An intact cellular response to DNA damage is important for the maintenance of genomic stability and tumour prevention. EDD, the human orthologue of Drosophila melanogaster ???hyperplastic discs???, is over-expressed or mutated in a number of common human cancers. EDD is a progestin regulated gene that encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in cell communication and cell adhesion, and although it has also been implicated in the DNA damage response through its association with DNA damage proteins, a definitive role has yet to be demonstrated. The work presented herein shows that EDD is necessary for an adequate cellular response to double-strand DNA breaks. Cells depleted of EDD exhibit reduced survival, radio-resistant DNA synthesis and failure to maintain G2/M arrest following DNA damage induced by phleomycin exposure. Furthermore, EDD-depleted cells display impaired activating phosphorylation and kinase activity of the checkpoint kinase CHK2 after DNA damage. These effects appear to be largely modulated through a phospho-dependent interaction involving the CHK2 FHA domain and a region of EDD spanning a number of putative FHA-binding threonines. These results identify EDD as a novel mediator in DNA damage signal transduction via CHK2 and emphasise the potential importance of EDD in cancer.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Not embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 173-176.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Not embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 158-177.

Le métabolisme des cellules immunitaires est assujetti à un contrôle étroit. L’inflammation, la présentation antigénique et l’expansion clonale sont des évènements qui demandent un changement rapide dans le métabolisme des cellules. Notamment, la glutamine est grandement sollicitée lors de la maturation des cellules dendritiques, les macrophages et les lymphocytes B et T pour son rôle dans la synthèse des protéines et son implication dans la phosphorylation oxydative. Au repos, les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPAs) expriment l’ubiquitine ligase E3 MARCH1. MARCH1 est une protéine membranaire qui régule la réponse immunitaire en ubiquitinant, entre autres, le complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité II (CMH II) et CD86. Lors de l’activation des cellules immunitaires, son expression est réprimée, ce qui permet l’accumulation du CMH II et de CD86 sur leur membrane. Nous pensons que MARCH1 régule négativement le métabolisme des cellules immunitaires. Parmi les protéines membranaires sous le contrôle de MARCH1 pourraient se trouver des transporteurs de glutamine. La baisse rapide de MARCH1 serait nécessaire pour permettre aux cellules de modifier leur métabolisme en augmentant le transport de la glutamine. Dans le mémoire présent, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’interactôme de MARCH1. Afin de découvrir de nouvelles cibles de MARCH1, nous avons utilisé la méthode du BioID dans des cellules HEK293T. Le BioID est une méthode innovatrice permettant l’identification d’interactions interprotéines. La protéine de fusion BioID2 permet la biotinylation et l’isolation des protéines adjacentes in vivo. Ces essais de proximité nous ont permis d’identifier 41 cibles potentielles de MARCH1. Nous avons analysé l’expression de 13 de ces protéines par cytométrie en flux. Nos résultats démontrent que MARCH1 induit la dégradation de NKCC1, CD147 et SNAT2. L’expression de MARCH1 dans les cellules HEK293T engendre une diminution de SNAT2 en surface. S’il avère que MARCH1 régule le métabolisme de la glutamine dans les cellules immunitaires, il s’agirait alors d’un nouveau mécanisme par lequel cette ubiquitine ligase E3 module la réponse immunitaire. SNAT2 est nécessaire dans l’adaptation des cellules pour leurs besoins en glutamine. Nous discuterons du rôle que joue cette protéine dans l’adaptation du métabolisme et la glutaminolyse. / Immune cell metabolism is subjected to a tight control. Inflammation, antigen presentation and clonal expansion are all events that comes with a rapid change in metabolism. Glutamine is highly solicited during dendritic cells, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes maturation, due to its role in protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. At steady-state, antigen presenting cells express the ubiquitin ligase E3 MARCH1. MARCH1 is a membrane protein involved in the immune response through major histocompatibility II and CD86 ubiquitination and degradation. During their activation, MARCH1 expression is repressed. This allows for accumulation of MHC II and CD86 on the cell surface, but other membrane-bound receptors and transporters are also increased during that time. Among those, proteins involved in glutamine transport are increased and thus help immune cells to adjust their intracellular nutrient pool for their new metabolic needs. We propose that MARCH1 negatively regulates immune cell metabolism through the regulation of nutrient transporters. The rapid stop in the transcription of MARCH1 induces an increase in receptors on the cytoplasmic membrane. Here, we aimed to identify the MARCH1 interactome. In order to identify new MARCH1 targets, we used the BioID proximity assays in HEK293T cells. BioID is an innovative method for the identification of protein interactions. BioID2 protein fusion can be used for in vivo biotinylation and isolation of promiscuous proteins. These proximity assays allowed us to identify 41 potential MARCH1 targets. We analyzed the expression of 13 of these proteins and found that 3 were affected by MARCH1 expression. Our results show that MARCH1 induces the degradation of NKCC1, CD147 and SNAT2. More specifically, MARCH1 expression in HEK293T induces the internalisation of the glutamine transporter SNAT2. If MARCH1 proves to regulate glutamine transport in immune cells, this would be a novel mechanism by which this ubiquitin ligase regulates adaptive immune system. Indeed, SNAT2 is required for the cellular adaption of amino acids during maturation, including glutamine. We will discuss the implications of MARCH1 as a metabolic switch and the role this would have in glutaminolysis and antigen presentation.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24670号 / 農博第2553号 / 新制||農||1099(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5451(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 梅澤 俊明, 教授 矢﨑 一史, 教授 森 直樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a negative-sense RNA virus that is classified as an overlap select agent by the USDA and the HHS. It was first discovered in the Rift Valley of Kenya in the early 1930s. RVFV is an arbovirus that is transmitted by mosquitoes and infects ruminants and humans. RVFV in humans causes an acute self-limiting febrile illness but in a small percentage of cases, a severe version is noted by ocular disease, hepatitis, hemorrhagic fever, and death. In ruminants, the disease is similar with young livestock being the most susceptible. RVFV is also known to cause "abortion storms" where infected pregnant ruminants abort their fetuses with a near 100% fatality rate. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites utilizing host-factors to replicate. This study identified three host-protein interactors of the viral Gn and L proteins that aid in viral replication. UBR4 was determined to be an interactor of Gn via immunoprecipitation followed by either LC/MS/MS or western blot analysis. Its inhibition via siRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 knockout showed a reduction of viral titers and viral RNA production. It was determined that UBR4 specifically affects viral RNA production and not entry or egress. Conversely, CK1α and PP1α were identified as binding partners of the L protein using similar methods. CK1α, a kinase, and PP1α, a phosphatase, were chosen for further verification due to data demonstrating the L protein is phosphorylated on at least one serine residue, in addition to PP1α already being shown to impact RVFV replication. Inhibition of CK1 and PP1 via small molecule inhibitors, D4476 and 1E7-03, respectively, showed a decrease in viral titers and RNA production. Strand-specific RT-qPCR demonstrates that CK1 and PP1 impact genomic replication. Upon treatment with D4476 a decrease in L protein phosphorylation was observed. Additionally, it has already been shown that treatment with 1E7-03 increases L protein