Cis-diol-containing metabolites have attracted increasing attention in recent years. These metabolites widely exist in the body fluids and tissues. They play important roles in the structure, function and metabolic activity of cells. Some of them are related to cell proliferation and metabolic processes. And they have been used to denote a state of disease as potential biomarkers. Several methods have been developed for the analysis of cis-diol-containing metabolites. However, these methods faced a challenge to separate and detect isomers of these compounds, particularly for compounds with low abundance and high polarity. Therefore, novel methods were necessary to improve the separation and detection sensitivity of this kind of metabolites. With this aim, chemical derivatization methods were developed for cis-diol-containing metabolite detection by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in this project. These methods were optimized and validated to achieve the optimal reaction conditions. And they were applied to study real-world biological systems, including the changes of modified nucleosides in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nude mice and toxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure. Firstly, the derivatization reaction of cis-diol compounds with acetone were optimized. Factors that affected reaction efficiency were investigated by reacting guanosine (G) with acetone. The optimal reaction conditions were validated by detecting four acetonides of urinary nucleosides by using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the approach had good linearity, accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 92.9% to 103.5%. It indicated that the assay was reproducible. The robust method should be potentially useful for the analysis of modified nucleosides and other cis-diol-containing metabolites in biological samples. The validated derivatization method was applied to determine urinary nucleosides by LC-MS. This method not only improved the retention of nucleosides on reversed-phase column, but also reduced the matrix effect from urine samples and enhanced detection sensitivity of mass spectrometry. Isotope labeling method with acetone-d6 and multivariate statistical analysis enabled the positive identification of 56 nucleosides, including 52 modified nucleosides. The obtained results indicated that the derivatization method was practical, fast and effective for the identification of urinary nucleosides. It was successfully applied to study the changes of urinary nucleosides in nude mice bearing HCC. Some significantly changed nucleosides were identified as potential biomarkers. Subsequently, this approach was modified by employing parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) method which was based on high resolution MS to detect urinary nucleosides in rats exposed to BPA. Comparing to the data acquired by triple quadrupole MS with neutral loss scanning, higher specificity and sensitivity were achieved by using PRM scanning mode. Therefore, more nucleosides were identified by using the method in urine samples (from 56 up to 66). The changes of the detected nucleosides were studied in the rats exposed to BPA. Various trends of modified nucleosides were observed with different dose BPA exposure. Specifically, the high-dose exposure group was the most strongly affected. The biomarker of RNA oxidation, 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-oxoG), showed significant change in this group. It proved that BPA exposure could induce RNA damage when the dose of BPA was beyond a certain amount. Except for nucleosides, other cis-diol-containing metabolites, such as carbohydrates, were also studied by using the derivatization method. Acetone and acetone-d6 were applied to label the cis-diol metabolites. Based on the chemical isotope labeling, cis-diol metabolites were easily recognized from urine samples. Influence of BPA exposure on these metabolites was investigated by comparing different doses of BPA administration on rats. Analytes showed noticeable difference were highlighted. Pathway analysis indicated that galactose metabolism, nucleoside and its analogues metabolism were disturbed. The derivatization method was extended to quantify nucleotides in plasma samples. According to the specific physical-chemical properties of nucleotides, the method was improved to fit the requirement of analysis by using 1,1-Dimethoxycyclohexane (DMCH) as derivatization agent and formic acid (FA) as catalyst. Tip micro-columns packed with TiO2 were used for selective adsorption of nucleotides in the plasma. Then in-situ derivatization were carried out to change the polarity of targeted compounds. LC-MS analysis of the derivatization products were employed without using ion-pairing reagents. This method exhibited a high selectivity for the extraction of nucleotides. After derivatization, retention of nucleotides on reversed-phase C18 column was improved. Complete separation of nucleotides with the same base was achieved. The peak shape was symmetrical and the tailing was eliminated by using high pH mobile phase. The method settled the problems of nucleotide detection, which were poor retention, trailing, in-source fragmentation and contamination of ion-pairing reagents. The quantitative method was successfully applied to determine the content of nucleotides in plasma samples of rats exposed to BPA. It was simple and fast, as well as good selectivity and stability. It could be extended to detection of other phosphorylated metabolites with similar structure. To our best knowledge, it was the first time to employ derivatization methods to detect cis-diol-containing metabolites. The methods decreased the matrix effects of complex biological samples, and also decreased the polarity of cis-diol-containing metabolites. The changes of properties not only improved the chromatographic separation, but also enhanced the MS intensities. The methods overcame the problems of cis-diol-containing metabolite detection on reversed-phase column. They were successfully applied to study the changes of cis-diol-containing metabolites of HCC and toxic effects of BPA exposure. The method might be extended to determine other cis-diol-containing metabolites in urine samples as well as in cells, tissues and plasma samples. It might be valuable for the understanding of the roles of cis-diol-containing metabolites in in cell metabolism.

