No description available.

SpaceX as aerospace manufacturer and space transport service technology company work along to make reusable rockets, their long term plan is to make spaceflight affordable routine. Elon Musk, as CEO, is involved in every step of decision making as he has mentioned in interviews. The rocket's engine has undergone a number of improvements, and to increase its efficiency and power, a number of parts has been reduced. The redesigning process involves several decisions, such as in-house or out-source production. This research provides a practical framework for contractors, suppliers, and manufacturers to build a more reliable, affordable, and low cost supply chain. As a result, the objective of my dissertation is to explore how managers can extend the useful life of their assets and reduce their total cost of ownership. The main research focus for this dissertation is lifecycle affordability (LCA) for capital intensive products when post production costs are significantly higher than production costs. Lifecycle cost is often not considered by firms in a product, service or asset when making acquisition decisions. Firm's acquisition are mainly based on the initial cost of the product. Decision making without considering the entire lifecycle cost of a product impacts the firm's profitability, revenue, pricing strategies, and competitiveness. Evaluating the trade-offs between all the costs involved in the product lifecycle can help firms to have an estimation of costs before making any acquisition decisions. To address these challenges, lifecycle affordability (LCA) considerations can enable firms to focus their decisions on their long-term investment process rather than trying to save on initial cost of purchasing a product. This dissertation presents the following research question: how has lifecycle affordability been represented in supply chain research to date? And what are constructs of lifecycle affordability? To address this research question, the dissertation is comprised of three separate essays. The first essay conducts literature review method to provide a framework for lifecycle affordability that reduces the total lifecycle cost while maintaining the reliability and efficiency of the capital equipment, and identify existing research gaps and future LCA research ideas. The second essay is constructed on a survey-based method and investigations how homeowners' lack of understanding lifecycle cost, and long-term affordability affects their dissatisfaction with the home purchase. A regression model is developed to study the factors that explain Homebuyers' lack of understanding cost, and affordability considerations. The third essay developed an agent-based model (ABM) to study small medium businesses (SMB) when the business organization and the community is hit by a disaster. The objective of the study is to investigate the resiliency and lifecycle affordability management of the community and the small medium businesses.

No description available.

No description available.

Renovation of the existing buildings in Sweden represents a great potential to achieve the energy efficiency and carbon emission targets set by the European Union and the Swedish government. The Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) is regarded as an efficient way to manage and to outsource the risks of energy efficiency (EE) measures. The thesis aims to identify the theoretical framework of EPC in the Swedish scenario and, through a real case, develop a model that relates EE measures and its results considering the capital investment versus running costs of renovation projects. The work is based on the incorporation with the Morastrand AB. The research expects to assess EPC processes and measures as in Energy Service Companies (ESCO) and consequently help in the decision making and the management of the projects. The thesis is composed of two parts. The first part identifies the theoretical framework of energy contract models focusing on the EPC, while a case study with Morastrand AB is subsequently presented. It is suggested one approach for the preliminary comparison of different renovation measures in EE projects, corresponding to the first step of the planning phase of an EPC. General recommendations and sensitive factors were identified and can assist Morastrand AB to effectively implement EE projects in the future. For orienting investments, the Lifecycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is a method to study solutions under economic aspects and further it can be extended to the complete Lifecycle Assessment of the upcoming projects. The theoretical framework of the EPC is composed by identifying the projects, performing the technical analysis, determinizing the potential in energy savings, deepening the analysis with auditions, tendering the project, designing and executing the project, commissioning, operating and supporting the systems with constant monitoring and maintenance. The biggest challenge for the EPC in Sweden is the relation between the ESCOs and their clients. The figure of the facilitator could improve the results and balance the knowledge gap between the parts. The actors of these projects are the ESCO, the client, the facilitator and the financing part. In Sweden, very frequently the client finances the operation. There are a few models of contracting, and the most popular are guaranteed savings and shared savings. The thesis performed the LCCA of three options for window replacement in a building at the end of its lifespan. The results show that the trends in prices and interest rates are sensitive factors. In this case, the projects with higher initial investments were more profitable. Those solutions can shield the company against energy prices escalates and contribute to the green policies.