phosphorylation. These data indicate that CK1 and PP1 modulate L protein phosphorylation, contributing to changes in RVFV replication. This study identifies three host-proteins that affect viral replication, which could be used as a foundation for host-based therapeutic and vaccine development. / Doctor of Philosophy / Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a major biological threat due to its ability to infect both livestock and humans and be passed by mosquito bite. RVFV was first discovered in Africa in the early 1930s. To date, there is no approved therapeutic or vaccine. RVFV usually causes very mild disease but in a small percentage of cases, it progresses to include liver disease, vision loss, swelling of the brain, bleeding, and death. A virus itself is not alive; it needs a living host in order to replicate. To do this, it utilizes things naturally occurring inside the host. The purpose of this study is to identify host-factors that the virus uses in order to efficiently make more viruses. The first viral protein of interest is the glycoprotein, Gn, which is important for viral entry and assembly of the viral particles. It was determined that the host-protein UBR4 is an interactor of Gn and that the inhibition of UBR4 decreases the amount of infectious virus being produced. Similarly, the host-proteins, CK1α and PP1α, were found to be interactors of the viral L protein. The L protein is responsible for synthesizing the building blocks of the virus. It was determined that when CK1 and PP1 are inhibited, the L protein is less efficient at making these building blocks. Understanding the host-factors the virus utilizes is important to the basic understanding of how RVFV infects the host and the development of therapeutics to combat an outbreak.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第25337号 / 農博第2603号 / 新制||農||1106(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R6||N5509 / DGAM / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢﨑 一史, 教授 山口 信次郎, 教授 飛松 裕基 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Le but visé par la présente recherche est de faire la synthèse d'inhibiteurs de la glutaminyl (GlnRS), de la glutamyl (GluRS) et de l'aspartyl-ARNt synthétase (AspRS). Le design des inhibiteurs est basé sur l'intermédiaire de la réaction catalysée par les aaRSs, l'adénylate d'aminoacyle. Cet anhydride mixte (carboxylique-phosphorique), hautement instable, est plus fortement lié à l'enzyme que ne le sont ses trois substrats: l'acide aminé, l'ARNt et l'ATP. Différents analogues stables de cet intermédiaire ont été synthétisés dans le but d'empêcher la substitution de l'AMP de l'adénylate d'aminoacyle par l'ARNt. Ainsi, des adénylates d'aminoalkyles, des aminoacylsulfamoyladénosines et des aminoacylphosphonates adénosines ont été synthétisés. Ces composés ont permis d'inhiber l'enzyme correspondante avec des K\ variant du micromolaire au nanomolaire. Ces inhibiteurs ont été utilisés dans des études de cinétiques enzymatiques, en cristallisation et dans la compréhension du mécanisme catalytique de ces enzymes. Les travaux en cours portent sur la rigidification de même que sur la diminution de la polarité de l'adénylate de glutamyle et ce, par la modification de la portion acide glutamique des inhibiteurs déjà synthétisés. La résistance aux antibiotiques constitue un problème très grave de nos jours. Le développement d'antibiotiques possédant de nouveaux modes d'action est au coeur des préoccupations actuelles. Les aminoacyl-ARNt synthétases (aaRSs) sont des enzymes impliquées dans la biosynthèse des protéines. Elles catalysent l'estérification d'un acide aminé sur l'acide ribonucléique de transfert (ARNt). Leur inhibition entraîne, par conséquent, l'arrêt de la croissance cellulaire. Les enzymes humaines ont connu une évolution suffisamment divergente des aaRSs bactériennes rendant ainsi possible l'inhibition sélective de ces dernières. Elles représentent donc des cibles intéressantes pour le développement d'antibiotiques. L'acide pseudomonique, un inhibiteur de l'isoleucyl-ARNt synthétase, possède des propriétés antibiotiques. Il est commercialisé comme antibiotique topique par la compagnie pharmaceutique GlaxoSmithKline.

No description available.

