Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardo Gomes Souza.pdf: 860880 bytes, checksum: 5c5b771771f0b473b0b9d87f7b7f456b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / Topotecan (TPT), hydrophilic semisynthetic analogue of camptothecin, is a topoisomerase I inhibitor anticancer agent. Encapsulation of TPT in nanocarriers can protect him from inactivation on plasmatic pH and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated resistance. In this study, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were produced by three different methods: cold high pressure homogenization (CHPH), double emulsion prepare (DEMP) and microemulsion dilution (MMD). Derivative systems from NLS, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were produced only by MMD. Temperature proved to be a limiting factor in producing nanoparticles loaded TPT and must be strictly controlled. Nanoparticles produced by MMD (SLN and NLC) presented best encapsulation efficiency, drug loading and particle size distribution. These particles presented 150 nm average diameter, 0.2 PdI and -45 mV average zeta potential. Despite the hydrophilic drugs encapsulation to be a hard work, lipid nanoparticles loaded TPT presented 6% drug loading and an encapsulation efficiency biggest then 95%. Encapsulation of TPT in lipid nanoparticles sustained drug release by 12 hours and protected the drug from degradation at pH 7,4 at 37°C. Drug nanoencapsulation also increased his citotoxicity on K562 leucemic cells at 2 and 24 hours. There weren t differences between NLC and SLN on release, citotoxicity and stability studies. Threalose was an efficient cryoprotector on lyophilization of SLN and NLC loaded TPT. Lyophilizates NLC and SLN with 15% of threalose stayed stable almost for 30 days. Nanostructured lipid carriers with high topotecan chloridrate loading obtained in this work presented potential to improve clinical efficacy associated with parenteral administration of this important citotoxic drug. / O cloridrato de topotecano (TPT), derivado semi-sintético hidrofílico da camptotecina, é um fármaco antineoplásico inibidor da topoisomerase I. A encapsulação do TPT em nanocarreadores pode protegê-lo da inativação no pH plasmático, além de contornar o problema da resistência celular mediada pela glicoproteína-P (P-gp). No presente trabalho foram produzidas nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) contendo TPT por três técnicas diferentes: homogeneização sob alta pressão a frio (HAPF), preparo de emulsão múltipla (PEMM) e diluição de microemulsão (DMM). Sistemas derivados das NLS, os carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (CLN) foram produzidos apenas por DMM. A temperatura mostrou-se como fator limitante na produção de nanopartículas contendo TPT, devendo ser rigorosamente controlada. As nanopartículas (NLS e CLN) produzidas por DMM apresentaram melhor eficiência de encapsulação (EE%), distribuição de tamanho de partícula e carga de fármaco. Essas nanopartículas apresentaram tamanho médio em torno de 150 nm, PdI 0,2 e potencial zeta médio de -45 mV. Apesar da encapsulação de fármacos hidrofílicos em matrizes lipídicas ser tarefa difícil, as nanopartículas lipídicas contendo TPT apresentaram carga de fármaco em torno de 6% com EE% maior que 95%. A encapsulação do TPT em nanopartículas lipídicas prolongou sua liberação por 12 horas e protegeu o fármaco da degradação em pH 7,4 a 37°C. A nanoencapsulação do TPT também aumentou sua citotoxicidade em células leucêmicas K562 nos períodos de 2 e 24 horas. Não houve diferenças entre os CLN e as NLS nos estudos de liberação, citotoxicidade e estabilidade. A trealose foi um crioprotetor eficaz na liofilização dos CLN e das NLS contendo TPT. As NLS e os CLN liofilizados com 15% de trealose permaneceram estáveis por pelo menos 30 dias. Os carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados e as nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas contendo topotecano obtidos no presente trabalho apresentam potencial para melhorar a resposta clínica associada à administração parenteral deste importante fármaco citotóxico.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and microvesicles, transfer endogenous RNAs between neurons over short and long distances. We have explored EVs for siRNA delivery to brain. (1) We optimized siRNA chemical modifications and siRNA conjugation to lipids for EV-mediated delivery. (2) We developed a GMP-compatible, scalable method to manufacture active EVs in bulk. (3) We characterized lipid and protein content of EVs in detail. (4) We established how protein and lipid composition relates to siRNA delivering activity of EVs, and we reverse engineered natural exosomes (small EVs) into artificial exosomes based on these data. We established that cholesterol-conjugated siRNAs passively associate to EV membrane and can be productively delivered to target neurons. We extensively characterized this loading process and optimized exosome-to-siRNA ratios for loading. We found that chemical stabilization of 5'-phosphate with 5'-E-vinylphosphonate and chemical stabilization of all nucleotides with 2'-O-methyl and 2'-fluoro increases the accumulation of siRNA and the level of mRNA silencing in target cells. Therefore, we recommend using fully modified siRNAs for lipid-mediated loading to EVs. Later, we identified that α-tocopherol-succinate (vitamin E) conjugation to siRNA increases productive loading to exosomes compared to originally described cholesterol. Low EV yield has been a rate-limiting factor in preclinical development of the EV technology. We developed a scalable EV manufacturing process based on three-dimensional, xenofree culture of mesenchymal stem cells and concentration of EVs from conditioned media using tangential flow filtration. This process yields exosomes more efficient at siRNA delivery than exosomes isolated via differential ultracentrifugation from two-dimensional cultures of the same cells. In-depth characterization of EV content is required for quality control of EV preparations as well as understanding composition–activity relationship of EVs. We have generated mass-spectrometry data on more than 3000 proteins and more than 2000 lipid species detected in exosomes (small EVs) and microvesicles (large EVs) isolated from five different producer cells: two cell lines (U87 and Huh7) and three mesenchymal stem cell types (derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly). These data represent an indispensable resource for the community. Furthermore, relating composition change to activity change of EVs isolated from cells upon serum deprivation allowed us to identify essential components of siRNA-delivering exosomes. Based on these data we reverse engineered natural exosomes into artificial exosomes consisting of dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, dilysocardiolipin, Rab7, AHSG and Desmoplakin. These artificial exosomes reproduced efficient siRNA delivery of natural exosomes both in vitro and in vivo. Artificial exosomes may facilitate manufacturing, quality control and cargo loading challenge that currently impede the therapeutic EV field.