesis deals with application of wolfberry (Lycium chinense) and maca (Lepidium meyenii) in food products. Both plants have high nutrition content and are studied for their health benefits to humans. In case of wolfberry it’s mainly immune-stimulating and antioxidant properties. Maca is known for increasing fertility and there’s also reported lowering of cholesterol and blood sugar. In theoretic part are summarized findings about chemical composition, science studies about effects of these plants, situation on the Czech trade and project of use. Aim of this thesis was to create practical demonstration of use and consumption both plants and to evaluate it by methods of sensory analysis. For this purpose three samples of wolfberry cereal bars and three samples of chocolate with maca powder were produced. These samples were sensory evaluated using ranking test, scale test and profile test. Higher amount of maca in chocolate had worse rating, while use of wolfberry was rated quite well. Therefore three wolfberry cereal bars were produced as the final product in cooperation with bakery and chocolate factory Fikar – bar with fruit filling glazed with chocolate, classical bar glazed and classical bar not glazed with chocolate, as a demonstration of possible industrial use.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto antibacteriano in vitro del extracto metanólico del Lepidium meyenii en sus tres ecotipos (maca roja, amarilla y negra) sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Materiales y Métodos: Este estudio in vitro utilizó pocillos embebecidos del extracto metanólico del Lepidium meyenii en sus tres ecotipos colocados en 7 placas petri que contenían cepas de cultivos. La Concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) fue evaluada por la técnica de Kirby Bauer y la concentración mínima bactericida (CMB) mediante el Recuento de Unidades Formadoras de Colonia (UFC). Los halos de inhibición se midieron en mm y se registraron mediante estadística descriptiva media y desviación estándar. Resultados: Frente al Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), la maca roja tuvo una media (+- d.e) de 13.5 ± 0 .60 mm, MIC de 125.0μg/ml y MBC de 62.5 μg/ml; la maca negra 13.3 ± 0.53 mm, 125.0μg/ml y 62.5 μg/ml, respectivamente; y, la amarilla, 12 ± 0.27 mm, 250.0 μg/ml y 125.0 μg/ml, respectivamente. Frente al Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556), la media (+- d.e) de la maca roja fue 17.6 ± 0.23 mm, MIC de 62.5μg/ml y MBC de 31.3 μg/ml; la maca negra 19.6 ± 0.44 mm, 62.5μg/ml y 31.3 μg/ml, respectivamente; y, la amarilla 14.8 ± 0.26mm, 31.3 μg/ml y 15.6 μg/ml, respectivamente. Conclusión: Existe efecto antibacteriano del extracto metanólico de Lepidium meyenii en sus tres ecotipos sobre los microorganismos Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) y Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). / Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effect of methanolic extract of Lepidium meyenii in its three ecotypes (red, yellow and black maca) against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Materials and Methods: This in vitro study used wells embedded in methanolic extract of Lepidium meyenii in its three ecotypes, placed on 7 petri discs containing the bacteria samples. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was evaluated using the Kirby Bauer technique and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the colony forming unit (CFU). Inhibition halos were measured in mm and analyzed using descriptive statistics and standard deviation. Results: Against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), the red maca had a mean result (±sd) of 13.5±0.60 mm, 125.0ug/ml MIC and 62.5ug/ml MBC; the black maca was 13.3±0.53 mm, 125.0ug/ml MIC and 62.5 ug/ml MBC; and the yellow maca was 12±0.27 mm, 250.0 ug/ml and 125.0 ug/ml, respectively. Against Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556), the mean (±d.e) of the red maca was 17.6±0.23 mm, 62.5ug/ml MIC and 31.3 ug/ml MBC; the black maca was 19.6±0.44 mm, 62.5ug/ml MIC and 31.3 ug/ml MBC, and the yellow maca was 14.8±0.26 mm, 31.3 ug/ml and 15.6 ug/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Exists an antibacterial effect of methanolic extract of Lepidium meyenii in its three ecotypes against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). / Tesis

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.