Distúrbios do sistema nervoso central (SNC) em ruminantes abrangem um importante grupo de enfermidades responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas em todo o mundo. As principais doenças neurológicas causadas por bactérias em ruminantes e que envolvem processos inflamatórios incluem listeriose, leptomeningites e meningoencefalites supurativas, abscessos cerebrais e medulares, empiema basilar e neurotuberculose. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo a caracterização epidemiológica, patológica, microbiológica e imuno-histoquímica das doenças inflamatórias de origem bacteriana que afetam o SNC de ruminantes no Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2015, onde um total de 3.274 bovinos, 596 ovinos e 391 caprinos foram avaliados. Destes, 219 bovinos, 21 ovinos e sete caprinos foram diagnosticados com doenças inflamatórias no SNC. As doenças neurológicas inflamatórias de origem bacteriana totalizaram 60 casos divididos em 34 bovinos, 19 ovinos e sete caprinos, os quais foram subdivididas em: meningoencefalite por L. monocytogenes (oito ovinos, cinco caprinos e quatro bovinos), leptomeningite e meningoencefalite supurativa (14 bovinos, dois caprinos e um ovino), abscessos cerebrais (seis bovinos e dois ovinos) e medulares (sete ovinos), empiema basilar (quatro bovinos e um ovino) e neurotuberculose (seis bovinos). O exame imuno-histoquímica foi realizado em todos os casos diagnosticados com listeriose (anticorpo anti-L. monocytogenes), meningite e meningoencefalite supurativa (anticorpo anti-Escherichia coli) e neurotuberculose (anticorpo anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis). A meningoencefalite por L. monocytogenes representou a principal enfermidade neurológica em ovinos e caprinos, seguido dos abscessos medulares em ovinos. Nos bovinos, a leptomeningite e meningoencefalite supurativa foi a doença neurológica mais prevalente para a espécie, frequentemente relacionada com a falha na transmissão da imunidade passiva. O empiema basilar, frequentemente diagnosticado em bezerros, está diretamente relacionado com o manejo do desmame interrompido através da utilização de tabuletas nasais. A neurotuberculose causada por Mycobacterium spp. é uma importante doença neurológica em bovinos jovens e deve ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial de doenças neurológicas. Dos dados analisados neste período, as doenças neurológicas inflamatórias bacterianas representaram um total de 24,3% entre as doenças neurológicas inflamatórias diagnosticadas neste período e, com isso, conclui-se que representam importantes causas de mortalidade para os ruminantes domésticos. / Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are worldwide economically important conditions in ruminants. The main neurological bacterial diseases which involve inflammation in ruminants are listeriosis, suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis, brain and spinal cord abscesses, basilar empyema and neurotuberculosis. This study aim to describe the epidemiological, pathological, microbiological and immunohistochemical findings of the bacterial inflammatory diseases that affect the CNS of ruminants in Rio Grande do Sul state. A retrospective study was performed from January 1996 to December 2015, during which samples of 3.274 cattle, 596 sheep and 391 goats were evaluated. Of these, 219 cattle, 21 sheep and seven goats were diagnosed with inflammatory diseases affecting the CNS. The neurological inflammatory bacterial diseases accounted for 60 cases, which corresponded to 34 cases in cattle, 19 in sheep and seven in goats. These were further subdivided in: meningoencephalitis by L. monocytogenes (eigth sheep, five goats and four cattle), suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis (14 cattle, two goats and one sheep), brain abscesses (six cattle and two sheep) and spinal cord (seven sheep), basilar empyema (four cattle and one sheep) and neurotuberculosis (six cattle). Immunohistochemical exam was performed in all cases diagnosed as listeriosis (antibody anti-L. monocytogenes), as suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis (antibody anti-E. coli), and as neurotuberculosis (antibody anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis). L. monocytogenes meningoencephalitis was the main neurological disease in sheep and goats, followed by spinal cord abscesses in sheep. In cattle, suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis was the most frequent neurological disease, and its ocorrunce is related to the failure in passive immunity transmission. Basilar empyema is frequently diagnosed in calves and is directly related to early weaning handling through the use of nose-flaps. Neurotuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium spp. is an important neurological disease in young cattle and should be consired as a differential diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalitis. During the described period, neurological inflammatory bacterial diseases accounted for 24.3% of the neurological inflammatory diseases, and, thus, these are important causes of death in domestic ruminants.

