Orientadores: Fabiano Fruett, Claudio Floridia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T06:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franciscangelis_Carolina_M.pdf: 4554828 bytes, checksum: 5261b0cdfc0205b1960de720cb9b64b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi proposto e demonstrado experimentalmente uma técnica para medição de Dis-persão dos Modos de Polarização (PMD) distribuída em enlaces ópticos baseada no uso de Refle-tômetro Óptico no Domínio do Tempo (OTDR) e de polarização da luz. A motivação deste traba-lho reside no constante aumento da demanda por informação e transmissão de dados, fato que tem causado a evolução de sistemas de comunicação óptica para operar em elevadas taxas de bits. Estes sofisticados sistemas de comunicação requerem sensores paramétricos precisos, exatos, estáveis e capazes de monitorar os parâmetros dos enlaces de fibra óptica e sinais ópticos que compõe esta rede. Dentre os parâmetros a serem monitorados está a PMD, dispersão modal que defasa os modos de polarização de um sinal óptico, causando o alargamento temporal do pulso óptico transmitido. Este alargamento aumenta a interferência inter-simbólica do sinal e, conse-quentemente, degrada o desempenho da recepção do sinal. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de identificar os métodos propostos até o momento para medição de PMD de primeira ordem, também conhecida como Atraso Diferencial de Grupo (DGD). Os métodos analisados compreenderam tanto medições ponto a ponto quanto medições distribuídas de DGD. Ao final da revisão, concluiu-se que, dentre as técnicas propostas até o momento, as que apresentam maior vantagem são as que possibilitam a medição distribuída da PMD ao longo do enlace. Desta forma, não é necessário desconectar cada trecho de fibra do enla-ce para medir sua DGD separadamente, economizando tempo, investimento financeiro e deslo-camento de operadores por longas extensões. Visando este cenário, foi definida como meta deste trabalho a proposta de um método capaz de localizar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, trechos de elevada PMD em um enlace óptico. Para atingir esta meta foi proposta neste trabalho uma técnica baseada em polarização da luz e refletometria óptica no domínio do tempo (pOTDR). Esta técnica se destaca por sua simplicidade de implementação e o uso de componentes passivos, sendo o OTDR o único instrumento ativo. O método proposto foi testado em enlaces ópticos laboratoriais e em uma rede óptica de tráfego real. A técnica proposta é inovadora e o estudo detalhado do estado da arte de métodos de medir PMD em fibras ópticas provou que sua concepção e validação foram ambas realizadas pela pri-meira vez que se tenha conhecimento / Abstract: In this work was proposed and experimentally demonstrated a Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) distributed measurement technique based on Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) and optical polarization. The main motivation of this research is the constant growth of information and data traffic demands, which leads the evolution of optical communication systems to operate on higher data rates. These sophisticated communication systems require parametric, precise and stable sensors; able to monitor the optical fiber links parameters and the propagating optical signals condition. Among the monitored parameters is the PMD, a modal dispersion that delays the polarization modes of a propagating optical signal over an optical fiber. This dispersion results in a pulse broadening in time domain, causing inter-symbol interference (ISI), which degrades the received signal performance. It was performed a state of the art bibliographic review in order to identify the first order PMD monitoring methods proposed so far. The analyzed methods cover both point-to-point and dis-tributed PMD measurement. After the review, it was concluded that the most advantageous meth-ods are those that allow PMD distributed measurement along a fiber link. Therefore, it excludes the need of disconnect each fiber section link to point-to-point measure its global PMD. It saves time, finantial investment and technician displacement through long distances. In this sceneraio, it was defined as target of this work the proposal of a method capable to localize, quantitatively and qualitatively, high PMD sections in an optical fiber link. In order to achieve this goal, it was proposed a technique based on optical polarization and optical time domain reflectometer (pOTDR). This technique stands out for its implementation simplicity and the use of passive optical elements, besides the OTDR. The proposed method was tested both in laboratorial and field optical links. The detailed state-of-the art studies of PMD monitoring techniques proved that the conception and validation of the proposed method was performed for the first time known. Keywords: Polarization. Sensor. Fiber Optics. PMD. OTDR / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica

