English abstract: Title of the thesis: Semiotic analysis of the text concentrated on asymmetry of linguistic sing Keywords: semiotics, linguistic sign, semiotic analysis, asymmetry of linguistic sign, myth, denotation, connotation Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to show how the linguistic sign functions in practice and what is its real meaning in the context of communication. This process is based on semiotic analysis of illustration of the artistic literature. In its theoretical part an elementary terminology and historical pillars of formation and developement of semiotics such as an equal humanistic science are presented. In the practical part we will demonstrate, thanks to the semiotic analysis of myth, how the linguistic sign functions within the communication and the cultural context.

Le verbe dar est une unité lexicale particulièrement riche en nuances significatives. Parmi les études qui ont abordé cette unité, certaines font l'hypothèse d'une désémantisation lors de la 'grammaticalisation' du verbe. Ce processus serait illustré notamment par l'existence du marqueur discursif dale ainsi que par les emplois de dar en tant que 'support' dans des constructions verbo-nominales plus ou moins lexicalisées ou dans périphrases verbales du type dar un golpe, dar que hablar. L'hypothèse envisagée dans cette étude – menée dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique du signifiant, qui prône l'unicité du signe linguistique – est que le verbe dar exprime une notion d'existence sous-jacente à tous ses emplois discursifs. Le signifié de langue de dar exprimerait l'accès à l'existence d'une entité b, pour le bénéficiaire c d'une opération conduite par une entité a. Cette notion d'existence serait présente dans toutes les occurrences d'un lexème qui n'apparaît jamais vidé – ne serait-ce que partiellement – de son contenu lexical. Afin de valider cette hypothèse, les différentes capacités référentielles du verbe dar seront analysées à travers un corpus de l'espagnol péninsulaire et de l'Amérique latine. / The Spanish verb dar is a lexical item particularly rich in nuances of meaning. Some of its senses have been studied under the « semantic bleaching » hypothesis consequent upon the « grammaticalization » of the verb. This process would reveal mainly in the discourse marker dale and in the use of dar as a « support verb » in nominal predicates like dar un golpe, dar un paseo, dar una mano de pintura, etc. According to the theoretical framework for this research, which accounts for the distinction between language and discourse as well as the unicity of the linguistic sign, an existential notion underlies every discourse realization of this verb. The notion conveyed by the signified of dar is that an entity B gains access to existence in the sphere of an entity C as a result of the action of an entity A. Hence, this existential meaning appears in every use of a lexeme whose semantic content is never affected.

Cette recherche s'intéresse à la possibilité d'établir des points de comparaison entre le prélinguistique et le linguistique dans la période des premiers mots. Le constat d'un flou régnant autour des notions de mot et de proto-mot nous a fait considérer différentes approches : historique, épistémologique et expérimentale. L'apport de l'approche historique est essentiel pour cerner la problématique et considérer la façon dont parler est envisagé par une société et une époque. Cettepartie nous permet de mettre en avant deux éléments : la question de l'émergence de la parole implique la notion de représentation sociale, et l'émergence de la parole, aujourd'hui, se situe durant la période des premiers mots. L'analyse de cette période nous conduit à une partie épistémologique permettant de définir le type d'unités caractéristiques de cette période : les proto-mots et les mots. Une fois nos unités identifiées, nous effectuons une analyse longitudinale de quatre enfants, de un an à deux ans. Nous avons d'abord identifié un phénomène de substitution des mots aux proto-mots. Ensuite, nous avons observé les deux éléments communs à ces productions : la prosodie et la phonologie. Il découle de notre analyse que la prosodie fournit un cadre commun assurant la transition entre les proto-mots et les mots, et que la phonologie est le domaine où s'observent les différences : les mots sont le lieu du développement des structures phonologiques complexes, contrairement aux proto-mots. Nous avons pu considérer que parler, c'était privilégier les motscomme support de communication verbale, par rapport aux proto-mots, et que cette particularité est l'objet du développement phonologique. / This research focuses on the possibility to compare prelinguistic utterances and linguistic utterances of the first words period. The definition of protoword and word notions is not clear; while we consider different approaches to determine them: historical, epistemological and experimental. The contribution of the historical approach is essential to identify the problem and to bethink how a society in different historical periods considers speech. This section allows us to highlight two elements: the question of the speech emergence implies the notion of social representation, and nowadays, the word emergence is during the first words period. The analysis of this period leads to our epistemological part which defines units of this period: protowords and words. Once units