Orientador: Caio Antonio Carbonari / Coorientador: Edivaldo Domingues Velini / Banca: Carlos Gilberto Raetano / Banca: Fernando Tadeu de Carvalho / Resumo: O sistema de produção com ou sem a pres ença de palhada, bem como, a aplicação de vinhaça nos canaviais, podem levar a alterações nas propriedades do solo e influenciar a disponibilidade dos herbicidas na solução do solo. Diante disto, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência d a água, água após passar pela palha de cana - de - açúcar e vinhaça na disponibilidade na solução do solo dos herbicidas amicarbazone, clomazone, diuron, hexazinone, imazapic, sulfentrazone e tebuthiuron em diferentes solos. Adotou - se o esquema fatorial 3 x 31, com delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados com três repetições, sendo utilizadas 31 amostras de solos distintos quanto às características físicas e químicas e três tratamentos (água, água de lavagem de palha e vinhaça). As amostras de solo foram dispostas em bandejas e submetidas à aplicação dos herbicidas, em seguida foram acondicionadas em cartuchos plásticos e saturadas com água deionizada, água de lavagem de palha e vinhaça, permanecendo em repouso durante 18 horas sob refrigeração (8 ± 3 ° C) . Posteriormente, fez - se duas extrações, na primeira quantificou - se os herbicidas presentes na solução do solo e na segunda foi realizada a extração total do herbicida remanescente no solo para determinação da porcentagem de recuperação de cada herbicida t estado. Para as quantificações utilizou - se um sistema LC - MS/MS, composto por um Cromatógrafo Líquido de Alta Performance (HPLC) acoplado ao espectrômetro de massas. O amicarbazone e o imazapic foram mais 2 disponibilizados na solução dos solos com a aplicaçã o de água e água de lavagem de palha na maioria das amostras. Todavia, a adição de vinhaça promoveu uma maior disponibilização do diuron e tebuthiuron em todos os solos. O clomazone, hexazinone e sulfentrazone não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os ... / Abstract: The pr oduction system with or without the straw as how the sugarcane vinasse application may cause some changes in the soil properties and may influence the avaiability of the herbicides in the soil solution. Based on that, the objective of this study was to eva luate the water influence after passing throught the sugarcane straw and the vinasse, both correlated with the availability of the herbicides a micarbazone, clomazone, diuron, hexazinone, imazapc, sufentrazone and tebuthiuron in the soil solution in differ ent kinds of soils. The factorial 3 x 31 with complete randomized block design, with three replications, was used with 31 physical and chemical different soil samples and three treatments (water, wash water straw and vinasse). The soil samples were arrange d on trays and submitted to the herbicides application, then they were placed in plastic cartridges and satured with deionized water, wash water straw and vinasse, and remained resting for 18 hours under refrigeration (8 ± 3 o C) . After that, two extrations were made: the first one quantifying the presence of the herbicides in the soil solution and in the second one the total extraction of herbicide remaining in the soil was taken to determine the recovery percentage of each herbicide tested. For quantificat ions it was used a LC - MS/MS system, compound of a High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometer. The amicarbazone and imazapic herbicides, in most samples, were more available in the soil solution with the water application an d in the wash water straw. However, vinasse had promoted an increase availability of diuron and tebuthiuron in all soils. Clomazone, hexazinone and sulfentrazone showed no significative difference between the treatments. The herbicides with the highest fre quency of availability of herbicides in soils were imazapic, hexazinone, amicarbazone and tebuthiuron. However, about 6% of ... / Mestre

Orientador: Cesar Costapinto Santana / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:22:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vieira_JoaoPauloFernandes_M.pdf: 2071458 bytes, checksum: 4e3166090a9b86f0b92b425b128fb73f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A enantiosseparação de alguns compostos é um brilhante e interessante tópico de muitas áreas da química analítica, principalmente na farmacêutica e biomédica. Sabe-se que apesar dos enantiômeros apresentarem fórmulas e massa molecular iguais, quando expostos em um ambiente biológico podem mostrar grandes diferenças nas suas atividades biológicas. O Fmoc-POAC (9-fluorenilmetiloxicarbonil -2,2,5,5-tetrametilpirrolidina-N-oxil-3-amino-4- ácido carboxílico) é um marcador paramagnético quiral com grande potencialidade de uso como derivado marcador de estruturas peptídicas com funções no organismo animal. De acordo com a literatura consultada, não há relatos de escalas semipreparativas na separação enantiomérica desse composto, extremamente necessária para testes de clínicos-analíticos. Este estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de métodos inovadores na separação enantiomérica do Fmoc-POAC e obtenção dos parâmetros necessários para um aumento de escala. O presente trabalho