Thesis (M.S.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Title from t.p. of PDF file (viewed Aug. 31, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Boise State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D., Entomology)--University of Idaho, August 2008. / Major professor: Mark Schwarzländer. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online (PDF file) by subscription or by purchasing the individual file.

OLIVEIRA, Jonaina Costa de. Abordagem farmacológica e terapêutica da Lepidium meyenii Walp. (MACA) : uma revisão de literatura. 114 f. 2011. Dissertação (Mestrado em Farmacologia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Medicina, Fortaleza, 2011. / Submitted by denise santos (denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2013-11-27T11:29:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_jcoliveira.pdf: 1380989 bytes, checksum: de11416f833b91580dcc33abdd2b048b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by denise santos(denise.santos@ufc.br) on 2013-11-27T11:40:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_jcoliveira.pdf: 1380989 bytes, checksum: de11416f833b91580dcc33abdd2b048b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-27T11:40:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_jcoliveira.pdf: 1380989 bytes, checksum: de11416f833b91580dcc33abdd2b048b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The use of medicinal plants and herbal remedies for the recovery of health is a widespread practice that was cobbled up over time, being the result of the secular accumulation of empirical knowledge about the action of plants by different ethnic groups. It is necessary to establish evidences on the safety profile of herbal medicine to reduce risks to patient health. The application of tools that allow a critical evaluation and rational use of preclinical studies and clinical trials on efficacy and safety of medicinal plants and herbal medicines is very important. This research is a review of studies involving Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Maca), a plant used in traditional medicine in various pathological conditions and organ dysfunction. This is a narrative discursive review. Lepidium meyenii is native to the region of the Andes in Peru, but can be found in Bolivia, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. In the Peruvian traditional medicine Lepidium meyenii is used to increase vitality, stress, to promote libido, increase fertility and sexual performance in men and women. Some studies suggest that secondary metabolites found in extracts of this plant are responsible for their physiological effects (macamides and macaenes). Toxicology studies conducted with Lepidium meyenii showed its low oral toxicity in animals and low toxicity in vitro. Several preclinical studies have been conducted to evaluate therapeutic actions associated with the use of Maca, which include: antioxidant, lipid-lowering effects, fertility enhancement, increased sexual performance, spermatogenic effect and action on anti hyperplasia of the prostate. The Lepidium meyenii (Maca) has been widely used in traditional medicine in increased vitality, in stress, promoting libido, increased fertility and sexual performance in men and women. In males it was found that Maca increases sexual desire, sperm production and improves mild erectile dysfunction. In females, Maca showed a reduction in symptoms of menopause and improvement of sexual dysfunction associated with menopause. It can be concluded after a review of the scientific literature, ethnopharmacological data and pre-clinical and clinical studies, that Lepidium meyenii (Maca) may be indicated in the improvement of desire (libido) and sexual performance, and is safe in the dose of 1.5 g/day to 3 g/day. / A utilização de plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos para a recuperação da saúde é uma prática bastante difundida que foi sedimentando-se ao longo do tempo, sendo o resultado do acúmulo secular de conhecimentos empíricos sobre a ação das plantas por diversos grupos étnicos. Faz-se necessário o estabelecimento de um corpo de evidências sobre o perfil de segurança dos fitoterápicos para a redução dos riscos à saúde do paciente. É de fundamental importância a aplicação de ferramentas que permitam uma avaliação crítica e racional dos estudos pré-clínicos e ensaios clínicos sobre eficácia e segurança das plantas medicinais e fitoterápicos. Esta pesquisa trata-se de uma revisão de literatura envolvendo a Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Maca), uma planta utilizada na medicina tradicional em diversas condições patológicas e disfunções orgânicas. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa-discursiva. A planta Lepidium meyenii é nativa na Região dos Andes, no Peru, mas pode ser encontrada na Bolívia, Colômbia, Chile e Argentina. Na medicina tradicional peruana a Lepidium meyenii é utilizada para aumentar a vitalidade, no stress, para promover a libido, aumentar a fertilidade e o desempenho sexual em homens e mulheres. Alguns estudos sugerem que metabólitos secundários encontrados em extratos desta planta são responsáveis por seus efeitos fisiológicos (macamidas e macaenos). Os estudos toxicológicos realizados com a Lepidium meyenii evidenciaram sua baixa toxicidade por via oral em animais e baixa toxicidade celular in vitro. Diversos estudos pré-clínicos têm sido realizados para avaliar ações terapêuticas associadas ao uso da Maca, onde podemos citar: ação antioxidante, ação hipolipemiante, aumento da fertilidade, aumento do desempenho sexual, ação espermatogênica e efeito antihiperplásico na próstata. A Lepidium meyenii (Maca) tem sido amplamente utilizada na medicina tradicional no aumento da vitalidade, no estresse, na promoção da libido, no aumento da fertilidade e da performance sexual em homens e mulheres. No sexo masculino constatou-se que a Maca aumenta o desejo sexual, a produção de espermatozóides e melhora a disfunção erétil de intensidade leve. No sexo feminino observou-se uma redução dos sintomas de desconforto da menopausa, assim como melhora da disfunção sexual associada ao climatério. Pode-se concluir, após análise da literatura científica, dos dados etnofarmacológicos e dos ensaios pré-clínicos e clínicos realizados, que a Lepidium meyenii (Maca) pode ser indicada na melhora do desejo (libido) e desempenho sexual e é segura na dose de 1,5 g/dia a 3 g/dia.

