The chosen substantive legal issues of the criminal liability of legal entities that was incorporated into the Czech legal order by the Act No. 418/2011 Sb., Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings Against Them (hereinafter as "the Act") that came into force on January 1, 2012 are the subject matter of this thesis. The burden of international commitments and the fact that increasing criminal activities have recently been committed by legal entities led the Czech legislator to adopt the criminal liability of legal entities which represents a great milestone for the Czech criminal law. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the positive legal regulation of the criminal liability of legal entities whilst taking into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of the effective legal regulation. Especially it deals with the analysis of the particular substantive provision of the Act (except for provisions regarding the sanctioning of the legal entities) which are (not only) by the experts considered to be at least disputable. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is concentrated on historical elements with international aspects together with consideration of arguments for and against introduction of criminal liability of legal entities. Furthermore, the first part is...

CNS participó de la concepción del estudio y recolectó los datos. SAG, RECP y KCJ hicieron la revisión crítica. CNS y TCJ realizaron el análisis e interpretación de los datos. CNS redactó el borrador del artículo. Todos los autores aprobaron la versión final del artículo. / Objetivos. Determinar las características de las denuncias penales por responsabilidad profesional médica, a partir de los informes periciales emitidos en la División Clínico Forense de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal donde se incluyeron todos los informes periciales emitidos del 2005 al 2010, en la División Clínico Forense de Lima, Perú. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de cada una de las variables. Resultados. El 60,3% (495/821) de las denuncias penales por responsabilidad profesional médica fueron valoradas como acuerdo a la lex artis; el 16,8% (138/821) no acuerdo a la lex artis; en 13% (107/821) de los casos no se pudo emitir conclusiones, y en 9,9% (81/821) las conclusiones del informe pericial no incluyen una valoración del acto médico. Los casos donde la lesión se atribuyó al propio proceso de la enfermedad correspondieron al 80,9% (502/620), y los que se consideraron resultado de la asistencia sanitaria al 19,0% (118/620). La distribución de la causa de la lesión según el cumplimiento de la lex artis mostró diferencias significativas. Conclusiones. En nuestro país, las denuncias por presunta responsabilidad médica se encuentran en aumento, predominantemente en las especialidades quirúrgicas, donde la probabilidad de ser considerado como un acto médico no adecuado a la lex artis es mayor. Asimismo en un porcentaje importante de casos no se llegan a emitir conclusiones valorativas sobre el acto médico. / Objectives.To determine the characteristics of the criminal complaints claining medical professional liability, based on the expert reports issued by the Forensic Examination Division of Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out, which included all the expert reports issued between 2005 and 2010 at the Forensic Examination Division of Lima, Peru. A descriptive analysis of each of the variables was performed. Results. 60.3% (495/821) of the criminal complaints for medical professional liability were valued as being in accordance with the lex artis while16.8% (138/821) were not in accordance with the lex artis. In 13% (107/821) of the cases, conclusions could not be drawn;in 9.9% (81/821) of the cases, the conclusions in the expert report did not include an valuations of the medical act.The cases in which the injury was attributed to the process of the disease itself accounted for 80.9% (502/620), and those in which in the injury was considered a result of the health care received were 19.0% (118/620). The distribution of the cause of the injury based on accordance with the lex artis showed significant differences. Conclusions. In our country, the number of claims for claimed medical liability is increasing, predominantly in relation to surgical specialties, where a medical act is more likely to be considered not in accordance with the lex artis. In addition, in a significant percentage of cases, no conclusions are drawn about the medical act.