realizou uma avaliação experimental através de Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) para enantiosseparação desse composto, com eluição isocrática e nas colunas quirais de fase estacionária normal e reversa: i) analítica da OD-RH Chiralcel® (150x4,6 mm); ii) Analítica Lux Cellulose-2 da Phenomenex® (250x4,6 mm); iii) Semipreparativa OD da Chiralcel® (150x10 mm); iv) Semipreparativa OD-RH da Chiralcel® (250x21 mm). A partir desses ensaios experimentais, foram estimados os parâmetros cromatográficos da enantiosseparação do marcador molecular Fmoc-POAC nas colunas estudadas, além de parâmetros de transferência de massa e termodinâmicos. Os resultados desse trabalho foram que todas as colunas estudadas apresentaram a possibilidade de separação enantiomérica do Fmoc-POAC através desses métodos relativamente simples comparados aos apresentados na literatura, com destaque para a coluna de fase estacionária normal Lux Cellulose-2 (250x4,6 mm), com resolução de até 18,4. De acordo com resultados obtidos, temos a possibilidade de realizar a separação e recuperação desse composto, lançando-se mão de técnicas cromatográficas de maior rendimento, como sistemas contínuos de separação cromatográfica / Abstract: The enantioseparation of some compounds has interesting application in several areas of analytical chemistry, especially in pharmaceutical and biomedical. It is well known that some compounds with same chemical formulas and molecular mass, when exposed to a biological environment, may show different biological activities. The 9- fluorenilmetiloxicarbonil-2,2,5,5-tetrametilpirrolidina-N-oxil-3-amino-4-carboxylic acid (Fmoc-POAC) is a chiral paramagnetic marker with great potential as a marker for peptide structures with functions in the animal organism. According to the literature, there are no reports of enantiomeric separation of this compound unless in laboratory scale and large scale would be necessary for clinical and analytical testing. This study aimed at the development of innovative methods for the enantiomeric separation of Fmoc-POAC as well as obtaining the necessary parameters for scale up of their purification. The present work carried out an experimental evaluation using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for this compound enantioseparation with isocratic elution and columns with normal and reverse chiral stationary phase: i) Analytical Chiralcel® OD-RH (150x4, 6 mm ), ii) Analytical Lux Cellulose-2 from Phenomenex® (250x4, 6 mm), iii) Semi-preparative Chiralcel OD® (150x10 mm), iv) Semi-preparative Chiralcel OD-RH® (250x21 mm). From these assays, chromatographic parameters were estimated for the enantioseparation of Fmoc-POAC molecular marker beside parameters related to the thermodynamics and mass transfer. The conclusions in this research were that all columns present the possibility of enantiomeric separation of Fmoc-POAC by methods relatively simple compared to those presented in the literature, specially the column with normal stationary phase Lux Cellulose-2 (250x4, 6 mm) with resolution of up to 18.4. The results indicate the possibility of enantioseparation and recovery of these compounds by high yield continuous chromatography techniques / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), a synthetic sympathomimetic amine structurally related to ephedrine has been widely used over t he past 40 years as a nasal decongestant and appetite suppressant. It has been the focus of much controversy concerning the efficacy of the drug in its use as an anorectic agent, and due to the side effects caused by the higher doses of PPA required for appetite suppression. Although extensively used, there is little information concerning the determination of PPA in biological fluids and on the pharmacokinetics of this drug. An adaptation of a published high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for PPA in serum and urine using U.V. detection at 210 nm is presented. PPA was separated in the reversed phase mode. The method has a limit of sensitivity of 5.0 ng/mL and 10.0 ng/mL in serum and urine respectively. Serum concentration data following a single 25 mg dose of phenylpropanolamine in human volunteers demonstrate the application of the analytical method for bioavailability and pharmacokinetic studies. After the administration of 25 mg, 50 mg or 100 mg PPA.HCl solutions to 5 human volunteers, a dose proportionality study demonstrated that PPA appears to exhibit linear kinetics. Linear one body compartment kinetics were assumed and the wagner-Nelson method used to transform in vivo serum data to absorption plots. The serum data were fitted to a model using nonlinear regression techniques to characterize the pharmacokinetic processes of PPA. The absorption of phenylpropanolamine appears to be discontinuous and the drug seems to favour a two body compartment model. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from a steady state study using multiple dosing of PPA.HCl solutions compared with those found from previous studies after the administration of sustained-release formulations. A plasma protein binding study using equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that PPA is not highly protein bound in the blood.