Nesta dissertaÃÃo à realizado um estudo da polarizaÃÃo da luz e suas aplicaÃÃes em sistemas de comunicaÃÃes quÃnticas. Inicialmente, sÃo apresentadas as ferramentas matemÃticas necessÃrias ao tratamento da polarizaÃÃo da luz de fÃtons isolados e estados coerentes: matriz coerÃncia, parÃmetro de Stokes e grau de polarizaÃÃo. Em seguida à apresentada, atravÃs de simulaÃÃo numÃrica, a dinÃmica do grau de polarizaÃÃo da luz de um fÃton durante a propagaÃÃo em um canal despolarizador. Por fim, o resultado de um experimento usando estados coerentes, objetivando medir o grau de polarizaÃÃo da luz apÃs propagaÃÃo em um trecho de 200 m de fibra, à apresentado. O experimento à Ãtil para a determinaÃÃo do parÃmetro do modelo de canal despolarizador de qubits. Sendo a polarizaÃÃo da luz uma propriedade facilmente alterada por condiÃÃes ambientais, sÃo estudados os esquemas Ãpticos que, dentro de certas restriÃÃes, podem corrigir variaÃÃes aleatÃrias da polarizaÃÃo da luz durante a propagaÃÃo na fibra. Tais esquemas sÃo empregados como corretores de erros em sistemas de comunicaÃÃes quÃnticas. Baseados em esquemas de correÃÃo encontrados na literatura, foram propostos dois novos esquemas, um para a utilizaÃÃo em sistemas que empregam polarizaÃÃo de luz de fÃtons isolados e outro para sistemas que empregam polarizaÃÃo de estados coerentes bimodais, sendo o primeiro ativo, isto Ã, requer um protocolo de controle e sincronismo, e o segundo passivo. Por fim, à feita a anÃlise da seguranÃa de um sistema de distribuiÃÃo quÃntica de chaves, empregando o esquema proposto de correÃÃo de erros, quando o mesmo sofre o ataque de Fuchs-Peres-Brandt. à mostrado que a utilizaÃÃo do esquema de correÃÃo de erros proposto favorece a visibilidade da presenÃa de um espiÃo monitorando o canal quÃntico. / In this dissertation, it is realized a study of light polarization and its applications in quantum communications. Initially, the mathematical tools needed for single-photon and coherent states polarization analyses are presented: coherence matrix, Stokes parameters and polarization degree. Following, using numerical simulations, it is presented the variation of the degree of polarization of a single-photon pulse during depolarizing channel propagation. At last, the result of an experiment using coherent states, aiming to measure the degree of polarization after propagation in 200 m optical fiber is presented. The experiment is useful for determination of the parameter of the qubit depolarizing channel model. Since light polarization is easily changed when environment fluctuations are present during fiber propagation, optical schemes able to correct unpredictable polarization changes are studied. Such schemes are employed for error correction in quantum communication systems. Based on already proposed error correction schemes, two new schemes are proposed, one for systems that employs polarization of singlephoton light, and other for systems that employs polarization of two-mode coherent states, being the first active, that is, requiring a control and synchronism protocol, while the second is passive. At last, it is realized a security analysis of a quantum key distribution system, employing the proposed error correction scheme, when the same is under Fuch-Peres-Brandt attack. It is shown that using the proposed error correction scheme the presence of an eavesdropper monitoring the quantum channel is more visible.

The spectral polarized radiance distribution provides the most complete description of the light field that can be measured. However, this is a very difficult parameter to measure near the surface because of its large dynamic range, dependence on incoming sky conditions, and waves at the air-sea interface. The measurement of the Stokes vector of the downwelling polarized light field requires the combination of at least four images, all of which must be obtained simultaneously. To achieve this, a new polarimeter (which we call DPOL) has been designed, characterized, calibrated and deployed. The description of the DPOL, its calibrations and characterizations are discussed. The uncertainties in the retrieval of Stokes vector and other derived parameters are also discussed. This instrument is equipped with four fish-eye lenses (180° field of view) with polarizers behind each lens in a different orientation, a coherent optical fiber bundle with 4 arms, a spectral filter changer assembly and a charged coupled-device (CCD) imaging camera. With this system, a single image contains 4 separate fisheye images, each a whole hemisphere of the same scene, each with different polarization information. Using these 4 images and applying appropriate calibration parameters allows us to calculate the four-element Stokes vector and then the total degree of polarization and the angle of plane of polarization of the incoming light field in a hemisphere of desired directions. Under the Office of Naval Research RaDyO (Radiance under a Dynamic Ocean) program, DPOL has been used in the Santa Barbara Channel and Hawaii field experiments. In most cases, data on sky polarization were collected with a separate camera (Sky-Cam) simultaneously with the DPOL. The data and results with these two camera systems in these experiments are presented and are compared. Data on the inherent optical properties of water from the same field experiments collected by collaborators will be shown. Our measurements show that very near the surface, for clear sky conditions, the dominant source of polarization is the refracted sky light. As one progresses in the water column, the polarization due to light scattering by the water increases and polarization due to the water becomes dominant. The dependence of the in-water light field polarization on the sky and surface wave conditions, solar zenith and azimuth angles, the depth of the instrument, the viewing angle, the wavelength of light, the inherent optical properties (IOP’s) of water are discussed.