(English) What is liability?1 This "big" question has proven to be too tough for many private law theorists during the past 60 years. A dominant Czech approach to liability is the so-called theory of sanction: liability is a secondary duty imposed due to breach of a primary duty. At the same time, however, liability is conceptualized as an active institute, i.e. as liability to fulfil an obligation. This implies a specific "Czech" problem of liability: a paradoxical situation where a man can be liable because he was sanctioned, and also be sanctioned because he was liable. Liability in this sense seems to be an inherently flawed and meaningless concept, since both theories aspire to describe liability to the same extent (co-extensively). The most recent trend in Czech legal theory is thus a sceptical approach that completely eliminates the concept of liability from legal discourse. This is contrary to an ongoing and presumably meaningful debate on liability in foreign non-Czech literature that supports the most recent analytical and normative approaches to European legal regulation and its developments. Unlike in Czech language, this literature treats liability (Haftung) and responsibility (Verantwortung) as two discrete concepts. But why is this so? Wher does the "Czech" problem of liability come...

Nas últimas décadas o grande número de vítimas de acidentes de trânsito, violência urbana, traumas pela prática desportiva, acidentes de trabalho e do próprio erro profissional aumentou a preocupação com os aspectos periciais, seja no âmbito criminal ou sede civil, em razão das sequelas oriundas desses ferimentos e traumas, incluída nessa perspectiva a região maxilofacial. Nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou traduzir e adaptar culturalmente as questões constantes no instrumento espanhol de Análise da Impressão do Impacto do Prejuízo Estético (AIPE) proposto por Cobo Plana (2010) para ser utilizado no Brasil, e validar esse instrumento junto a cirurgiões-dentistas da área de Odontologia Legal. Após o processo de tradução e adaptação cultural, foram simuladas com maquiagem lesões cicatriciais na região maxilofacial de dois modelos, um masculino e outro feminino. Selecionaram-se cirurgiões-dentistas em formação na Especialidade de Odontologia Legal para serem avaliadores. Esses aplicaram o método constituído de quatro quadros numa sequência de dez imagens randomizadas que mostraram modelos sem lesão e com lesões (cicatrizes) na face. A validação do instrumento foi verificada através da medida da confiabilidade dos observadores, através do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse, mostrando-se no geral satisfatória para uma e excelente para outras duas lesões, dentre as três repetidas. No que versa sobre o erro interexaminador, a análise descritiva dos resultados mostrou um coeficiente de variação dos escores em 40,12% ao considerarmos todos os coeficientes, o que mostra uma relativa homogeneidade dos escores. Os quatro quadros traduzidos e adaptados culturalmente para língua portuguesa mostraram-se com potencial de oferecer maior objetividade na valoração do dano estético. / In the last decades, the elevated number of victims of traffic accidents, urban violence, sports-related trauma, occupational injuries, and professional-related errors increased the concern with the expert aspect, whether in the criminal or civil context, because of the sequelae associated with these injuries and trauma, also to the maxillofacial region. In this sense, this study aimed to translate into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapt for use in Brazil the Spanish instrument called Analysis of Aesthetic Damage Impression and Impact (AIPE) proposed by Cobo Plana (2010), and to validate the instrument among dentists working in forensic dentistry. After translation and cultural adaptation, fake scars (moulage) were placed on the maxillofacial region of two models, a male and a female. Dentists specializing in forensic dentistry were selected to make the assessments. These students used the instrument, which consists of four tables, on a sequence of ten randomized images, showing models with and without facial scars. The intraclass correlation coefficient measured observer reliability to verify instrument validity. In general the method was satisfactory for one scar and excellent for two scars of the three repeated scars. Regarding intertester error, descriptive analysis of the results showed a variation coefficient of the scores of 40.12% when all the coefficients were considered, demonstrating that the scores were relatively homogeneous. The four tables translated into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapted for Brazil have the potential to increase the objectivity of aesthetic damage assessment.