Η αποικοδόμηση των πρωτεϊνών είναι μια διαδικασία απαραίτητη για τη διατήρηση της ομοιόστασης του κυττάρου. Ένας από τους κύριους μηχανισμούς αποικοδόμησης των βραχύβιων πρωτεϊνών καθώς και όσων εμφανίζουν λανθασμένη αναδίπλωση, χωρεί μέσω του μονοπατιού ουβικιτίνης- πρωτεασώματος. Η ουβικιτινίωση είναι μια μετα-μεταφραστική διαδικασία, η οποία έγκειται στη σηματοδότηση των υποψήφιων για αποικοδόμηση πρωτεϊνών με ουβικιτίνη και περιλαμβάνει τρεις ενζυμικές ενεργότητες: Ε1 (εκκινητής ουβικιτίνης), Ε2(μεταφορέας ουβικιτίνης) και Ε3 (λιγάση ουβικιτίνης). Η πρωτεΐνη Arkadia (Rnf11) είναι μια Ε3 λιγάση ουβικιτίνης με συνολικό μήκος 994 αμινοξέα. Σε μοριακό επίπεδο, ενισχύει το TGF-β σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι, διαμεσολαβώντας την εξαρτώμενη από το πρωτεάσωμα αποικοδόμηση των αρνητικών ρυθμιστών του, c-Ski και Sno-N. Η δραστικότητα Ε3 λιγάσης ουβικιτίνης εδράζεται στον C΄-τελικό RING-H2 τομέα, που σχηματίζεται από τα τελευταία 60 περίπου αμινοξέα της ακολουθίας. Η δομή και η σταθερότητα του RING τομέα εξαρτώνται από την πρόσδεση δύο ιόντων Zn μέσω ενός χαρακτηριστικού μοτίβου, που περιλαμβάνει 6 κυστεϊνικά και 2 ιστιδινικά κατάλοιπα. Στην προσπάθεια αποσαφήνισης της σχέσης δομής-δράσης της πρωτεΐνης Arkadia, ένα από τα κατάλοιπα που συναρμόζονται με Zn -συγκεκριμένα η His965- αντικαταστάθηκε από κυστεΐνη μέσω κατευθυνόμενης μεταλλαξιγένεσης. Η μετάλλαξη αυτή, με την οποία, ουσιαστικά, μετατρέψαμε τον RING-H2 σε RING-HC τομέα, μελετήθηκε με χρήση πολυπυρηνικής/πολυδιάστατης φασματοσκοπίας πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού (NMR). H NMR δομή του RING-H2 τομέα της Η965C Arkadia επιλύθηκε σε υψηλή διακριτικότητα (tf=0.94±7.53*10-2, RMSD=0.75±0.20 και RMSD=1.45±0.24 για τα άτομα του πολυπεπτιδικού σκελετού και τα βαρέα άτομα αντίστοιχα) και αποκάλυψε μια ββαββ τοπολογία. Παράλληλα, πραγματοποιήθηκε μελέτη κινητικότητας, από την οποία προέκυψε ότι η εν λόγω μετάλλαξη υφίσταται ως μονομερές και διαθέτει έναν συμπαγή πυρήνα, που περικλείεται μεταξύ δύο ευκίνητων άκρων. / Protein degradation is necessary for the maintenance of cell homeostasis. A major mechanism for the degradation of short-lived as well as misfolded proteins involves the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Ubiquitination is a post translational modification, which targets the proteins to be degraded through the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin tag and consists of three enzyme activities: Ε1 (ubiquitin activator), E2 (ubiquitin carrier) and E3 (ubiquitin ligase). Arkadia (Rnf11) is a 994 amino acid protein, which acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. On a molecular level, Arkadia enhances TGF-β signaling by mediating the proteasome-dependent degradation of its negative regulators, c-Ski and Sno-N. Its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity lies on a C΄-terminal RING-H2 domain, formed by the last 60 residues. The structure as well as stability of the RING finger domain depend strongly on the binding of two zinc ions in a unique ΄΄cross-brace΄΄ arrangement through a defined motif of six cysteines and two histidines. Trying to elucidate the structure-activity relationship in the case of Arkadia, one of the amino acid ligands –specifically His965- was replaced by cysteine through site-directed mutagenesis. This particular mutation, which, in reality, transformed the RING-H2 to a RING-HC domain, was studied with the use of multinuclear/multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The NMR solution structure of the H965 Arkadia RING-H2 domain was determined in high resolution (tf=0.94±7.53*10-2, RMSD=0.75±0.20 και RMSD=1.45±0.24 for backbone and heavy atoms respectively) and revealed a ββαββ topology. Furthermore, a mobility study was conducted with the following results: the mutated protein is not expected to form dimers and shows a compact core region including the four metal binding motifs flanked by two flexibly disordered termini.