The master thesis discusses physical causes of light polarization and problems brought by nascence of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). These problems occur especially by high speed systems on optical cable traces. The thesis deals with actuation of transmitted signal by influence of Inter Symbol Interference and it also deals with methods for its measuring and compensation. As a results of measurements are in text presented data provided by EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. Company. Significant part of the thesis focuses on optical link Bit Error Rate (BER) which is connected with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and signal quality (Q-factor). Further on it is possible to find in text about so called eye diagram which is display mode that shows influence of communication channel on shape of the transmitted signal. To this diagram is related another one called constellation diagram which describes modulation mode and makes it possible to map dispersion of signal points around their nominal values. In connection with so called trajectory it makes vector diagram. Practical part includes depiction of these diagrams in MATLAB development environment.

Avec l'objectif de réduire de la quantité de gaz à effets de serre dans l'atmosphère, les pouvoirs publics encouragent les pratiques ayant vocation à séquestrer du carbone dans les sols (reforestation, changement de pratiques agricoles). Pour en évaluer les réels bénéfices, des outils analytiques rapides, précis et peu coûteux sont nécessaires pour pouvoir comptabiliser précisément les stocks de carbone et leur évolution dans le temps. La Spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) est une technologie analytique adaptée à ce cahier des charges mais relève encore du domaine de la recherche en science du sol.Cette thèse s'est focalisée sur la première étape de cette méthode analytique: la formation du signal. Les sols étant des milieux très complexes, en termes de composition chimique et de structure physique, le signal spectroscopique est négativement impacté par les phénomènes de diffusion. Les conditions de la loi de Beer-Lambert n'étant plus remplies, les modèles chimiométriques pour prédire la teneur en carbone des sols sont moins précis et robustes. Nous proposons un système optique de mesure spectrale original et adapté aux milieux très diffusants, qui se base sur le principe de polarisation de la lumière. Il permet de sélectionner les photons ayant été moins impactés par le phénomène de diffusion. Ce signal est utilisé pour calculer un signal d'absorbance étant une bonne approximation de l'absorbance de Beer-Lambert.Ce dispositif, appelé PoLiS, a été validée expérimentalement sur des milieux modèles liquides et particulaires. Appliquée des sols pour prédire la teneur en carbone organique, les modèles de prédictions sont meilleurs avec l'absorbance calculée par PoLiS qu'avec l'absorbance calculée classiquement à partir de la mesure de réflectance. / With the goal of reducing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, policy makers encourage practices intended to sequester carbon in soils (reforestation, changes in farming practices). New methods are required to rapidly and accurately measure soil C at field- and landscape-scales. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an analytical technology adapted to these specifications but remains experimental research in soil science.This thesis has focused on the first step of this analytical method: signal formation. The soils are very complex materials, in terms of chemical composition and physical structure. Hence, the spectroscopic signal is negatively impacted by light scattering. Consequently, the conditions of the Beer-Lambert are no longer fulfilled, and the chemometric models to predict the carbon content of soils are less accurate and robust. We develop an original optical method based on light polarization spectroscopy to measure the absorbance of highly scattering materials. By selecting photons being less scattered, we compute a new absorbance signal which is a good approximation of the Beer-Lambert absorbance.This method, called Polis, was experimentally validated on model materials in liquid and powdered form. Applied on soils to predict Total Organic Content, the model built with the PoLiS absorbance outperform the models built with the classical absorbance computed from the diffuse reflectance signal.

Quand une source de lumière cohérente éclaire un milieu présentant soit une rugosité de surface à l’échelle de la longueur d’onde de la lumière incidente, soit des variations d’indice de réfraction, les ondes diffusées se propagent suivant différents chemins optiques. Les ondelettes ainsi créées, toujours cohérentes, interfèrent entre elles dans un plan d’observation, créant un champ de speckle. Dans ce travail, nous couplons l’analyse du champ de speckle à l’analyse de la polarisation de la lumière en adoptant une approche multiparamètre regroupant des informations spatiales et temporelles. La capacité du speckle polarisé à caractériser des propriétés de milieux diffusants complexes est exploitée. Des informations liées à un changement de proportions de tailles de diffuseurs, de coefficient d’absorption, et de dynamique intrinsèque des diffuseurs sont extraites. Les méthodologies développées sont appliquées à la caractérisation d’échantillons biologiques, à la détection de phases préliminaires d’érosion dentaire, et au suivi de réactions de polymérisation. / When a coherent light source illuminates a random medium, having either surface roughness or refractive index variations, the scattered waves propagate following different optical paths. The coherent created wavelets interfere with each other in a certain observation plane, creating the speckle field. In this work, we simultaneously the analysis of the speckle field as well as the analysis of polarized light, in a multi-parameter approach combining spatial and temporal information. The capability of the polarized speckle field to characterize complex scattering media is investigated. Information related to changes in diffusers sizes and proportions, absorption coefficient, and intrinsic dynamics are extracted. The developed methodologies are applied to characterize biological samples, to diagnose early stages of dental erosion, and to monitor polymerization reactions.