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 saliba_mta_dr_araca.pdf: 587272 bytes, checksum: 5f6caf16f4f8658c75bee7ac2b6233dc (MD5) / Toda atividade que acarreta um prejuízo a outrem, traz como conseqüência o problema da responsabilidade profissional, a qual exprime a idéia de restauração de equilíbrio ou reparação do dano. O crescente aumento do número de ações contra cirurgiões dentistas no Brasil, quer seja ética, civil ou penal, está tornando-se um fato preocupante, no entanto, várias são as causas que levam os profissionais a serem acionados. Os pacientes ou tomadores de serviços odontológicos têm assumido uma postura diferente, não mais baseada na confiança, e quando se sentem lesados em seus direitos buscam o auxílio. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar um levantamento e análise das reclamações e dos motivos que levaram os pacientes a procurarem o Conselho de Odontologia de São Paulo, bem como, qual a especialidade do profissional e procedimento contratado, constante nos processos éticos que deram entrada neste órgão durante o ano de 2007. Para tanto, analisamos todos os processos, ou seja, 104 processos de 2007. A análise foi realizada de maneira quali-quantitativa. De acordo com os resultados, 64% das denúncias eram provenientes da capital e da grande São Paulo. Grande parte (44%) foi editada em computador e apresentavam características de peças processuais. A maioria dos reclamantes foi do sexo feminino e dos reclamados do masculino. As especialidades mais reclamadas foram: Prótese Dentária, Ortodontia e Implantodontia. Dentre os motivos da reclamação destacam-se o erro profissional, insatisfação com o tratamento e a falta de esclarecimento sobre o tratamento. É cada vez mais freqüente o número de processos éticos envolvendo cirurgiões-dentistas. Este fato se deve a vários fatores tais como: a falta de informação, comunicação inadequada, mudança de postura dos pacientes, antes submissos e... / Every activity that causes damage has as consequence the problem of professional responsibility, which expresses the idea of restoration of equilibrium or damage repair. The growing number of lawsuits against dental surgeon in Brazil, ethical, civil or penal, has becoming a worrying fact, however, there are many reasons for professionals be sued. The patients or insured dental services have taken a different stance, not based on reliance any more, and when they fell their rights were violated they have looked for assistance. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey and an analysis of claim and reasons why patients looked for the Regional Council of Dentistry-São Paulo State (CRO-SP), as well as the type of professional expertise and contracted procedure, present in the ethical process that was recorded in this agency during year 2007. All lawsuits were analyzed, being 104 trials in 2007. A quali and quantitative analysis was conducted. According to the findings, 64% of complaints were from the city of São Paulo and surroundings. Most of them (44%) were edited in computer and presented characteristics of lawsuits. The majority of claimants was female and of defendant was male. The main sued types of professional expertise were Dental Prosthesis, Orthodontics and Implantology. Among the reasons of claims were the professional error, unsatisfaction with the treatment and lack of explanation about the treatment. It has become more frequently the number of ethical process involving dental surgeons. Probably, this fact is due to several factors such as: the lack of information, inadequate communication, change of patients’ stance, submissives in the past and demanding nowadays, and also the professional error. A reflection and change of attitude of... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Renato Moreira Arcieri / Banca: Doris Hissako Sumida / Banca: Eduardo Daruge Junior / Banca: Eduardo Guedes-Pinto / Banca: Daniel Luiz Gaertner Zorzetto / Resumo: Toda atividade que acarreta um prejuízo a outrem, traz como conseqüência o problema da responsabilidade profissional, a qual exprime a idéia de restauração de equilíbrio ou reparação do dano. O crescente aumento do número de ações contra cirurgiões dentistas no Brasil, quer seja ética, civil ou penal, está tornando-se um fato preocupante, no entanto, várias são as causas que levam os profissionais a serem acionados. Os pacientes ou tomadores de serviços odontológicos têm assumido uma postura diferente, não mais baseada na confiança, e quando se sentem lesados em seus direitos buscam o auxílio. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar um levantamento e análise das reclamações e dos motivos que levaram os pacientes a procurarem o Conselho de Odontologia de São Paulo, bem como, qual a especialidade do profissional e procedimento contratado, constante nos processos éticos que deram entrada neste órgão durante o ano de 2007. Para tanto, analisamos todos os processos, ou seja, 104 processos de 2007. A análise foi realizada de maneira quali-quantitativa. De acordo com os resultados, 64% das denúncias eram provenientes da capital e da grande São Paulo. Grande parte (44%) foi editada em computador e apresentavam características de peças processuais. A maioria dos reclamantes foi do sexo feminino e dos reclamados do masculino. As especialidades mais reclamadas foram: Prótese Dentária, Ortodontia e Implantodontia. Dentre os motivos da reclamação destacam-se o erro profissional, insatisfação com o tratamento e a falta de esclarecimento sobre o tratamento. É cada vez mais freqüente o número de processos éticos envolvendo cirurgiões-dentistas. Este fato se deve a vários fatores tais como: a falta de informação, comunicação inadequada, mudança de postura dos pacientes, antes submissos e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Every activity that causes damage has as consequence the problem of professional responsibility, which expresses the idea of restoration of equilibrium or damage repair. The growing number of lawsuits against dental surgeon in Brazil, ethical, civil or penal, has becoming a worrying fact, however, there are many reasons for professionals be sued. The patients or insured dental services have taken a different stance, not based on reliance any more, and when they fell their rights were violated they have looked for assistance. The objective of this study was to carry out a survey and an analysis of claim and reasons why patients looked for the Regional Council of Dentistry-São Paulo State (CRO-SP), as well as the type of professional expertise and contracted procedure, present in the ethical process that was recorded in this agency during year 2007. All lawsuits were analyzed, being 104 trials in 2007. A quali and quantitative analysis was conducted. According to the findings, 64% of complaints were from the city of São Paulo and surroundings. Most of them (44%) were edited in computer and presented characteristics of lawsuits. The majority of claimants was female and of defendant was male. The main sued types of professional expertise were Dental Prosthesis, Orthodontics and Implantology. Among the reasons of claims were the professional error, unsatisfaction with the treatment and lack of explanation about the treatment. It has become more frequently the number of ethical process involving dental surgeons. Probably, this fact is due to several factors such as: the lack of information, inadequate communication, change of patients' stance, submissives in the past and demanding nowadays, and also the professional error. A reflection and change of attitude of... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Nas últimas décadas o grande número de vítimas de acidentes de trânsito, violência urbana, traumas pela prática desportiva, acidentes de trabalho e do próprio erro profissional aumentou a preocupação com os aspectos periciais, seja no âmbito criminal ou sede civil, em razão das sequelas oriundas desses ferimentos e traumas, incluída nessa perspectiva a região maxilofacial. Nesse sentido, este estudo objetivou traduzir e adaptar culturalmente as questões constantes no instrumento espanhol de Análise da Impressão do Impacto do Prejuízo Estético (AIPE) proposto por Cobo Plana (2010) para ser utilizado no Brasil, e validar esse instrumento junto a cirurgiões-dentistas da área de Odontologia Legal. Após o processo de tradução e adaptação cultural, foram simuladas com maquiagem lesões cicatriciais na região maxilofacial de dois modelos, um masculino e outro feminino. Selecionaram-se cirurgiões-dentistas em formação na Especialidade de Odontologia Legal para serem avaliadores. Esses aplicaram o método constituído de quatro quadros numa sequência de dez imagens randomizadas que mostraram modelos sem lesão e com lesões (cicatrizes) na face. A validação do instrumento foi verificada através da medida da confiabilidade dos observadores, através do Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse, mostrando-se no geral satisfatória para uma e excelente para outras duas lesões, dentre as três repetidas. No que versa sobre o erro interexaminador, a análise descritiva dos resultados mostrou um coeficiente de variação dos escores em 40,12% ao considerarmos todos os coeficientes, o que mostra uma relativa homogeneidade dos escores. Os quatro quadros traduzidos e adaptados culturalmente para língua portuguesa mostraram-se com potencial de oferecer maior objetividade na valoração do dano estético. / In the last decades, the elevated number of victims of traffic accidents, urban violence, sports-related trauma, occupational injuries, and professional-related errors increased the concern with the expert aspect, whether in the criminal or civil context, because of the sequelae associated with these injuries and trauma, also to the maxillofacial region. In this sense, this