identified, we perform a longitudinal analysis of four children, from one to two years. Firstly, we identify a phenomenon of substitution of protowords in words. Secondly, we observe two common elements in these productions: prosody and phonology. We show that prosody provides a common framework to ensure the transition between protowords and words, and that phonology is the area where differences are observed: the words are the place for the development of complex phonological structures, unlike protowords. We consider that the emergence of speech is when the children prefer using words as verbal communication medium, instead of protowords, and that this feature is the object of phonological development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria da Gloria Vianna Amorim Silva.pdf: 1000968 bytes, checksum: 7e01f17ec147bfb1fc2136056668a2c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-14 / In this study, we have broached the tension between two fields of knowledge in which language is the protagonist, Linguistics and Psychoanalysis. Our starting pointing was the text of Jean-Claude Milner (1995), to whom the explicit establishment of this relationship must be attributed exclusively to Lacan, who, building his work, has mobilized many of the theoretical achievements and concepts from Structural Linguistics. Thus, this dissertation privileges the moment where Psychoanalysis was founded, strongly influenced by two exponents of the Structuralism: Roman Jakobson, whose work was based on Ferdinand de Saussure‟s and Claude Lévi-Strauss‟s theories, who have founded, respectively, Structural Linguistics and Structural Anthropology. We aim to examine determined vicissitudes in Lacan‟s love for Linguistics that it is possible to infer from the works in which the psychoanalyst mobilized concepts from this science. In this manner, our aim was defining the singularity‟s outlines in Lacan‟s gesture that, keeping the separation between Linguistics and Psychoanalysis, intended, by gathering concepts from Linguistics, produce his most famous monologue: the well-known Lacanien Psychoanalysis. The main question of this dissertation was the following: How can we characterize the effects of the encounter between the psychoanalyst Lacan and Linguistics? In order to answer it, we have investigated some Jacques Lacan‟s Seminars and texts, published between 1945 and 1973, in which it is possible to apprehend the moment when Lacan takes Linguistics as a key to read Freud‟s texts. Three main aspects were taken into account: the linguistic sign (signifier and signified); the metaphorical and metonymical operations and the difference between statement and enunciation. Lacan has transformed them and has aggregated the notion of subject of desire from the unconscious. Even in the moment of most delight, Lacan has never employed Linguistics in the field of Psychoanalysis. When proceeding his theory‟s elaboration, he has abandoned Linguistics as a science, keeping interest in language. Linguistics and Psychoanalysis performs, thus, as very different language conceptions and from this results a relationship of incessant proximity and absolute heterogeneity (MILNER, 1995. p. 2) / Neste trabalho, foi tematizada a tensão entre dois campos do saber em que a linguagem é protagonista, a ciência Linguística e a Psicanálise. Nosso ponto de partida foi o texto de Jean-Claude Milner (1995), para quem o estabelecimento explícito de tal relação deve ser atribuída exclusivamente a Lacan, que, ao construir sua obra, mobilizou várias das conquistas teóricas e conceitos da Linguística estrutural. Assim, esta dissertação privilegia o momento da instituição da Psicanálise de orientação lacaniana, fortemente influenciada por dois expoentes do estruturalismo: Roman Jakobson, que se baseou nas teorias de Ferdinand de Saussure e Claude Lévi-Strauss, fundadores respectivamente da Linguística Estrutural e da Antropologia Estrutural. Visamos a examinar certas vicissitudes do amor de Lacan pela Linguística que se pode depreender dos trabalhos em que o psicanalista mobilizou conceitos ali inaugurados. Assim, nosso objetivo foi circunscrever os contornos da singularidade do gesto de Lacan que, mantendo a separação entre Linguística e Psicanálise, tentou, ao colher conceitos da Linguística, produzir seu mais famoso monólogo: a dita Psicanálise de orientação lacaniana. A pergunta-mestra desta dissertação foi a seguinte: Como caracterizar os efeitos do encontro entre o psicanalista Jacques Lacan e a Linguística? Para respondê-la, investigamos alguns Seminários e textos de Jacques Lacan, publicados entre 1945 e 1973, nos quais é possível apreender o momento em que Lacan se vale da Linguística como chave de leitura para os textos de Freud. Três aspectos fundamentais foram pinçados: o signo linguístico (significante e significado); as operações metafóricas e metonímicas e a diferença entre enunciado e enunciação. Lacan os transformou, agregando a eles sua noção de sujeito do desejo do inconsciente. Mesmo no momento de maior encantamento, Lacan jamais aplicou a Linguística ao campo da Psicanálise. Com a continuidade da elaboração de sua teoria, ele abandonou a Linguística como ciência, mantendo o interesse pela linguagem. Linguística e Psicanálise operam, assim, com concepções de linguagem bastante diferentes e disso resulta uma relação de proximidade incessante e heterogeneidade absoluta (MILNER, 1995. p.2)

