The clinically used antibiotic lincomycin consists of an amino-sugar and an amino-acid moiety. The incorporated amino-acid 4-propyl-L-prolin (PPL) is very important for the linomycin bioactivity, as evidenced by the lower activity of the related antibiotic celesticetin, which incorporates proteinogenic L-prolin instead. Gene clusters for the biosynthesis of both lincosamides are published and reflect a common basis - biosynthesis of amino-sugar precursor and condensation reactions. Additionally, in the biosynthetic gene cluster for lincomycin there is a sub-cluster of genes encoding the biosynthesis of PPL, the alkylated proline derivative (APD). PPL has a common biosynthetic origin with other APDs that are part of the structures of antitumor pyrrolobenzodiazepines and the signal molecule hormaomycin, which is also reflected in the presence of homologous genes in their gene clusters. The acquired knowledge on PPL biosynthesis thus can be applied to a larger group of natural products. The first overall concept of APD biosynthesis was published forty years ago. The milestone was the year 1995 when the gene cluster for lincomycin biosynthesis was published and specific gene products have been proposed for individual biosynthetic steps. The functional proof of proteins has been performed so far just...

(EN) This work aims at preparation, analysis and isolation of intermediates of biosynthetic pathways of 4-alkyl-L-proline derivatives for their structural elucidation. Compounds with incorporated 4-alkyl-L-proline derivatives include clinically used lincosamide antibiotic, lincomycin A, antitumor pyrrolobenzodiazepines and bacterial hormone hormaomycin. Detailed knowledge of biosynthetic pathways of these biological active substances can be used to prepare new, more efficient derivatives. The first part of this work focuses on yellow-coloured dicarboxylic intermediates 1 and 2 of the biosynthetic pathway of 4-propyl-L-proline - the precursor of lincomycin A. In the presence of the methylation agent, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and LmbW C- -methyltransferase, 1 was partially converted into intermediate 2. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, both intermediates were identified from absorption and mass spectrometry spectra. A semi-preparative chromatographic method for isolation of both intermediates was developed. Surprisingly, a significantly lower stability of 2 compared to intermediate 1 was observed in an in vitro enzymatic reaction mixture. The second part of the work focuses on 4-ethylidene-L-proline - the precursor of tomaymycin belonging to pyrrolobenzodiazepines. After...

Les interactions aliment-médicaments nuisant aux processus de libération et/ou à la stabilité de leurs principes actifs doivent être caractérisées en raison de leurs conséquences adverses sur la biodisponibilité orale, l’efficacité thérapeutique et, dans le cas des agents anti infectieux, la sélection d’organismes résistants. Notre étude a évalué la relation entre l'efficacité de la libération in vitro de la chlortétracycline (CTC) et de la lincomycine (LIN) dans le liquide gastrique simulé de porc (LGSP) et la capacité de rétention d'eau (CRE) d’ingrédients couramment utilisés dans l’alimentation des porcs (tourteau de soja (TS), drèche de distillerie sèche avec solubles (DDS) et farine de viande et d'os (FVO), maïs, blé, et seigle), que l’on a fortifié avec 880 ppm de CTC ou 440 ppm de LIN. La CRE des ingrédients différait significativement (p <0,0001) et était maximale avec le TS, aussi bien dans l'eau que le LGSP. Le FVO avait une CRE significativement plus basse dans le LGSP que dans l'eau (p <.0001). Les effets du temps de trempage sur la CRE étaient négligeables pour tous les ingrédients (p> 0,50). La CRE diminue avec l'augmentation de la taille des particules pour tous les aliments, mais leurs relations différaient significativement (p<0.0001). Tous les ingrédients alimentaires testés ont diminué la vitesse et l'étendue de la dissolution des prémélanges de CTC et de LIN. Le CRE était le principal facteur qui a empêché la dissolution des deux médicaments (p <0,0001), tandis que le temps et la teneur en cendres des ingredients favorisaient significativement leur dissolution (p ≤ 0,008). En comparaison des prémélanges dissouts seuls, le DDS et le seigle ont libéré 80% de ces antibiotiques, tandis que le TS, le blé et le maïs en ont libéré entre 40 et 50%. La neutralisation du LGSP au pH intestinal porcin a diminué les proportions dissoutes d’antibiotiques, mais pas significativement (p>0.69). La CRE des ingrédients utilisés dans la fabrication d'aliments médicamenteux serait donc un indicateur prometteur des interactions aliment-prémélange médicamenteux de LIN et de CTC. Afin d'augmenter leur libération et leur potentiel thérapeutique, la formulation des aliments médicamenteux pourrait être améliorée en utilisant des ingrédients alternatifs, dont la CRE est moindre. / Food-drug interactions adversely affecting the release process and the stability of their active ingredients must be characterized because of their adverse consequences on oral bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy and, in the case of antibiotics, selection resistant organisms. Our study evaluated the relationship between the efficiency of the in vitro release of chlortetracycline (CTC) and lincomycin (LIN) in simulated pig gastric fluid (SPGF) and the water-holding capacity (WHC) of feedstuffs commonly used in pig feed (soybean meal (SBM), dry distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) and meat and bone meal (MBM), corn (gC), wheat (gW), and rye (gR), which it was fortified with 880 ppm CTC or 440 ppm LIN. The WHC of ingredients differed significantly (p <0.0001) among feedstuffs with the highest value for SBM both in water and SPGF and lowest value for MBM. The MBM had a significantly lower WHC in SPGF than in water (p <.0001). The effects of soaking time on WHC were negligible for all feedstuffs (p> 0.50). The WHC decreased with increasing particle size for all feedstuffs, but their relationships differed significantly (p <0.0001). All the tested feedstuffs decreased the rate and extent of dissolution of the CTC and LIN premixes. WHC was the main factor that hindered the dissolution of both drugs (p <0.0001), while the time and ash content of the ingredients significantly favored their dissolution (p ≤ 0.008). Compared to the dissolved premixes alone, DDGS and gR released 80% of these antibiotics, while SBM, gW and gC released between 40% and 50%. Neutralization of SPGF at swine intestinal pH decreased the dissolved proportions of antibiotics, but not significantly (p> 0.69). The WHC of the used feedstuffs in the manufacture of medicated feed would therefore be a promising indicator of the feed-drug interactions of LIN and CTC. To increase their release and therapeutic potential, the formulation of medicated feeds could be improved by using alternative ingredients, with less WHC.