study aimed to translate into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapt for use in Brazil the Spanish instrument called Analysis of Aesthetic Damage Impression and Impact (AIPE) proposed by Cobo Plana (2010), and to validate the instrument among dentists working in forensic dentistry. After translation and cultural adaptation, fake scars (moulage) were placed on the maxillofacial region of two models, a male and a female. Dentists specializing in forensic dentistry were selected to make the assessments. These students used the instrument, which consists of four tables, on a sequence of ten randomized images, showing models with and without facial scars. The intraclass correlation coefficient measured observer reliability to verify instrument validity. In general the method was satisfactory for one scar and excellent for two scars of the three repeated scars. Regarding intertester error, descriptive analysis of the results showed a variation coefficient of the scores of 40.12% when all the coefficients were considered, demonstrating that the scores were relatively homogeneous. The four tables translated into Brazilian Portuguese and culturally adapted for Brazil have the potential to increase the objectivity of aesthetic damage assessment.

The thesis deals with the legal institution of the criminal responsibility of legal entities and a feasibility of its implementation in the Czech law. The main objective of the thesis is to find an answer to the question if the implementation of the institution is neccessary in the Czech republic and eventually in which form and parameters. The first part of the paper describes the current state of legal regulation in the Czech republic and contains a comparative analysis of legal regulation in France, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Slovakia, Great Britain and United States. In the end of the theoretical part the paper discusses relevant liabilities of the Czech republic arising from international treaties and european law. In the second part the paper focuses on scolarly debate on the possible implementation, its advantages and disadvantages. The core of the paper lies in the critical reflection of existing drafts of the law on criminal responsibility of legal entities and author's own speculation about a possible legal regulation in the Czech republic

This legal study approaches the problems of legal entity’s participant’s civil liability under the legal entity’s obligation. In the first part of this work a historical evolution of a legal entity and its participant is being revealed, author introduces to the variety of the theoretical doctrines of a legal entity, a conception and main features of legal entity are presented. Hereafter, a conception of a juridical person’s participant is analyzed, also the peculiarities of the participant’s legal status is passed in review in light of the limited and unlimited liability. This study also presents general conditions upon which the liability of legal person’s participant may arose. Thereinafter the problematical aspects of the limited liability juridical person’s participant liability under the juridical persons’ obligation are being discussed, attention is paid to the advantages and drawbacks of the limited liability and also to the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil in Lithuanian and foreign jurisprudence and judiciary practice. This work also reveals the positive and negative features of unlimited liability in the context of social and economical life, brings up problems concerning unlimited liability legal entity’s participant liability under legal entity’s obligation in exaction, insolvency and liquidation procedures. Finally, conclusions and suggestions to the legislator and judicial bench are being brought up.

The Act on criminal liability of legal entities and proceedings against them became effective on 1 January 2012. Although it is a highly controversial law disrupting the established criminal law principles, the Czech Republic was one of the few European Union member states whose laws did not embed criminal liability of legal entities in its laws. An effort concerning solving this problem appeared as far back as 2004, the Chamber of Deputies, however, rejected the original bill. Perhaps due to the international pressure or due to the increase in crimes committed by legal entities, in 2011, the second bill was already approved. This thesis deals with the arguments and process of discourse, from which emerged the valid enactment, as well as an explanation of some of the principal provisions of the Act and also the international scheme of criminal liability of legal entities. It is difficult to anticipate the specific impact of the Act due to its short effect and therefore the thesis on criminal liability of legal entities is more of a theoretical than practical.