Field pepperweed (<i>Lepidium campestre</i> L.) is a cruciferous winter annual wild edible plant. It has potential medicinal properties as it contains a considerable level of glucoraphanin, which is the precursor for sulforaphane, a phase 2 protein inducer. Phase 2 proteins either directly or indirectly promote the scavenging of strong oxidants, and thus decrease the risk of many complex disorders such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimers disease. However, field pepperweed plants also contain glucosinalbin, an antinutritional compound. For field pepperweed to become a green vegetable crop or source of functional food, it is desirable to reduce or eliminate glucosinalbin. The biosynthesis of glucosinalbin may be down-regulated through biotechnology. To that end, in the present studies, experimental protocols for plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation have been developed for field pepperweed. Establishment of such methods represents a vital first step in the process of engineering field pepperweed for enhanced nutritional value.<p> The effect of explant type and various combinations of growth regulators on regeneration were evaluated in three accessions of field pepperweed (Ames 13179, 13180 and 15718). Among the three genotypes, accession Ames 13179 had the highest regeneration frequency under several conditions. Regeneration from hypocotyl explants was more rapid and prolific than regeneration from either mature leaf or cotyledonary explants. Segments from the acropetal end of the hypocotyls were more regenerable than those from the basipetal end. Evaluation of different hormonal combinations and concentrations identified an optimal growth regulator combination (3 mg L-1 thidiazuron / 0.1 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid) for shoot induction.<p> The plant regeneration system established was adopted for field pepperweed transformation using the acropetal segments of hypocotyls as explants. Two plant expression constructs were tested for down-regulating by RNA interference with the expression of a field pepperweed cytochrome P450 gene named LcCYP79B2. This gene may be involved in biosynthesis of glucosinalbin. Conditions for transformation such as pre-culture, co-cultivation time, and antibiotic concentration were evaluated. Transgenic plants were obtained and confirmed by histochemical staining of the reporter â-glucuranidase activity and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of the NPTII gene. The current study has established efficient plant regeneration and transformation protocols for field pepperweed. They should be useful for future molecular biology studies and biotechnological applications in this species.

Field pepperweed (<i>Lepidium campestre</i> L.) is a cruciferous winter annual wild edible plant. It has potential medicinal properties as it contains a considerable level of glucoraphanin, which is the precursor for sulforaphane, a phase 2 protein inducer. Phase 2 proteins either directly or indirectly promote the scavenging of strong oxidants, and thus decrease the risk of many complex disorders such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimers disease. However, field pepperweed plants also contain glucosinalbin, an antinutritional compound. For field pepperweed to become a green vegetable crop or source of functional food, it is desirable to reduce or eliminate glucosinalbin. The biosynthesis of glucosinalbin may be down-regulated through biotechnology. To that end, in the present studies, experimental protocols for plant regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation have been developed for field pepperweed. Establishment of such methods represents a vital first step in the process of engineering field pepperweed for enhanced nutritional value.<p> The effect of explant type and various combinations of growth regulators on regeneration were evaluated in three accessions of field pepperweed (Ames 13179, 13180 and 15718). Among the three genotypes, accession Ames 13179 had the highest regeneration frequency under several conditions. Regeneration from hypocotyl explants was more rapid and prolific than regeneration from either mature leaf or cotyledonary explants. Segments from the acropetal end of the hypocotyls were more regenerable than those from the basipetal end. Evaluation of different hormonal combinations and concentrations identified an optimal growth regulator combination (3 mg L-1 thidiazuron / 0.1 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid) for shoot induction.<p> The plant regeneration system established was adopted for field pepperweed transformation using the acropetal segments of hypocotyls as explants. Two plant expression constructs were tested for down-regulating by RNA interference with the expression of a field pepperweed cytochrome P450 gene named LcCYP79B2. This gene may be involved in biosynthesis of glucosinalbin. Conditions for transformation such as pre-culture, co-cultivation time, and antibiotic concentration were evaluated. Transgenic plants were obtained and confirmed by histochemical staining of the reporter â-glucuranidase activity and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of the NPTII gene. The current study has established efficient plant regeneration and transformation protocols for field pepperweed. They should be useful for future molecular biology studies and biotechnological applications in this species.