Please read the abstract on page 4 of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemistry / MSc / unrestricted

Propafenone is a new class 1C antiarrhythmic agent with additional calcium antagonistic and beta-blocking activities. Clinically it is effective in the treatment of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia, atrial and ventricular fibrillation, ventricular premature contractions and for the management of Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome. In North America it is still an investigational drug. Propafenone is a chiral drug and is used clinically in the racemic form. The enantiomers of numerous chiral drugs have been shown to differ in their disposition kinetics in the body due to their stereoselective pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamic properties. Two enantiomers are thus often considered as two different entities. The relative antiarrhythmic activities of individual enantiomers of propafenone have not been studied, nor their pharmacokinetic parameters have been elucidated. In order to study the possible enantioselective role of propafenone in the body, a stereoselective assay method would be required. The present study describes the development of a sensitive and stereoselective chromatographic assay method for the simultaneous determination of the two enantiomers of propafenone in human plasma. Attempts for direct separation of the enantiomers of propafenone included several GLC and HPLC chiral stationary phases. The chiral stationary phases were a Chirasil-Valʳ GLC stationary phase, a Pirkle 2,4 dinitro-(D)-phenylglycine HPLC stationary phase and a β-cyclodextrin HPLC stationary phase. Unfortunately, these did not resolve the enantiomers of propafenone. Formation of the diastereomers with R(+)-⍺-methyl benzyl isocyanate and racemic propafenone were partially resolved on a reverse phase HPLC using a 5 u, 25 x 0.45 cm i.d. ODS column and methanol/water (70:30) as the mobile phase. However, due to the long retention time (42 min), incomplete resolution (RS=1.15) and poor sensitivity for detection (500 ng of each enantiomer injected) this method was not deemed suitable for the pharmacokinetic studies planned, since the therapeutic plasma concentration range of propafenone is 64-1044 ng/mL. The second chiral derivatizing reagent, 2,3,4,6-tetra-0-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosylisothiocyanate (GITC), was synthesized in our laboratory. This reagent gave better resolution of the enantiomers (RS=1.4) within 15 minutes with enhanced sensitivity for detection (150 ng of each enantiomer injected). To further optimize the limit of detection for future pharmacokinetic studies of propafenone, R(-)-1 -(naphthyl) ethylisocyanate, a chiral derivatizing agent, was employed. This reagent reacted with racemic propafenone and permitted the resolution of both enantiomers within 24 minutes (R5=l.25) and the minimum level of detection was 100 ng (at the detector) for each enantiomer of propafenone. Using this method, linearity was established over the concentration range, 125-1000 ng for each enantiomer (injected) with a coefficient of determination (r²) of greater than 0.99. Reproducibility and precision of this assay method was obtained with an average coefficient of variability of 4.5% for the R(-) enantiomer and 7.2% for S(+) enantiomer at concentrations of 125-1000 ng/mL. Below the lower quantity, the NEIC-propafenone reaction virtually stopped at the conditions set for derivatization. A similar lack of reactivity at low concentrations was also observed with the GITC-propafenone reaction. The absence of an autocatalysing effect of propafenone at lower nanogram levels, as well as two possible conformational forms of propafenone were also investigated. The existence of two conformational isomers of propafenone, due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding in aprotic solvents, was chromatographically verified. In addition, chromatographic separation of all the proposed conformers was obtained, indicating that enantiomeric separation and quantitation of propafenone enantiomers as their urea derivatives is substantially hindered. To eliminate hydrogen bonding interactions, the carbonyl group of propafenone was blocked with dansylhydrazine and subsequently derivatized with the chiral R(-)NEIC reagent. The HPLC resolution (RS=1.35) of this dual derivative was better than that using the R(-) NEIC reagent alone, and the minimum level of detection was 2.5 ng for each enantiomer. Unfortunately, this procedure still did not provide adequate assay precision and accuracy at the lower levels required for single dose pharmacokinetic studies. / Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of / Graduate

