A study was conducted to evaluate the use of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) as a protein supplement for pigs. In addition, an evaluation of detoxifying LLM, by sun-drying, water-soaking, or treating with ferrous sulphate (FeS04) solution was undertaken. The research involved two experiments; a growth study and a metabolic study. In the growth study sixteen, 12 weeks old Large White x Landrace pigs (average body weight 22.9 ± 2.12 kg) were fed four experimental rations; a commercial grain-based grower /finisher ration (control); or a ration containing 20% of either sun-dried LLM, water-soaked LLM, or FeS04-treated LLM, replacing the basal diet. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in liveweight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency in pigs fed the ration containing sun-dried LLM. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by the addition of water-soaked and FeS04-treated LLM to the basal diet. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels in the blood plasma were not affected by the dietary treatments. However, addition of FeS04-treated LLM to the basal diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased the back fat thickness of the pigs. In the metabolic study, the digestible dry matter (DDM) and digestible CP (DCP) were measured as well as mimosine, 3-hydroxy-4-(1H) pyridone (3,4-DHP) and 2,3DHP output in the faeces and urine. / Addition of water-soaked LLM to the diet significantly (P<0.05) lowered the DDM of the diet, whereas addition of FeS04-treated LLM significantly (P<0.05) reduced the DCP. Sun-drying, water-soaking and treatment of LLM with FeS04 solution, did not enhance the output of mimosine or 3,4-DHP in the urine and faeces. The results suggest that water soaking or treatment with FeS04 solution reduces the antinutritional factors (presumably including mimosine) and therefore improves the nutritional quality of LLM containing diets for pigs.

MOREIRA, Rafaele Ferreira. Avaliação nutricional de fenos utilizados na alimentação de poedeiras. 2008. 46 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T18:05:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rfmoreira.pdf: 189832 bytes, checksum: 281229f72a125546897c4bf0187044d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T15:19:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rfmoreira.pdf: 189832 bytes, checksum: 281229f72a125546897c4bf0187044d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T15:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rfmoreira.pdf: 189832 bytes, checksum: 281229f72a125546897c4bf0187044d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Two different trials were conducted to develop the present work. In the first trial the objective was to determine the chemical composition and the values of metabolizable energy of hays utilized in laying hens diet. The second one, was carried out to evaluate the effect of a quantitative feed restriction on voluntary ingestion of hay, on laying hen performance and on egg characteristics. The metabolism trial was conducted using the total excreta collection methodology. A total of 50 laying hens Hisex Brown with 61 weeks of age were randomly distributed into five treatments with five repetitions of two birds each. Treatments consited of a reference-diet and four test-diets (70% of reference-diet plus 30% of each hay). The hays evaluated were cunhã hay (CH), cassava leaf meal (CLM), leucaena leaf meal (LLM) and tifton (TH). The inclusion of hays in the diets reduced feed intake, the digestibility coeficients of dry matter (DCDM), ether extract (DCEE), crude energy (DCCE) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen (AMEn). However, no effect was found for the digestibility coeficient of crude protein (DCCP) compared to a reference-diet. The values of AME and AMEn of CH, CLM and LLM did not differ among them but they were higher than that of the TH. The values of AME and AMEn of TH, CLM, LLM and CH were: 925 and 1,025; 1,694 and 1,718; 1,718 and 1,848 and 1,758 and 1,777 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. In the second trial, 150 laying Hisex Brown with 51 weeks of age were distributed into five treatments with five repetitions of six birds each. The treatments were: a control, consisting of supplying a 100g of a laying hen diet per bird/day without hay and the others consisting of a feed restriction of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the diet offered to the birds in the control treatment along with an “ad libtum” offering of cunhã hay, leucaena leaf meal and tifton hay. It was found a linear increase of hay consumption with the increase of the level of feed restriction. However, there was a linear decrease of egg production, egg mass and feed conversion. Independently of the level of feed restriction, the consumption of CH and LLM was higher than that of TH. The yolk collor was affected by treatments. Birds from the treatment with 20% of feed restriction showed the highest egg yolk pigmentation. It can be concluded that laying hens raised in semi-intensive system can be submitted to a 5% of feed restriction provided on “ad libtum” offering of hay / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos determinar a composição química e o valor da energia metabolizável de fenos para poedeiras e avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar sobre a ingestão voluntária de feno, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos. Foram realizados um ensaio de metabolismo utilizando o método de coleta total de excreta e um de desempenho. No ensaio de metabolismo foram utilizadas 50 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex Brown com 61 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuídas ao acaso em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetições de duas aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração-referência e quatro raçõesteste (70% da ração-referência e 30% de um dos fenos testados). Os fenos avaliados foram de cunhã, de folhas de mandioca, de folhas de leucena e de tifton. A inclusão de feno nas rações proporcionou redução no consumo de ração pelas aves. Com a inclusão dos fenos na ração houve diminuição nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), do extrato etéreo (CDEE), da energia bruta (CDEB) e na energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn). Entretanto, o coeficiente de digestibilidade de proteína bruta (CDPB) não foi afetado. Os valores de EMA e EMAn dos fenos das folhas da mandioca, das folhas de leucena e de cunhã não diferiram entre si e foram superiores ao obtido para o feno de tifton. Os