Submitted by Heitor Rapela Medeiros (heitor.rapela@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-04T12:26:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ESTUDO GALENICO DE FORMAS PLÁSTICAS (GEL E CREME) DO EX-TRAT.pdf: 930042 bytes, checksum: 9e27a74cc2cb3a7521c388c20dd139d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T12:26:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ESTUDO GALENICO DE FORMAS PLÁSTICAS (GEL E CREME) DO EX-TRAT.pdf: 930042 bytes, checksum: 9e27a74cc2cb3a7521c388c20dd139d0 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / As infecções do trato genital são a causa mais frequente de consulta ginecológica (50-70 % das queixas). Acredita-se que todas as mulheres sexualmente ativas já tiveram pelo menos um episódio de vaginose bacteriana e/ou vulvovaginite. O aumento da resistência das bactérias aos antibióticos convencionais tem estimulado intensos esforços para desenvolver novos agentes antimicrobianos eficazes contra essas bactérias e fungos. O objetivo deste estudo é realizar a produção de formas farmacêuticas plásticas de ação tópica dermatológica e vaginal a partir do extrato seco do hipocotiledon, de Lepidium peruvianum CHACON sp. Nov. = Lepidium meyenii WALP., popularmente conhecida como MACA; esta é uma planta herbácea, bienal ou anual; distribuída basicamente nos Andes Centrais do Peru, em altitudes que vão de 3.500 até 4.500 metros acima do nível do mar. Inicialmente foi feita a identificação botânica e a obtenção de extrato aquoso. Foi realizada a pesquisa de toxicidade da planta; através do teste de toxicidade aguda em camundongos com o extrato bruto, realizado por via intraperitoneal e via oral, a toxicidade foi testada até uma dose de 4.500 mg/kg; e posteriormente foi verificada a ação frente a fungos e bactérias patógenas, comprovando se a ação sobre fungos. Ensaios farmacotécnicos revelaram que o extrato se incorpora perfeitamente nas formulações escolhidas. A determinação das características físicoquímicas dos produtos acabados mostrou que a manipulação não altera qualitativa nem quantitativamente o extrato. Estudos preliminares indicam que as perspectivas de sua utilização nas Indústrias, Cosmética e de Medicamentos são ótimas, pois a utilização destas novas formulações leva a uma diminuição do uso de métodos convencionais, que não raro acarretam ações indesejáveis ao organismo humano.

A maca é uma raiz aromática com 52 a 76% de carboidratos e seu período de conservação pós-colheita é bastante longo, sem demonstrar sinais de deterioração. O mecanismo de degradação do amido e dos componentes da parede celular via ação enzimática não eram ainda conhecidos. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a ação de enzimas amilolíticas e pectinolíticas nessas raízes, bem como a morfologia do grânulo de amido e a composição centesimal. Os resultados mostraram que foi obtida a purificação parcial de &#946;-amilase com peso molecular aproximado de 57 kDa, com atividade máxima a 40,7 ºC e pH de 5,1. A pectinesterase foi extraída a pH 6,0 com maior atividade a 49,4ºC e pH 6,6 a maior atividade da poligalacturonase foi a 46 ºC e pH 5,4, quando extraída a pH 8,5.O teor de amido total foi de 8,92%, os grânulos apresentaram morfologia oval em observados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). / Maca is an aromatic root that contends 52 to 76 per cent of carbohydrates and is very stable for a long period without signals of deterioration. The degradation mechanisms of the reserve carbohydrates and the cell wall components by enzymatic way had not been described yet. The main objective of this study was the identification of inner enzymes which degrades the starch and the pectins; the others objectives were the analysis and the morphology of the starch grains as well as the root\'s contend composition. The results showed that was obtained the partial purification of a &#946;- amylase, characterized by the molecular mass of 57 kDa, with a highest activity at 40.7 °C and pH 5.1. The pectinesterease was extracted with a pH of 6.0 and its maximum activity was at 49.4 °C and pH 6.6; the polygalacturonase was extracted with a pH of 8.5 and its top activity was achieved at 46 °C and pH 5.4. The total contend of starch was 8.92 % and the grains had an oval morphology observed by SEM.