Fossil fuels are the major sources of electrical power generation in the world. Among all fossil fuels, oil is considered as the most sought-after fuel. The burden on countries that provide subsidized electricity produced from oil-fired power plants is noteworthy. Kuwait is a notable example of these countries. Electricity in Kuwait is heavily consumed by residential air conditioning, which comprises 60% of the total electricity generated at peak times on a hot summer day. From this perspective, residential air conditioning in Kuwait was selected to undergo further investigation regarding low energy air conditioning choices. Three solutions to control the rapid growth of demand for electricity by residential air conditioning are examined. The first solution investigated assesses the orientation and grouping of houses in Kuwait in order to examine their effect on cooling load and electrical energy consumption for future houses. Four residential cases were developed; each case comprises six typical houses. The cases identified are: (1) single block facing east-west, (2) single block facing north-south, (3) double block facing east-west and (4) double block facing north-south. Cooling loads are calculated using the DesignBuilder building thermal simulation software. Case (2) is found to have the smallest cooling load, and case (1) the largest. The estimated savings from applying case (2) compared to the average of the four cases for the future houses planned to be built by the government by the year 2016 (i.e. approximately 20,000 houses) are found to be approximately .US 33 million of power system capital costs, 15 GWh per year of electrical energy consumption and 11 kilotons per year of CO2 emissions. In the second solution, a lifecycle cost analysis is performed to evaluate the economic feasibilities of electricity driven chilled water system compared to predominant air conditioning system in Kuwaiti houses which is Packaged- Direct Expansion. The study considers the total cash paid by the consumer and the total cash paid by the government, since electricity is subsidized in Kuwait. The study finds that the chilled water system is not cost-effective for consumers due to high installation cost. However, a chilled water system would be cost-effective for the government because it consumes 40%less electrical energy than Packaged-DX. So, the study suggests subsidising the installation of chilled water systems so that the installation cost to the consumer is the same as for Packaged-DX systems. In the third solution, the study examines the viability of a single-effect LiBr absorption chiller driven by steam extracted from the steam turbine in the configuration of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP). The analysis shows that CCPP with absorption chiller yields less net electrical power available to utility grid compared to similar CCPP giving electricity to the grid and to Direct-Expansion air conditioning systems for the same cooling requirements. The reasons for that are the reduction in steam turbine power output resulted from steam extraction, and the amount of electrical energy required to operate the configuration of CCPP with absorption chiller.

