The influence of supplementary materials such as slag, metakaolin and limestone in steam-cured ternary and quaternary cement blends on physical and chemical hydration mechanisms was studied by analyzing the evolution of non-evaporable water content, hydration products and compressive strength. The role of limestone in hydration reactions of cement was also investigated. These properties were studied through the use of differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses, as well as the loss-on-ignition, X-ray diffraction and compressive strength tests at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days. Research findings revealed that it is possible to replace up to 40% cement with other materials and still achieve compressive strengths similar to mixtures with a 25% cement replacement at 0.34 w/b ratio. Additionally, ternary limestone mixtures exhibited superior mechanical properties to ternary metakaolin mixtures. Lastly, limestone powder was determined to behave as inert filler, accelerating hydration at early ages through heterogeneous nucleation.

Biodeterioration has an important role in weathering of historical materials. Natural stone materials become vulnerable to physical and chemical changes in outdoor conditions, favouring the biological growth. In this study, biodeterioration on calcareous stones and its control by biomineralisation were studied on limestones from Nemrut Mount Monument and marbles from Pessinous Archaeological Site. For qualitative and quantitative detection of biological activity fluorescein diacetate (FDA) method that was developed for soil microbial activity was applied to stones of historic monuments. Qualitative FDA analysis was used on cross sections of the samples in order to observe the depth of penetration and effects of biomineralisation using a light microscope with fluorescent light source. Quantitative FDA analysis was done by spectrophotometric determination of fluorescence formed by FDA treatment. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were used in determining mineralogical structure of patinas and stone base. Light microscopy was used to investigate changes in morphological structure of historic stone in cross and thin sections of the samples. The control of biodeterioration on stone surfaces was studied by biomineralisation treatments using Bacillus cereus. The results of biomineralisation were evaluated by XRD, light microscopy, SEM-EDX and FDA analyses. The results of this study showed that the biodeterioration was an important decay factor in stone materials. It started from the surface and penetrated through the microstructure of the stone up to about four cm depth. Biodeterioration also contributed to the growth of microcracks. Results of biomineralisation using B.cereus to form a protective coating on limestone and marble were also discussed.

Use of alternative raw materials, especially industrial by-products, is necessary for a sustainable cement industry. By replacing clinker with industrial by-products, consumption of natural resources and energy is decreased. Therefore, both economical and environmentally friendly cements are produced. Several industrial by-products such as fly ash, silica fume, and slag, one of the most widely used industrial by-products, can be used to produce standard blended cements. Besides its many advantages, slag cements are reported to have lower early compressive strengths. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the early-strength improvement of slag cements. In the experimental study, in order not to change the cement type, the additives were incorporated within the minor additional constituent ranges, i.e. less than 5%. First, CEM III/A type control cement was prepared by blending clinker (K) and slag (S), which were separately ground in a laboratory type ball mill. Ground limestone (L) of varying fineness, silica fume (F), and sodium hydroxide (N) were prepared to be used as minor additional constituent. The ground clinker, slag, and gypsum, and the additives at various ratios were blended to obtain 15 CEM III/A type slag cements other than the control. Finally, the fresh and the hardened properties of the cements were determined. As a result of this experimental study, it was observed that addition of limestone generally increased the early compressive strength of slag cements. However, silica fume and sodium hydroxide either decreased or did not affect the early compressive strength of the slag cements.

The cut slopes at a segment between Km 25+600 and 26+000 of the Antalya-Burdur Breakaway-Korkuteli State Road to be newly constructed have slope instability problems due to the existence of highly jointed limestone. The purpose of this study is to investigate the engineering geological properties of the units exposed at three cut slopes, to assess stability of the cut slopes, and to recommend remedial measures for the problematic sections. In this respect, both field and laboratory studies have been carried out. The limestone exposed at the cut slopes are beige to gray, fine grained, fossiliferous, and highly jointed. It has two joint sets and a bedding plane as main discontinuities. The kinematic analysis indicates that planar failure is expected at Km: 25+900. Limit equilibrium analysis show that the cut slopes with bench have no slope instability problems except rockfalls which endanger the traffic safety. In this thesis it is recommended to covering the cut slope with wire mesh and fibre reinforced shotcrete