[ES] La cristalografía de rayos X es una potente técnica para la resolución de la estructura atómica de macromoléculas. La información generada, tiene gran impacto sobre diferentes campos relacionados con la investigación básica y aplicada, como son la biomedicina y diseño de fármacos, al igual que en el desarrollo de aplicaciones nanotecnológicas y biotecnológicas. Esta Tesis se centra en determinadas problemáticas actuales y en las proteínas involucradas en las mismas (TryR, eEF1A2 y CBDP35), siendo éstas sujeto de desarrollo biotecnológico en los campos de la biomedicina, farmacia y de la industria alimentaria, en el que la cristalografía de rayos X juega un papel crucial para dilucidar sus estructuras atómicas y funciones. En consideración a la biomedicina y diseño de fármacos, hemos resuelto la estructura de la Tripanotión reductasa (TryR) de Leishmania infantum en complejo con potentes inhibidores de su actividad oxidorreductasa, con potencial de desarrollo como fármacos. Así, se ha caracterizado la unión y mecanismo de acción de éstos inhibidores. TryR es una reconocida diana farmacológica para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Chagas, la Tripanosomiasis Humana Africana y la leishmaniosis, ya que desempeña un papel crucial y esencial en el metabolismo redox de los parásitos de la familia Trypanosomatidae. Además, se han analizado los parámetros de cristalización y difracción de novedosos inhibidores de la dimerización de TryR, cuyo diseño racional se basa en la unión a la interfaz de dimerización de la misma. La oncoproteína eEF1A2, involucrada en múltiples funciones celulares y sujeto de numerosas modificaciones post-traduccionales, se une al fármaco anticancerígeno plitidepsina. La cristalografía de rayos X, combinada con experimentos de espectrometría de masas, se han utilizado como herramientas para identificar nuevas modificaciones post-traduccionales y características estructurales en eEF1A2:GDP. Una modificación única, la adición de etanolamina fosfoglicerol (EPG) a aminoácidos conservados (Glu301 y Glu374 en mamíferos), se ha observado aquí por primera vez. El análisis estructural de estos hallazgos facilita la comprensión de las múltiples funciones y regulaciones de eEF1A2. La adquisición de una muestra conformacionalmente homogénea de eEF1A2:GTP, necesaria para la unión a la plitidepsina, ha sido evaluada en ensayos de cristalización del complejo terciario de eEF1A2: GTP: plitidepsina. Con respecto al dominio de unión a la pared celular de la endolisina PlyP35 codificada por el fago P35 de Listeria monocytogenes (CBDP35), hemos resuelto la estructura cristalina de CBDP35 en un complejo con ácido teicoico natural de L. monocytogenes serovar 1/2a. Esta estructura es el primer módulo de unión a la pared celular en complejo con ácidos teicoicos jamás dilucidado. El análisis estructural reveló los principales determinantes para la unión de la pared celular bacteriana, en particular, el mecanismo molecular del reconocimiento de N-acetil-d-glucosamina, una decoración de carácter glicosídico en ácidos teicoicos de serovares patógenos de L. monocytogenes. Estos hallazgos arrojan luz sobre el desarrollo biotecnológico de nuevas herramientas en la industria alimentaria y las terapias derivadas de fagos para detectar y tratar infecciones bacterianas. / [CA] La cristal·lografia de raig X és una potent tècnica per a la resolució de l'estructura atòmica de macromolècules. La informació generada té gran impacte sobre diferents camps relacionats amb la investigació bàsica i aplicada, com són la biomedicina i disseny de fàrmacs, igual que en el desenvolupament d'aplicacions nanotecnológiques i biotecnològiques. Aquesta Tesi es centra en determinades problemàtiques actuals i en les proteïnes involucrades en les mateixes (TryR, eEF1A2 i CBDP35), sent estes subjecte de desenvolupament biotecnològic en els camps de la biomedicina, farmàcia i de la indústria alimentària, en el que la cristal·lografia de raig X juga un paper crucial per a dilucidar les seues estructures atòmiques i funcions. En consideració a la biomedicina i disseny de fàrmacs, hem resolt l'estructura de la Tripanotión reductasa (TryR) de Leishmania infantum en complex amb potents inhibidors