In a regional railway signalling system, object controllers are the devices responsible for controlling Track Side Equipment and act as interfaces for TSE with the interlocking computer and the Traffic control system. However, associated cabling (signal and power cabling) and civil works pose a major capital investment and it is a source of significant Capital and Operational expenses, particularly in rural areas, where accessibility andconnectivity to power grid and to the interlocking are a problem. Furthermore, cables/signalling equipment are exposed to sabotage and theft in such areas. This can increase the total Life Cycle Cost even further. The Shift2Rail research programme, which was initiated by the European Union and railway stakeholders, tries to address this issue, and revamp the Object Controller concept through the project “TD2.10 Smart radio connectedwayside object controller”, where the aim is to develop a Smart Wayside Object Controller (SWOC). A SWOC is capable of wireless communication between central interlocking and TSE as well as decentralization of interlocking logic. These innovations can reduce the cabling required, increase the availability of diagnostic data, thus reducing maintenance and operational costs and can lead to power saving by utilizing local power sources. The most important impact of the SWOC is a significant reduction of CAPEX, OPEX and of total LCC for an installation utilizing SWOCs, instead of typical OCS.  This work focuses on estimating the LCC of a SWOC system and to compare it with a conventional OCS by developing an LCC model that covers both cases, as well as to use this model to examine when it is more profitable to implement a SWOC, instead of an OCS system. This is done by utilizing LCC analysis and combining a variety of methods in a parametric study. To that extend, a thorough analysis of a modern regional railway signallingsystem, as well as the basis for LCCA are being discussed. At the same time, both OC and SWOC systems are being described and factors affecting their cost discussed.  The methodology is comprised of the LCC modelling part as well as the collection of methods and techniques used to calculate the LCC of OC/SWOC systems and to estimate the costs of different sub-models and parameters of the process. For the modelling process, the station of Björbo was chosen, which operates under ERTMS-R system, but for the sake of the analysis it is assumed that the typical base system in place is an OCS and together withthe existing track layout and equipment it is used as the basis of the analysis. Finally, the formed LCC model is being used in a parametric study to examine how the LCC is affected by using OC or SWOC as well as how LCC responds to changes in parameters such as number of OC/SWOC, traffic density and local power installation cost for the Björbo station. / I ett regionalt järnvägssignalsystem är utdelar de enheter som ansvarar för att kontrollera spårutrustning och fungerar de som gränsyta för spårutrustning med ställverksdatorn och tågtrafikledning systemet. Dock, tillhörande kablar (signalkablar ock kraftkablar), samt anläggningsinfrastruktur utgör en stor kapitalinvestering och de är en källa till märkbar kapitalkostnad och driftskostnader, särskilt på landsbygdsområden, där tillgänglighet och anslutning till elnätet och ställverket är problematisk. Dessutom, kablar och signalutrustning utsätts för stöld och sabotage i sådana områden. Detta kan öka den totala livscykelkostnaden ytterligare. Shift2rail forskningsprogram, som genomförs av EU och järnvägsintressenter, försöker att ta itu med problemet och modernisera utdelar konceptet genom projektet “TD2.10 Smart Radio Connected Wayside Object Controller”, där målet är att utveckla en Smart Spårutrustning Utdelar, så kallade SWOC. En SWOC har kapacitet för trådlös kommunikation mellan central ställverket och spårutrustning, samt decentralisering av satällverkslogiken. Dessa innovationer kan minska nödvändig kabeldragning, öka tillgängligheten av diagnostiska data, vilket minskar underhålls- och driftskostnader och kan leda till energibesparing genom att använda lokala kraftkällor. Den viktigaste effekten av SWOC är en betydande minskning av kapitalkostnader, driftskostnader och totala livscykelkostnaden för en installation som använder SWOC istället för typiska utdelningsystemet. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på att uppskatta LCC för ett SWOC-system och jämföra det med en konventionell utdelingsystem genom att utveckla en LCC-modell som täcker båda fallen, samt att använda denna modell för att undersöka när det är mer lönsamt att implementera en SWOC istället av ett typiskt utdelingsystem. Detta görs genom att använda LCC-analys och kombinera en mängd olika metoder i en parametrisk studie. För att göradetta genomförs en grundlig analys av ett modernt regionalt järnvägssignalsystem, samt grunden för livscykelanalys. Samtidigt beskrivs både ett typiskt utdelingssystem - och SWOC-system samt faktorer som påverkar deras kostnad deskuteras. Metoden består av LCC-modelleringsdelen samt insamling av metoder och tekniker som används för att beräkna LCC för OC / SWOC-system och för att uppskatta kostnaderna för olika delmodeller och parametrar för processen. För modelleringsprocessen valdes stationen i Björbo, som arbetar under ERTMS-R-systemet, men för analysens skull antas att det typiska bassystemet på plats är en typisk OCS och tillsammans med befintlig planritning ochkabelplan är används som grund för analys. Slutligen används den bildade LCC-modellen i en parametrisk studie för att undersöka hur LCC påverkas genom att använda OC eller SWOC samt hur LCC reagerar på förändringar i parametrar såsom antal OC / SWOC, trafiktäthet och lokala kraftinstallationskostnader för Björbo-stationen.