In this work I have been briefed by physiology of binocular vision for acquisition of three-dimensional perception from two-dimensional images using special glasses. At first I described optical organ, after it I described physiology of binocular vision. In the next part of my work I described stereoscopic imaging technology and their advantages and disadvantages. In the next part of this work I have designed method for measuring ideal distance between cameras for scanning and projection of stereoscopic image using program Inition StereoBrain Calculator. After scenes design I have collected visual data for creating 3D videos. This videos were been projected to the group of the viewers. Data from the viewers were been analyzed afterwards.

L'organisation orientationnelle bio-moléculaire des lipides et des protéines dans la membrane plasmique constitue un facteur important dans les processus biologiques au cours desquelles les fonctions peuvent être reliées aux mécanismes d'orientation et d'organisation. Le concept de séparation transitoire des phases à l'échelle nanométrique dans les domaines ordonnés et désordonnés, aussi appelé « radeau lipidique », est maintenant largement accepté. De plus, les domaines ordonnés contiennent des protéines de signalisation, ce qui souligne l'importance des séparations de phase au cours des processus de signalisation. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, nous avons étudié l'ordre orientationnel moléculaire de la protéine de signalisation MHC Class I et de reporters lipidiques tels que di-8-ANEPPQ et DiI(C18). Nous avons étudié l'ordre orientationnel moléculaire de la protéine de signalisation MHC Class I et des reporters lipidiques par imagerie d'anisotropie de fluorescence résolue en polarisation. Nous avons observé l'influence du cytosquelette d'actine sur l'ordre orientationnel moléculaire de la protéine MHC et des reporters lipidiques dans la membrane plasmique. De plus, nous avons trouvé que l'ordre orientationnel moléculaire des reporters dépend de la morphologie cellulaire. Nous avons examiné les plis membranaires en modifiant la forme des cellules de façon mécanique ou pharmacologique. / Biomolecular orientational organization of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane is a crucial factor in biological processes where functions can be closely related to orientation and ordering mechanisms. The concept of transient nanosized phase separations in ordered and disordered domains, called "lipid rafts" is now widely accepted. Furthermore, the ordered domains are enriched in signaling proteins, which highlights the crucial impact of phase separation during the signaling processes. While this field has been so far largely addressed by studying the translational diffusion behavior of membrane proteins and lipid reporters by Single Molecule Tracking (SMT) or Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), only little is known about the orientational behavior of signaling proteins and lipid reporters in the plasma membrane. In this PhD thesis we investigated the molecular orientational order of the signaling molecule MHC Class I protein using fluorescence anisotropy imaging as well as of lipid reporter di-8-ANEPPQ using polarization-resolved fluorescence imaging. Fluorescence anisotropy imaging requires a fluorescent label rigidly attached to the system under study, able to report its orientational order behavior. Thus, MHC Class I protein has been successfully labeled in a rigid way. We analyzed the orientational order of MHC Class I protein quantitatively in the endomembrane and plasma membrane and we found that the orientational order of MHC Class I protein in both membranes depends primarily on the maturation state of the protein and its interaction with the cytoskeleton.

