Orientador: Antônio OrlandoDi Mauro / Coorientador: Sandra Helena Unêda-Trevisoli / Banca: Everton Luis Finotto / Banca: Gustavo Vitti Moro / Resumo: Atualmente, a soja destaca-se como a mais importante oleaginosa cultivada no mundo, sendo que o Brasil e os EUA se destacam como os maiores produtores mundiais. O Brasil nas últimas três décadas, apresentou aumento significativo tanto no volume de produção, quanto na produtividade desta cultura. Esta evolução é justificada pela melhoria das condições de cultivo nas diversas regiões brasileiras, mas principalmente pela obtenção de novas cultivares merolhadas. O sistema produtivo de soja do país tem exigido dos programas de melhoramento genético o desenvolvimento de cultivares precoces, com altas produtividades e resistentes as diversas doenças que ocorrem na cultura, sendo que a ferrugem asiática, destacou-se na última década como a mais importante. Dentre as várias fases de um programa de melhoramento merece destaque o planejamento e a síntese dos cruzamentos, onde informações referentes à divergência genética são fundamentais, pois estes estudos norteiam a tomada de decisão, na obtenção de populações segregantes superiores e promissoras. Apenas informações referentes à divergência genética não são suficientes para escolha de parentais para hibridação, a mesma deve vir acompanhada de informações referente ao desempenho do genótipo, quanto a algumas características desejáveis. Os capítulos seguintes apresentarão estudos sobre a divergência genética e o desempenho agronômico em genótipos de soja superiores, através da caracterização fenotípica dos mesmos. / Abstract: Today, soybean is the most important oil seed crop in the world, where Brazil and USA are the world's largest producers. In the last three decades, the Brazilian production and yield of soybean increased significantly. This evolution is justified by the improvement of growing conditions in different regions of Brazil, but mainly for the crop breeding programs. The Brazilian soybean production system has required early soybean varieties from the breeding programs with high yield and resistant to many diseases, especially the Asian rust, one of the most important disease in the last decade. Among the several steps of a breeding program, the two steps that deserve attention are the planning and synthesis of crossings, where information about genetic divergence is critical, because these studies guide the decision making to get higher and promising segregating populations. Only information regarding divergence genetic is not enough for choosing parental for hybridization, because the information must be accompanied by information about genotype performance of for some desirable characteristics. The following chapters will present studies on divergence genetic and agronomic performance in higher soybean genotypes by phenotypic characterization. / Mestre

Orientador: Leandro Borges Lemos / Coorientador: Gustavo Vitti Môro / Banca: Domingos Fornasieri Filho / Banca: Ivana Marino Bárbaro / Resumo: A cultura do milho ocupa posição de destaque tanto em pesquisas científicas quanto na economia mundial, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores do grão. O elevado potencial produtivo se deve aos programas de melhoramento genético de plantas, onde a seleção de genótipos superiores é realizada com base em índices de seleção. Essa estratégia tem sido eficiente para a obtenção de genótipos superiores, por permitir obter simultaneamente ganhos para caracteres de importância agronômica / econômica. Desta forma, os objetivos do presente trabalho consistiram em mensurar o ganho genético com a seleção de linhagens, baseada em índices de seleção, comparando a eficiência dos diferentes índices e verificando qual (is) é (são) mais indicados para a seleção fenotípica de linhagens de milho. Para isso, 256 linhagens foram avaliadas em experimentos com duas repetições em doze ambientes. Foram considerados os caracteres: produção de grãos, prolificidade, acamamento e quebramento de plantas, altura da planta, altura da espiga, posição relativa da espiga, florescimento feminino e masculino, e intervalo entre florescimentos. Foram aplicadas intensidades de seleção de 10% e 20% para seleção direta e para sete índices. Os resultados das análises indicaram que a seleção direta dos caracteres não foi efetiva na seleção de genótipos superiores. Os índices de Smith & Hazel/ 1943 e Willians/ 1962 resultaram em maiores ganhos para os genótipos estudados / Abstract: Corn is a crop of great importance, occupying a preeminent position both in scientific research and in the world economy, with Brazil being one of the largest grain producers. Increased production and productivity are due in part to the plant breeding programs, where the selection of superior genotypes is performed based on selection indexes. This strategy has been effective for obtaining superior genotypes since it allows to obtain simultaneously gains for many traits of agronomic/economic importance. Thus, the objectives of this work consisted in measuring the genetic gain from selection of lines, which is based on selection indexes , and to compare the efficiency of different indexes to check which one (s) is (are) best suited for phenotypic selection of maize lines. For this, 256 lines were evaluated in experiments with repetition in twelve environments. Grain production, prolificacy, lodging and breaking plant, plant height, ear height, relative position of the spike, male and female flowering, and interval between flushes: the characters were considered. Selection intensities of 10 % and 20% for direct selection and for the seven indices under study were applied. The analysis results indicated that direct selection of characters was not effective in selecting superior genotypes. The indices of Smith & Hazel (1943) and Williams (1962) resulted in greater gains for the genotypes evaluated / Mestre