Purpose. In Sweden, private commuting accounts for two third of total transportation emissions and 21% of the country’s total. To become net-zero by 2045, Sweden plans to have 2 million electric cars on the roads by 2030. Whereas with current pace, there will be 1 million electric cars by the end of the decade. Cars registered before 2016 (referred to as old cars in the study) make up nearly half of the Swedish car fleet. Thus, replacing the old emission intensive cars with the modern lower or zero emission cars will catalyze the decarbonization of Swedish transport sector. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to probe if it is economical to keep using an old car in the future or to replace it with a new one. Methods. This study first compares the next 13-year Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of old V70 (having current milage 200,000 km) with that of new replacement cars. The (selected) replacement are the most registered modern-day cars in Sweden by fuel type having same size as that of V70: V60 (ICE), V60 (PHEV) and Tesla Model 3 (BEV). Moreover, using TCO framework, the study also estimates if the replacement is more economical now or sometime in the future with either new replacement cars or their (4-year) used models. Results. The results show that for next 13-years in Sweden, it is more economical to replace the old V70 with any of the replacement cars. However, Tesla Model 3 is the cheapest option among the new cars and V60 (PHEV) among the used cars. Overall, it is more economical to replace with a used car. In addition, the replacement is most economical if done immediately (in 2022) and gets more expensive by each year of delay- because the owner will have to incur relatively higher V70 costs (vis-à-vis the replacement cars) for an additional year. Sensitivity analysis shows that with higher current salvage value, a V70 gets more expensive to own in next 13 years (due to higher depreciation) whereas the replacement becomes cheaper (utilizing higher salvage value to buy the replacement car). Discussion. The study can be expanded to suggest economical and emission efficient replacement options for other old cars to accelerate the decarbonization of Swedish private transport sector. Furthermore, this study was done in collaboration with Mekonomen Group to see the financial worth of old ICE car replacement by its customers. The study results reinforce the group’s diversification strategy from ICE cars-oriented business model to BEVs as the top focus. Finally, this study is based on the assumption that the total number of cars in Sweden will not increase in future- the old gets replaced by the new. Therefore, from a holistic perspective, the study discusses that a sustainable transportation model should move away from private ownership towards shared mobility to avoid the rebound effects of technological efficiency that increase the overall resource consumption.

No description available.