A maca é uma raiz aromática com 52 a 76% de carboidratos e seu período de conservação pós-colheita é bastante longo, sem demonstrar sinais de deterioração. O mecanismo de degradação do amido e dos componentes da parede celular via ação enzimática não eram ainda conhecidos. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a ação de enzimas amilolíticas e pectinolíticas nessas raízes, bem como a morfologia do grânulo de amido e a composição centesimal. Os resultados mostraram que foi obtida a purificação parcial de &#946;-amilase com peso molecular aproximado de 57 kDa, com atividade máxima a 40,7 ºC e pH de 5,1. A pectinesterase foi extraída a pH 6,0 com maior atividade a 49,4ºC e pH 6,6 a maior atividade da poligalacturonase foi a 46 ºC e pH 5,4, quando extraída a pH 8,5.O teor de amido total foi de 8,92%, os grânulos apresentaram morfologia oval em observados em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). / Maca is an aromatic root that contends 52 to 76 per cent of carbohydrates and is very stable for a long period without signals of deterioration. The degradation mechanisms of the reserve carbohydrates and the cell wall components by enzymatic way had not been described yet. The main objective of this study was the identification of inner enzymes which degrades the starch and the pectins; the others objectives were the analysis and the morphology of the starch grains as well as the root\'s contend composition. The results showed that was obtained the partial purification of a &#946;- amylase, characterized by the molecular mass of 57 kDa, with a highest activity at 40.7 °C and pH 5.1. The pectinesterease was extracted with a pH of 6.0 and its maximum activity was at 49.4 °C and pH 6.6; the polygalacturonase was extracted with a pH of 8.5 and its top activity was achieved at 46 °C and pH 5.4. The total contend of starch was 8.92 % and the grains had an oval morphology observed by SEM.

A popularização do treinamento resistido associada a busca pelo corpo perfeito traz consigo uma maior procura por recursos anabolizantes por atletas e amadores. A utilização de anabolizantes geralmente ocorre em associação com outras substâncias, o que pode agravar os seus efeitos colaterais. Apesar de haver vários estudos abordando os efeitos colaterais do decanoato de nandrolona, pouco se conhece sobre a sua associação com treinamento resistido e Lepidium meyenii. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do treinamento resistido associado a decanoato de nandrolona e Lepidium meyenni (Maca) sob o peso corporal, parâmetros comportamentais e hepáticos em ratos wistar. Para isso, foi aplicado um modelo experimental com 60 ratos adultos, divididos em cinco grupos: controle sedentário (SC), treinamento resistido (ST), decanoato de nandrolona sedentário (ND), Lepidium meyenii sedentário (LM) e treinamento resistido decanoato de nandrolona e Lepidium meyenii (STNL). O protocolo de treinamento resistido consta de 3 séries com 10 repetições com 80% 1RM e teve duração de 5 semanas, com freqüência de 3 vezes por semana no aparato proposto por Tamaki et al. (1992). O decanoato de nandrolona intramuscular na dose de 18mg/kg/semana e Lepidium meyenii na dose de 450 mg/kg/semana foi administrado por gavagem. Ao término do treinamento, foram realizados os seguintes testes comportamentais: Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (Plus-Maze), Reconhecimento de Objeto e Residente-Intruso. Para avaliação hepática foram realizadas as seguintes análises bioquímicas: alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama glutamiltransferase (GGT). Foram observado efeitos positivos da administração de decanoato de nandrolona, Lepidium meyenii e treinamento resistido sob o peso (SC 490,0 g ± 2,9 g; ST 450,0 g ± 1,3 g; ND 410 g ± 1,0 g; LM 430 g ± 1,4 g e STNL 390 g ± 0,7 g). Os testes comportamentais apresentaram alterações em um ou mais grupos para os parâmetros de agressividade, ansiedade e memória. No Labirinto em Cruz Elevado encontrou-se menor número de entradas no braços abertos do grupo ST (SC 2,50 ± 0,62; ST 1,42 ± 0,26; ND 1,58 ± 0,39; LM 1,57 ± 0,33 e STNL 1,58 ± 