Pesticide poisoning is a global health concern with approximately three million cases being reported on an annual basis. The latter includes both intentional and unintentional poisonings. Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides are frequently found to be ‘responsible’ for pesticide poisoning in developing countries. In South Africa, aldicarb is the most potent carbamate pesticide and is sold in the informal markets as Temik. It is colloquially known as “Two step” or “Galephirimi” resulting in numerous cases of acute poisoning, especially in urban areas. Underreporting of suspected or confirmed pesticide poisoning cases has been a problem encountered in the national notification systems. Although a number of carbamate poisonings have been identified at the Pretoria Medico-Legal Laboratory, the presence of carbamates in post-mortem samples is rarely confirmed analytically. This may be ascribed to insufficient sample preparation, analytical methods not being sensitive enough or storage conditions not being optimal or too long before analysis takes place. It is well documented that most analytical errors occur during the pre-analytical phase, leading to a high prevalence of inconclusive results being attained. This may possibly be due to pre-analytical degradation, binding to biological matrix or the analytical method not been sensitive enough for detection in collected samples. Post-mortem redistribution factors such as physicochemical properties of the xenobiotic compounds (pH, volume of distribution, protein binding affinity, bacterial biotransformation and lipophilicity), characteristics of the matrix, specimen collection procedure and the use of preservatives may also influence the carbamate stability. The primary aim of the study was to optimise the sample preparation and analysis of biological matrices for select carbamates using LC-MS/MS method. Additionally, to analyse pesticide samples sold by street vendors as well as post-mortem samples collected from suspected cases of carbamate intoxication to determine whether the developed method can detect carbamates in real samples. Assessment of the aldicarb decay kinetics was done by spiking biological samples (whole blood, plasma, urine) collected from consenting healthy volunteers. Post-mortem samples (blood, urine, stomach content) of suspected carbamate poisoning cases, were screened for possible carbamate compounds and their metabolites or breakdown products. Optimisation and validation of the method was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer following different extraction methods. The system was operated in positive electrospray ionisation (ESI+) mode. Different columns, mobile phase buffers and cartridges were used to compare the chromatographic separation of the carbamate compounds. Validation according to ICH guidelines was done for aldicarb. A set of matrix-matched standard calibration curves, was constructed using Analyst (version 1.5.2) software. Initial sample preparation of carbamate pesticides using three different SPE cartridges proved to be unreproducible with poor recoveries of specific compounds due to the wide range of carbamate pesticide polarities, so this was abandoned for the stability testing and forensic samples tested. About 85% reduction of the concentration of aldicarb was seen in whole blood only at ambient temperature but was stable at lower temperatures. Stability proved to be better in plasma compared to whole blood, for aldicarb and its oxidation products. Aldicarb was stable in urine stored with boric acid preservative. The ideal storage temperature for biological samples containing these carbamate compounds was found to be -80°C. During analysis of forensic samples, unknown peaks were consistently detected which are believed to correspond to adulterants and diluents which are added to “backstreet” pesticides. A possible match of an organophosphate, terbufos, found in some “backstreet” pesticide products was detected in some of the post-mortem samples. Considering their different physicochemical properties and that several factors can influence the biodegradation of carbamate compounds, no extrapolation of results from one carbamate compound to another can be formulated. The development and validation of an analytical method to quantify aldicarb and its oxidation products (aldicarb sulfoxide and sulfone) in whole blood, plasma and urine, using the protein precipitation method and LC-MS/MS was successful. Method validation to quantify ten standard carbamate pesticides using SPE and UPLC-q-TOF/MS was unsuccessful. The LC-MS/MS technique was found to be a suitable tool for the quantitation of aldicarb and its oxidation products in typical post-mortem sample matrices. / Dissertation (MSc (Medical Criminalistics))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Faculty of Health Sciences Research Committee / Department of Pharmacology / University of Pretoria Masters research and research award grant / Forensic Medicine / MSc (Medical Criminalistics) / Unrestricted

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.