L’onomatopée et l’interjection qui ont été étudiées de manière approfondie dans le domaine français dès le XVIIIe siècle n’ont fait l’objet que de quelques allusions dans la théorie grammaticale arabe traditionnelle. C’est ce vide que la présente thèse se propose de combler. Il s’agit d’une étude lexicale qui s’insère dans les recherches développant la théorie des matrices et des étymons (TME). Elle comprend deux grandes parties. La première se compose de deux chapitres. Le premier est consacré aux interjections (34 cas) et le second aux onomatopées proprement dites (18 cas). Dans ces deux chapitres, on procède à la manière de Guiraud (1967, chapitre III, « Structures onomatopéiques », ex. la racine T. K.). On extrait de l’interjection ou de l’onomatopée les deux consonnes qui les composent et on les considère comme un étymon dont on suit les diverses réalisations dans le lexique, en veillant toujours à la corrélation phono-sémantique. Il ressort de cette première partie que les racines (au sens traditionnel du terme) émanant d’étymons onomatopéiques sont près de neuf cents.Comme nous avons observé la présence du trait [+strident] dans un bon nombre de ces étymons, nous avons consacré la seconde partie à l’étude d’une nouvelle matrice qui se compose des traits [+strident] et [coronal], corrélés l’invariant notionnel « son, voix, bruit » et ses conséquences ,incluant la peur, le mouvement et ses diverses caractérisations. Cette matrice se réalise dans 69 étymons qui sont disposés par ordre alphabétique. Les réalisations de chaque étymon sont disposées en trois colonnes : le radical où l’étymon se réalise, la référence dans le tableau de l’organisation de l’invariant notionnel, le sens (tel qu’il est donné dans le Kazimirski).Il ressort de cette double étude qu’un immense pan du lexique de l’arabe est motivé, pourvu que l’on situe l’analyse au niveau des traits, la corrélation s’établissant entre le bruit et la définition même du trait de stridence, les sons stridents « se caractérisant acoustiquement par une plus grande quantité de bruit que leurs correspondants non-stridents » (Chomsky et Halle, 1968, p. 166). / Although onomatopoeia and interjections in French have been studied in depth since the 18th century, they have only been alluded to in traditional Arabic grammatical theory. This thesis is intended to remedy this situation with a lexical study applying the Theory of Matrices and Etymons (TME). The thesis is divided into two major sections, the first of which comprises two chapters. The first chapter deals with 34 interjections and the second 18 onomatopoeia. The approach adopted in these first two chapters is that of Guiraud (1967, chapter III devoted to onomatopoeic structures, e.g. the T. K. root). The interjections and onomatopoeia are extracted from the consonants which compose them; these consonants are considered as an etymon the various realisations of which are pursued in the lexicon with constant attention to the phono-semantic correlation. This first part shows that there are nearly nine hundred roots (in the traditional meaning of the term) arising out of the onomatopoeic etymons. Given the presence of the [+strident] feature in a large number of these etymons, the second part of this thesis is devoted to a new matrix comprising the correlated [+strident] and [coronal] features, the notional invariant "sound, voice, noise" and its consequences including fear, movement and its various characteristics. This matrix is realised in 69 etymons ordered alphabetically. The realisations of each etymon are given in three columns: the radical in which the etymon is realised; the reference in the organisational table of the notional invariant; the meaning (as given in Kazimirski).This double study reveals that - provided that the analysis is established at the phonetic feature level - an immense area of the Arabic lexicon is motivated, the correlation between the noise and the very definition of the feature of stridence and strident sounds: "Strident sounds are marked acoustically by greater noisiness than their nonstrident counterparts" (Chomsky et Halle, 1968, p. 329).

Eva Krásová: Émile Benveniste and the role of sens My thesis "Émile Benveniste and the role of sens" is a monographic study of the life work of Émile Benveniste (1902-1977) through the role that the concept of meaning (sens) takes in his thought. I adopt the methodology defined by K. Kœrner as "historiography of language sciences", and thus my perspective on Benveniste's work is mainly chronological and developmental. First part of the thesis concentrates on theoretical foundations of Benveniste's thought in the school of Paris (A. Meillet and M. Bréal), Prague (R. Jakobson and V. Skalička) and Copenhagen (texts around 1939). I point out the concept of language system in diachrony in A. Meillet's thinking and in Prague school and present a hypothesis about the role of Émile Bneveniste in their contact during the International congresses of linguists. This results into a description of the perspective of meaning as it was presented in Benveniste's 1962 lecture "Levels of linguistic analysis". Second part deals with Benveniste's concept linguistics of discours. First chapter explains the main concepts of Benveniste's theory of language: semiotics and semantics or the semiotical and the semantical (le/la sémiotique, sémantique), enunciation (énonciation), appropriation (appropriation) and the theory...