valores de EMA e EMAn dos fenos de tifton, das folhas de mandioca, das folhas de leucena e de cunhã foram: 955 e 1025; 1694 e 1718; 1718 e 1848 e 1758 e 1777 Kcal/kg MS, respectivamente. No ensaio de desempenho foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex Brown com 51 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetições de seis aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram no fornecimento de 100 g de ração/ave/dia (controle) sem oferta de feno e a oferta de 95, 90, 85 e 80 g de ração/ave/dia, que corresponderam, respectivamente, às restrições de 5, 10, 15 e 20% da quantidade de ração, com o fornecimento de feno à vontade. Os fenos utilizados foram de cunhã, das folhas de leucena e de tifton. Com o aumento no nível de restrição, houve aumento linear no consumo diário de feno, redução linear na produção e na massa de ovo, no peso médio das aves e piora na conversão alimentar. Independente do nível de restrição, as aves preferiram os fenos das leguminosas. Com relação às características de qualidade dos ovos, apenas a coloração da gema variou entre os tratamentos obtendo-se gemas mais pigmentadas com o nível de 20% de restrição. Poedeiras criadas em sistema do tipo caipira podem ser submetidas a 5% de restrição da ração, com o fornecimento de feno à vontade

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos determinar a composiÃÃo quÃmica e o valor da energia metabolizÃvel de fenos para poedeiras e avaliar o efeito da restriÃÃo alimentar sobre a ingestÃo voluntÃria de feno, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos. Foram realizados um ensaio de metabolismo utilizando o mÃtodo de coleta total de excreta e um de desempenho. No ensaio de metabolismo foram utilizadas 50 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex Brown com 61 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuÃdas ao acaso em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetiÃÃes de duas aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma raÃÃo-referÃncia e quatro raÃÃesteste (70% da raÃÃo-referÃncia e 30% de um dos fenos testados). Os fenos avaliados foram de cunhÃ, de folhas de mandioca, de folhas de leucena e de tifton. A inclusÃo de feno nas raÃÃes proporcionou reduÃÃo no consumo de raÃÃo pelas aves. Com a inclusÃo dos fenos na raÃÃo houve diminuiÃÃo nos coeficientes de digestibilidade da matÃria seca (CDMS), do extrato etÃreo (CDEE), da energia bruta (CDEB) e na energia metabolizÃvel aparente corrigida pelo balanÃo de nitrogÃnio (EMAn). Entretanto, o coeficiente de digestibilidade de proteÃna bruta (CDPB) nÃo foi afetado. Os valores de EMA e EMAn dos fenos das folhas da mandioca, das folhas de leucena e de cunhà nÃo diferiram entre si e foram superiores ao obtido para o feno de tifton. Os valores de EMA e EMAn dos fenos de tifton, das folhas de mandioca, das folhas de leucena e de cunhà foram: 955 e 1025; 1694 e 1718; 1718 e 1848 e 1758 e 1777 Kcal/kg MS, respectivamente. No ensaio de desempenho foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras da linhagem Hisex Brown com 51 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuÃdas em cinco tratamentos com cinco repetiÃÃes de seis aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram no fornecimento de 100 g de raÃÃo/ave/dia (controle) sem oferta de feno e a oferta de 95, 90, 85 e 80 g de raÃÃo/ave/dia, que corresponderam, respectivamente, Ãs restriÃÃes de 5, 10, 15 e 20% da quantidade de raÃÃo, com o fornecimento de feno à vontade. Os fenos utilizados foram de cunhÃ, das folhas de leucena e de tifton. Com o aumento no nÃvel de restriÃÃo, houve aumento linear no consumo diÃrio de feno, reduÃÃo linear na produÃÃo e na massa de ovo, no peso mÃdio das aves e piora na conversÃo alimentar. Independente do nÃvel de restriÃÃo, as aves preferiram os fenos das leguminosas. Com relaÃÃo Ãs caracterÃsticas de qualidade dos ovos, apenas a coloraÃÃo da gema variou entre os tratamentos obtendo-se gemas mais pigmentadas com o nÃvel de 20% de restriÃÃo. Poedeiras criadas em sistema do tipo caipira podem ser submetidas a 5% de restriÃÃo da raÃÃo, com o fornecimento de feno à vontade / Two different trials were conducted to develop the present work. In the first trial the objective was to determine the chemical composition and the values of metabolizable energy of hays utilized in laying hens diet. The second one, was carried out to evaluate the effect of a quantitative feed restriction on voluntary ingestion of hay, on laying hen performance and on egg characteristics. The metabolism trial was conducted using the total excreta collection methodology. A total of 50 laying hens Hisex Brown with 61 weeks of age were randomly distributed into five treatments with five repetitions of two birds each. Treatments consited of a reference-diet and four test-diets (70% of reference-diet plus 30% of each hay). The hays evaluated were cunhà hay (CH), cassava leaf meal (CLM), leucaena leaf meal (LLM) and tifton (TH). The inclusion of hays in the diets reduced feed intake, the digestibility coeficients of dry matter (DCDM), ether extract (DCEE), crude energy (DCCE) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen (AMEn). However, no effect was found for the digestibility coeficient of crude protein (DCCP) compared to a reference-diet. The values of AME and AMEn of CH, CLM and LLM did not differ among them but they were higher than that of the TH. The values of AME and AMEn of TH, CLM, LLM and CH were: 925 and 1,025; 1,694 and 1,718; 1,718 and 1,848 and 1,758 and 1,777 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. In the second trial, 150 laying Hisex Brown with 51 weeks of age were distributed into five treatments with five repetitions of six birds each. The treatments were: a control, consisting of supplying a 100g of a laying hen diet per bird/day without hay and the others consisting of a feed restriction of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the diet offered to the birds in the control treatment along with an âad libtumâ offering of cunhà hay, leucaena leaf meal and tifton hay. It was found a linear increase of hay consumption with the increase of the level of feed restriction. However, there was a linear decrease of egg production, egg mass and feed conversion. Independently of the level of feed restriction, the consumption of CH and LLM was higher than that of TH. The yolk collor was affected by treatments. Birds from the treatment with 20% of feed restriction showed the highest egg yolk pigmentation. It can be concluded that laying hens raised in semi-intensive system can be submitted to a 5% of feed restriction provided on âad libtumâ offering of hay