Les travaux développés dans ce manuscrit de thèse concernent la proposition et la mise au point d’une nouvelle architecture optique basée sur la modulation de cohérence (MC) d’une source à spectre large dédiée aux calculs arithmétiques et au traitement des signaux. La modulation de cohérence de lumière est une technique particulière de codage optique qui autorise, entre autres, le multiplexage des signaux à travers une seule porteuse. Les signaux à traiter sont codés en MC par le biais de paires modulateur de lumière/lame de phase placées en série et éclairées par un seul faisceau de lumière polarisée. Cette technique est basée sur l’introduction d’un retard optique supérieur à la longueur de cohérence de la source utilisée. La validation expérimentale de l’approche proposée pour la réalisation d’opérations arithmétiques, telles que la somme et la soustraction, a été effectuée par le biais de signaux temporels. Différentes formes et fréquences des signaux ont été testées et ont parfaitement validé l’approche. L’impact du cross-talk des signaux et de la divergence du faisceau gaussien sur la qualité des opérations effectuées a été étudié. Ces effets se traduisent par un bruit de modulation d’intensité affectant le résultat des opérations effectuées. Dans ce travail, nous avons proposé des solutions permettant de minimiser son impact. L’originalité de la technique proposée est qu’elle permet la réalisation d’opérations multiples entre plusieurs signaux. Des tests ont été réalisés sur des images à deux et plusieurs niveaux de gris. Les résultats obtenus ont été évalués par les figures de mérite incluant le rapport signal sur bruit (SNR, signal to noise ratio), le rapport signal/bruit crête à crête (PSNR, peak signal to noise ratio) et l’erreur quadratique moyenne (MSE, mean squared error). Enfin, nous avons appliqué la technique à la cryptographie par contenu. Nous avons démontré la performance et la robustesse de la technique. Comme perspectives de ce travail, nous envisageons exploiter d’avantage la technique dans le domaine de la cryptographie (ie: utilisation d’une phase aléatoire pour le codage des images). De plus, une extension de l’étude à la compression des images sera utile. Une autre perspective de ce travail de recherche est l’étude de l’impact de l’incohérence spatiale sur le codage et le décodage des signaux / In this thesis, we study and developed the use of coherence multiplexing (also called path-difference, by analogy with WDM optical communications) to achieve simultaneous coding and decoding of analogue signals. The coherence modulation of light consists in encoding a signal on a light beam as an optical path-difference larger than its coherence length. This opens the way to the use of broadband sources in systems that thought to be restricted to quasi-monochromatic light. The different signals to be processed are encoded by using an Electro-optic Modulator and a birefringent plate placed between two polarizers. First, we have shown how the coherence multiplexing process can be exploited to achieve parallel real-time all optical signal addition and subtraction. Then, we have studied the impact of the crosstalk, due to the imperfection of the opto-geometrical parameters of the elements in the architecture, in the quality of the obtained results. The second part of the work consists of the validation of the technique to image signals. Thus, we have tested both image with binary and several gray levels. Also, we have confirmed that the method can be used for simple and multiplex encoding module. After that, we have evaluated the performance of the processor as a function of the continuous optical path-difference ratio in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak to peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). Finally, we have tested the coherence multiplexing method to the encryption method based on merging together multiple-images. Therefore, we have evaluated the performance and the robustness of the method

Although current augmented, virtual, and mixed reality (AR/VR/MR) systems are facing advanced and immersive experience in the entertainment industry with countless media forms. Theses systems suffer a lack of correct direct and indirect illumination modeling where the virtual objects render with the same lighting condition as the real environment. Some systems are using baked GI, pre-recorded textures, and light probes that are mostly accomplished offline to compensate for precomputed real-time global illumination (GI). Thus, illumination information can be extracted from the physical scene for interactively rendering the virtual objects into the real world which produces a more realistic final scene in real-time. This work approaches the problem of visual coherence in AR by proposing a system that detects the real-world lighting conditions in dynamic scenes, then uses the extracted illumination information to render the objects added to the scene. The system covers several major components to achieve a more realistic augmented reality outcome. First, the detection of the incident light (direct illumination) from the physical scene with the use of computer vision techniques based on the topological structural analysis of 2D images using a live-feed 360^o camera instrumented on an AR device that captures the entire radiance map. Also, the physics-based light polarization eliminates or reduces false-positive lights such as white surfaces, reflections, or glare which negatively affect the light detection process. Second, the simulation of the reflected light (indirect illumination) that bounce between the real-world surfaces to be rendered into the virtual objects and reflect their existence in the virtual world. Third, defining the shading characteristic/properties of the virtual object to depict the correct lighting assets with a suitable shadow casting. Fourth, the geometric properties of real-scene including plane detection, 3D surface reconstruction, and simple meshing are incorporated with the virtual scene for more realistic depth interactions between the real and virtual objects. These components are developed methods which assumed to be working simultaneously in real-time for photo-realistic AR. The system is tested with several lighting conditions to evaluate the accuracy of the results based on the error incurred between the real/virtual objects casting shadow and interactions. For system efficiency, the rendering time is compared with previous works and research. Further evaluation of human perception is conducted through a user study. The overall performance of the system is investigated to reduce the cost to a minimum.