Exposure to atmospheric conditions results of deterioration in historic monuments. and their stones. Limestone conservation presents many problems that have to be investigated in detail. In this study, limestone deterioration and development of its conservation treatments were investigated through examination of the statues carved from karstic limestones in Nemrut Dag Monument. The decay mechanisms that had major roles in their deterioration during two thousand years of exposure to atmospheric conditions and the development of their conservation treatments involved several types of analyses that were carried out in the field and in the laboratory. Exposed surfaces of limestones having karstic veins, interior crack surfaces were examined and compared with relatively undeteriorated interior parts. Similar limestones from the geological formations nearby were artificially deteriorated by salt crystallization and were also examined for comparison. Standard physical and physicomechanical tests, petrographical analysis, XRD, SEM-EDX and FTIR were used during those examinations. Swelling nature of clays in limestones and their control were quantified by CEC measurements. The micro structure of limestone was observed to be composed of micritic calcite with karstic veins of sparitic calcite crystals. Some karstic zones were found to be preferred sites of dissolution and precipitation of calcium carbonate where swelling action of clays and widening of cracks occurred. Iron oxides that moved through those zones, as well as biological activity were also found to contribute to those phenomena. Preparation of high concentrations of nanodispersive calcium hydroxide solutions was achieved for the conservation treatments of the deteriorated limestone. Success of treatments with nanodispersive Ca(OH)2 solutions targeted to the decay zones were discussed in terms of their ability to control the swelling action of clays, carbonation of nanodispersive solution, and improvement in the physicomechanical properties of treated limestone.

The archaeological and technical questions about ancient stone tools lead to various research activities such as chemical and petrographical analysis. Considering research areas and publications it can be suggested that mineralogical studies of stone samples of ancient stone tools have disclosed useful information concerning identification of the stone. Within this context, aim of this study is to determine the chemical, mineralogical and petrographical identities of the stone samples of Karain Cave (Antalya). Most paleolithic caves show one specific time interval layer but Karain Cave shows lower-upper and middle layers which give information about the migration ways between Near East and Europe. Stone tools excavated from Karain Cave are not only first human remainings in Anatolia but also first artworks of Anatolian people.Most of the stone tools excavated from Karain Cave are cherts. These cherts were analysed for archeological aspects but mineralogical, petrographical, and chemical contents have not been analysed yet. During the excavations at the Karain Cave in Antalya many stone pieces in different sizes and colors had been found. In this study ten samples were examined. The methods used consists of thin section, X- ray powder diffraction , scanning - electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis , differential thermal analyses and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine material characteristics of the samples. Petrographically the nine of the samples are chert with some including radiolarian fossils. Microcrystalline &aacute / - quartz is the major mineral in the chert. Only one sample is composed calcite and is identified as micritic limestone. Chemical analysis reflect the typical composition of chert with the average values of / 40.9% Si and 1 sample is limestone, which is composed of 35.7% Ca . Minor elements are Fe, Al, K, and Ti in the samples. Thermal analysis is also supported the thin section studies.Further research is suggested for provenance analysis of stone tools from the Karain Cave.

Nordwestlich des Zentrums der alten Forststadt Tharandt ist auf noch Tharandter und Hintergersdorfer Flur ein Lager von Kalkstein eingeschaltet. An dem nach Norden gerichteten Teil des Talhanges an der großen Biegung der Talmühlenstraße Richtung Ebergrund - Hartha, lag das ehemalige Kalkwerk Tharandt. Hier trat der Kalkstein an der Tagesoberfläche hervor. Es ist deshalb nicht verwunderlich, dass hier schon von alters her seine Gewinnung und das "Brennen" vorangetrieben wurde. ... (aus dem Text)

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 130 pages. / Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Indian Key Historic State Park is a small island located on the Atlantic Ocean side of the Florida Keys, near Islamorada. Before it was bought by the state of Florida in 1970, Indian Key had been the setting for a number of historically significant activities. The most well known of these is the 1840 raid on the people and buildings that made up a small wrecking village, established on the island by Jacob Housman in the early 1830s. The limestone foundations of these structures are the main attraction to today's visitor to the park. There is more to the story of Indian Key, though, than the Housman period and the structural remains left behind from this stage of the island's history. Almost immediately after the near destruction of the island in 1840, the Florida Squadron of the Navy took over, constructing their own buildings, and re-using some of the previously constructed foundations. / ABSTRACT: This cycle of rebuilding and re-use continued for another hundred years, with families and fishers trying to inhabit and profit from Indian Key. The focus of this thesis is to examine the foundations and associated archaeological features of Indian Key in order to determine better periods of use and re-use for the buildings that have been identified through archaeological investigations. This research was conducted in order to examine the site's architecture through an archaeological perspective; it is by no means an attempt at a complete architectural study of the site. Rather, it is an effort to examine the entire island of Indian Key, by focusing on the history of the buildings that helped make it an important piece of Florida's past. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