0,19), menor número de entradas nos braços fechados nos grupos ST e STNL (SC 6,13 ± 0,93; ST 2,75 ± 0,67; ND 3,25 ± 0,52; LM 4,17 ± 0,45 e STNL 2,33 ± 0,33) e menor tempo de permanência no grupo ST (SC 42,88 s ± 13,88 s; ST 17,67 s ± 70 s; ND 28,50 s ± 12,50 s; LM 20,42 s ± 5,8 s e STNL 34,25 s ± 15,24 s). No teste residente intruso observou-se menor número de ataques nos grupos ST e LM (SC 9,13 ± 2,31; ST 6,00 ± 1,38; ND 8,50 ± 1,25; LM 5,75 ± 1,01 e STNL 8,75 ± 1,46). No teste para memória verificou-se menor índice de reconhecimento de objeto nos grupos ND e LM (SC 0,27 ± 0,20; ST 0,01 ± 0,20; ND -0,35 ± 0,16; LM -0,23 ± 0,16 e STNL -0,23 ± 0,21). Apesar de não terem sido encontradas variações significativas nas análises bioquímicas (AST, ALT, FAL e GGT), houve uma diminuição significativa no peso do fígado nos grupos ND e STNL, (SC 14,4 g ± 0,4 g; ST 14,62 g ± 1,0 g; ND 11,61 g ± 04 g; LM 13,7 g ± 0,5 g e STNL 11,82 g ± 0,5 g), sugerindo lesão hepática. Com base nestes resultados não recomenda-se o uso de esteróides anabolizantes ou a sua associação com Lepidium meyenii. / The popularization of strength training associated with the search for the perfect body increases the demand for anabolic resources for athletes and amateurs. The use of anabolic steroids often occurs in combination with other substances, which may worsen the side effects. Although there are several studies addressing the side effects of nandrolone decanoate, little is known about its association with strength training and Lepidium meyenii. This study aims to evaluate the effect of strength training associated with nandrolone decanoate and Lepidium meyenni (Maca) on body mass, behavioral and liver parameter in Wistar rats. For this, an experimental model was applied to 60 adult rats were divided into five groups: sedentary control (SC), strength training (ST), nandrolone decanoate sedentary (ND), Lepidium meyenii sedentary (LM) and strength training, nandrolone decanoate and Lepidium meyenii (STNL). The strength training protocol consist of 3 series 10 repetitions 80% 1RM and was performed three times a week for five weeks in the apparatus proposed by Tamaki et al. (1992). The nandrolone decanoate intramuscular injection at a dose of 18 mg/kg/week and Lepidium meyenii at 450 mg/kg/week was administered by gavage. At the end of training, the following behavioral tests were performed: Plus-Maze Test, Object Recognition Test and Resident-Intruder. For liver evaluation were made biochemical analysis: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT). It was observed positive effects of administration of nandrolone decanoate, Lepidium meyenii and strength training on body mass (SC 490,0 g ± 2,9 g; ST 450,0 g ± 1,3 g; ND 410 g ± 1,0 g; LM 430 g ± 1,4g and STNL 390 g ± 0,7 g). Behavioral tests showed alterations at one or more groups for the aggressiveness parameters, anxiety and memory. In the Plus-Maze Test it found smaller number of entries in the open arms in ST group (SC 2,50 ± 0,62; ST 1,42 ± 0,26; ND 1,58 ± 0,39; LM 1,57 ± 0,33 and STNL 1,58 ± 0,19), smaller number of entries in ST e STNL groups (SC 6,13 ± 0,93; ST 2,75 ± 0,67; ND 3,25 ± 0,52; LM 4,17 ± 0,45 and STNL 2,33 ± 0,33) and shorter permanence in the open arms in ST group (SC 42,88 s ± 13,88 s; ST 17,67 s ± 70 s; ND 28,50 s ± 12,50 s; LM 20,42 s ± 5,8 s and STNL 34,25 s ± 15,24 s). In the Resident Intruder it was observed smaller number of attacks in ST and LM groups (SC 9,13 ± 2,31; ST 6,00 ± 1,38; ND 8,50 ± 1,25; LM 5,75 ± 1,01 and STNL 8,75 ± 1,46). In the Object Recognition Test it was verified lower object recognition índex in ND and LM groups (SC 0,27 ± 0,20; ST 0,01 ± 0,20; ND - 0,35 ± 0,16; LM -0,23 ± 0,16 e STNL -0,23 ± 0,21). Despite not having been found significant variations in biochemical analysis (AST, ALT, FAL and GGT), there was a significant decrease in liver weight in ND and STNL groups (SC 14,4 g ± 0,4 g; ST 14,62 g ± 1,0 g; ND 11,61 g ± 04 g; LM 13,7 g ± 0,5 g e STNL 11,82 g ± 0,5 g)., suggesting liver damage. Based on these results, the use of anabolic steroids is not recommended, as well as its association with Lepidium meyenii.