"July, 2003" / "Amendments of the thesis" and "abbreviations (additional)" inside back cover. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-231) / x, 231, [20] leaves : ill., plates ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Paediatrics, 2003

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, 2002. / "November 2001". Bibliography: leaves 136-157.

Typescript (Photocopy) / Includes published papers co-authored by the author at the end of volume 2 / Bibliography: leaves 195-237 of vol. 1 / 2 v. : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Dept. of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Adelaide, 1991

Offprints of several author's journal articles inserted / Includes bibliography / xx, 285 leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Paediatrics, 1985

"November 2001". / Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, 2002. / Bibliography: leaves 136-157. / General introduction -- Molecular markers for comparative and quantitative studies in macropods -- Genetic linkage map construction in the tammar wallaby (M. eugenii) -- Intraspecific variation, sex-biased dispersal and phylogeography of the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) -- General discussion. / The analysis of DNA using molecular techniques is an important tool for studies of evolutionary relationships, population genetics and genome organisation. The use of molecular markers within marsupials is primarily limited by their availability and success of amplification. Within this study, 77 macropodid type II microsatellite loci and two type I genetic markers were characterised within M. eugenii to evaluate polymorphic levels and cross-species amplification artifacts. Results indicated that 65 microsatellite loci amplified a single locus in M. eugenii with 44 exhibiting high levels of variability. The success of crossspecies amplification of microsatellite loci was inversely proportional to the evolutionary distance between the macropod species. It is revealed that the majority of species within the Macropodidae are capable of using many of the available heterologous microsatellites. When comparing the degree of variability between source-species and M. eugenii, most were significantly higher within source species (P < 0.05). These differences were most likely caused by ascertainment bias in microsatellite selection for both length and purity. -- The production of a marsupial genetic linkage map is perhaps one of the most important objectives in marsupial research. This study used a total of 353 informative meioses and 64 genetic markers to construct a framework genetic linkage map for M. eugenii. Nearly all markers (93.7%) formed a significant linkage (LOD > 3.0) with at least one other marker. More than 70% (828 cM) of the genome had been mapped when compared with chiasmata data. Nine linkage groups were identified, with all but one (LG7; X-linked) allocated to the autosomes. Theses groups ranged in size from 15.7 cM to 176.5 cM, and have an average distance of 16.2 cM between adjacent markers. Of the autosomal linkage groups, LG2 and LG3 were assigned to chromosome 1 and LG4 localised to chromosome 3 based on physical localisation of genes. Significant sex-specific distortions towards reduced female recombination rates were revealed in 22% of comparisons. Positive interference was observed within all the linkage groups analysed. When comparing the X-chromosome data to closely related species it is apparent that it is conserved both in synteny and gene order. -- The investigation of population dynamics of eastern grey kangaroos has been limited to a few ecological studies. The present investigation provides analysis of mtDNA and microsatellite data to infer both historical and contemporary patterns of population structuring and dispersal. The average level of genetic variation across sample locations was exceedingly high (h = 0.95, HE = 0.82), and is one of the highest observed for marsupials. Contrary to ecological studies, both genic and genotypic analyses reveal weak genetic structure of populations where high levels of dispersal may be inferred up to 230 km. The movement of individuals was predominantly male-biased (average N,m = 22.61, average N p = 2.73). However, neither sex showed significant isolation by distance. On a continental scale, there was strong genetic differentiation and phylogeographic distinction between southern (TAS, VIC and NSW) and northern (QLD) Australian populations, indicating a current and / or historical restriction of geneflow. In addition, it is evident that northern populations are historically more recent, and were derived from a small number of southern eastern grey kangaroo founders. Phylogenetic comparisons between M. g. giganteus and M. g. tasmaniensis, indicated that the current taxonomic status of these subspecies should be revised as there was a lack of genetic differentiation between the populations sampled. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xv, 182 leaves ill

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Paediatrics, 1994. / Errata slip inserted at back. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-192).