A limited number of laboratory studies and pilot programs have been reported in chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) flooding of carbonate reservoirs (Adams & Schievelbein, 1987). Fewer still have involved surfactants in limestone reservoirs. No surfactant/polymer flood on a field wide basis of a carbonate reservoir has ever been documented in the literature (Manrique, Muci, & Gurfinkel, 2010). This void represents a colossal opportunity given that nearly a third of the 32 billion barrels of oil consumed in the world each year come from carbonate reservoirs (Sheng, 2011, pp. 1, 254). This thesis is based on experiments with a high hardness (~5,000 ppm divalent ions) carbonate field. Phase behavior, aqueous stability, and core flood experiments were performed using polymer and various surfactants and co-solvents. Both commercially available and laboratory synthesized surfactants were tested. The objective was to optimize the chemical injection design in order to lower interfacial tension between water and oil in the reservoir. Research was also done with alkali intended for use with hard brines. The main challenges when working with hard brine were poor solubilization and low aqueous stability limits. However, highly propoxylated and ethoxylated surfactants mixed with internal olefin sulfonates, hydrophilic sulfates, and sec-butanol were observed to have very high solubilization ratios, fast phase behavior equilibration times, negligible viscous macroemulsion effects, and excellent aqueous stability. Spinning drop interfacial tensiometer tests confirmed low IFT values were obtained for a range of acceptable salinities with hard brine. Three core floods were performed using one of the surfactant formulations developed. One flood was done with field core, brine, and crude oil and failed to meet expectations because of high levels of heterogeneity (vugs) within the core that lead to an elongated oil bank and low and slow oil recovery. The other floods were done with Estillades Limestone. The first Estillades flood used hard synthetic field brine and had better mobility but poor oil recovery. The last core flood had good mobility and recovered 90% of the residual oil to water flooding, but only after a total of 1.1 pore volumes of 1.0 wt% surfactant solution were injected. The results provided in this thesis constitute proof of concept that S/P flooding can be done in high salinity and hardness reservoirs. / text

Aluminized steel pipes are expected to have a long service life, e.g. 75 years. Spiral ribbed aluminized pipes (SRAP) have been widely specified and used by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) for drainage of runoff water. Confidence in the long term durability of SRAP has been challenged by recent unexpected early corrosion failures in various Florida locations. SRAP premature corrosion incidents have occurred in two modalities. Mode A has taken place in near-neutral soil environments and has often been associated with either gross manufacturing defects (i.e. helical cuts) or corrosion concentration at or near the ribs. Mode B took place in pipes in contact with limestone backfill and corrosion damage was in the form of perforations, not preferentially located at the ribs, and not necessarily associated with other deficiencies. These failures motivated this research. The objectives of this work are to establish to what extent the Mode A corrosion incidents can be ascribed to manufacturing defects, that can be rectified by appropriate quality control, as opposed to an intrinsic vulnerability to corrosion of regularly produced SRAP due to ordinary forming strains and to determine the mechanism responsible for Mode B corrosion including the role that limestone backfill played in that deterioration. To achieve those objectives, laboratory experiments were conducted to replicate the conditions for Mode A and Mode B. Overall, the findings of this and previous work suggest that much of the corrosion damage observed in the Mode A incidents were promoted more by manufacturing deficiencies and less by any possible inherent susceptibility of corrosion at the ribs of SRAP that was produced following appropriate quality control. Experiments to explore the causes of Mode B corrosion showed that high pH values, sufficient to cause dissolution of the passive film on aluminum, can develop under exposure of limestone to flowing natural water. The findings substantiate, for the first time, an important vulnerability of aluminized steel in limestone soils and provide an explanation for the rapid onset deterioration observed at the field under Mode B. The findings also provide strong evidence in support of service guidelines to disallow the use of limestone bedding for aluminized steel pipe, including SRAP.