Undersökningen utförs i samarbete med Riksbyggens ombyggnadsavdelning i Jönköping. Riksbyggen är ett kooperativt företag och en av Sveriges största fastighetsförvaltare. Riksbyggens kunder består utav bostadsrättsföreningar, företag och offentliga fastighetsägare. År 2019 släppte byggsektorn ut 21 % av Sveriges växthusgaser och 49% av alla flerbostadshus är byggda mellan 1951 – 1981 (2021). Byggnaderna förbrukar mycket energi och särskilt ventilationssystemen. Dokumentationen av kunskap från olika projekt kan vara obefintlig eller undermåttlig vilket bidrar till att kunskap om energirenovering blir svår att hantera. Målet är att undersöka den ekonomiska lönsamheten och miljöeffekt som energibesparande åtgärder har i ett flerfamiljshus byggd år 1959. Samt att undersöka Riksbyggens och deras externa energisakkunnigas användande av erfarenhetsåterföring i syfte att minska livscykelkostnad och pay-off tid. För att uppnå målet används en kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Empiri samlas in genom intervju, mätdata, beräkningar samt dokument och ritningar tillhandahållet av Riksbyggen. Beräkningarna svarar på lönsamheten hos de energibesparande åtgärderna och intervjuer används för att kartlägga hur erfarenhetsåterföring används och dess koppling mot livscykelkostnad och pay-off tid hos energirenoveringar. Kvantitativ analysmetod används för åtgärdernas kostnads- och energibesparing där värden jämförs med varandra i grafer och tabeller. För att kartlägga erfarenhetsåterföringen jämförs intervjupersonernas svar med varandra och med det teoretiska ramverket, både leverantör och kund intervjuas för att få båda perspektiv. Enligt utförda beräkningarna besparar alla de planerade åtgärderna totalt 380 MWh fjärrvärme/ år och ökar elbehovet med 55 MWh/ år, kostnadsbesparingen uppgår till 248 000 kr/ år. Pay-off tiden är för värmepumpen 8,4 år och värmepump kombinerat med solceller har en pay-off tid på 9,1 år. Pay-off tiden kombinerat med fönsterbyte är tillsammans 27,6 år. Från intervjuerna framgår det att erfarenhetsåterföring främst sker muntligt i det dagliga arbetet. Resultatet överensstämmer med teorin och den mest givande erfarenhetsåterföringen är enligt intervjudeltagare den utanför egna organisationen med personer med olika befattning. Det främjar utveckling och forskning i branschen samt minskar kostnader och energi. Intervjudeltagarna lägger mycket tid på att dokumentera ekonomisk vinning och det är också det som är den huvudsakliga drivkraften för utveckling enligt teorin. Den ekonomiska besparingen och återbetalningsperioden beräknades bli dyrare än väntat vilken troligen beror på de historiskt höga elpriserna. Men trots höga elpriser är de energibesparande åtgärderna lönsamma och att installera både solceller och frånluftsvärmepump, som i denna undersökning, ger en trygghet i att solceller blir mer lönsamma med stigande elpriser och värmepump med sjunkande elpriser. / The survey is carried out in collaboration with the reconstruction department at Riksbyggen who is a cooperative corporation and one of Sweden’s largest property managers. Riksbyggens customers are housing cooperatives, companies and public property owners. The construction sector emitted 21% in 2019 of Sweden's greenhouse gases and 49% of all apartment buildings were built between 1951 – 1981 (2021), these buildings consume much energy, especially the ventilation systems. Documentation of knowledge from different projects can be none or substandard, which makes knowledge about energy renovation difficult to manage. The goal is to assess the economic profitability and environmental impact of energy saving measures in an apartment building from 1959. And to investigate Riksbyggens external energy specialists use of knowledge transfer to reduce lifecycle costs and pay-off time. To achieve the goal, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is used. Empirical data is collected through interviews, measurement data, calculations and documents and drawings provided by Riksbyggen. The calculations are used to answer how profitable the energy saving measures are and the interviews are used to map how knowledge transfer is used regarding savings of costs and energy. To answer the cost measures and energy savings of energy measures, a quantitative analysis method is. To map the feedback of experience, the interviewees' answers compare with each other and with the theoretical framework, both suppliers and customer are interviewed to get both perspectives. According to the performed calculations, the planned measures save a total of about 380 MWh district heating / year and increase the electricity demand by about 55 MWh/ year, the cost savings per year are about 248 000 SEK. The pay-off period of the heating pump is 8,4 years and heating pump combined with solar cells goes up to 9,1 years. The pay-off period including the replacement of new windows goes up to about 27,6 years. From the interviews it appears that knowledge transfer is mainly done orally in the daily work. The results are in line with the theory and the most rewarding knowledge transfer is according to the interviewees, the knowledge transfer their own organization with staff with different types of employment. It promotes development and research in the industry according to the theory and to reduce costs and energy. Interviewees spend a lot of time documenting financial gain and this is also the main driver for development according to the theory. The financial savings and pay-off period are calculated to be more expensive than expected, which is probably due to the historically high energy prices. But despite high prices, the energy-improving measures are profitable and installing both solar cells and an exhaust air heat pump, as in this investigation, provides security that solar cells become more profitable with higher electricity prices and heat pumps with lower electricity prices.