de la seua activitat oxidorreductasa, amb potencial de desenrotllament com a fàrmacs. Així, s'ha caracteritzat la unió i mecanisme d'acció d'estos inhibidors. TryR és una reconeguda diana farmacològica per al tractament de la malaltia de Chagas, la Tripanosomiasi Humana Africana i la leishmaniosi, ja que exerceix un paper crucial i essencial en el metabolisme redox dels paràsits de la família Trypanosomatidae. A més, s'han analitzat els paràmetres de cristal·lització i difracció de nous inhibidors de la dimerizació de TryR, el disseny racional dels quals es basa en la unió a la interfície de dimerización de la mateixa. L'oncoproteína eEF1A2, involucrada en múltiples funcions cel·lulars i subjecte de nombroses modificacions posttraduccionals, s'unieix al fàrmac anticancerigen plitidepsina. La cristal·lografia de raig X, combinada amb experiments d'espectrometria de masses, s'han utilitzat com a ferramentes per a identificar noves modificacions posttraduccionals i característiques estructurals en eEF1A2:GDP. Una modificació única, l'addició d'etanolamina fosfoglicerol (EPG) a aminoàcids conservats (Glu301 i Glu374 en mamífers), s'ha observat ací per primera vegada. L'anàlisi estructural d'estes troballes facilita la comprensió de les múltiples funcions i regulacions d'eEF1A2. L'adquisició d'una mostra conformacionalmente homogènia d'eEF1A2:GTP, necessària per a la unió a la plitidepsina, ha sigut avaluada en assajos de cristal·lització del complex terciari d'eEF1A2: GTP: plitidepsina. Respecte al domini d'unió a la paret cel·lular de l'endolisina PlyP35 codificada pel fago P35 de Listeria monocytogenes (CBDP35), hem resolt l'estructura cristal·lina de CBDP35 en un complex amb àcid teicoico natural de L. monocytogenes serovar 1/2a. Esta estructura és el primer mòdul d'unió a la paret cel·lular en complex amb àcids teicoicos mai dilucidat. L'anàlisi estructural va revelar els principals determinants per a la unió de la paret cel·lular bacteriana, en particular, el mecanisme molecular del reconeixement de N-acetil-d-glucosamina, una decoració de caràcter glicosídico en àcids teicoicos de serovares patògens de L. monocytogenes. Estes troballes fan llum sobre el desenrotllament biotecnològic de noves ferramentes en la indústria alimentària i les teràpies derivades de fagos per a detectar i tractar infeccions bacterianes. / [EN] X-ray crystallography is a powerful technique for atomic structure resolution of macromolecules. The information generated impacts different fields involving basic and applied research on biomedicine and drug design and the development of nanotechnology and biotechnological applications. This dissertation focuses on current problematics and the target proteins involved (TryR, eEF1A2 and CBDP35) that are in sight for biotechnological development in the biomedical, pharmaceutical and food industry fields, in which X-ray crystallography plays a crucial role in the elucidation of their atomic structures and functions. Attaining to biomedical and drug design problematics, we have solved the structure of Leishmania infantum TryR in complex with potent oxidoreductase inhibitors prone to further development as anti-trypanosomal drugs, thereby characterizing their binding and mechanism of action. This protein is a long recognized drug target for the treatment of Chagas disease, Human African Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, as it plays a crucial and essential role in the redox-metabolism of the Trypanosomatidae parasites. Moreover, the crystallization and diffraction parameters of novel TryR dimerization disruptors have been assayed for inhibitors which have been rationally designed to bind the dimerization interface of TryR. The "moonlighting" oncoprotein eEF1A2 is known to be highly post-translationally modified and to bind the anticancer drug plitidepsin. X-ray crystallography, combined with mass-spectrometry experiments, have been used as tools to identify novel post-translational modifications and structural features in eEF1A2:GDP. A unique modification, namely the addition of ethanolamine phosphoglycerol (EPG) to conserved glutamic residues (Glu301 and Glu374 in mammals), has been here observed for the first time. Structural analysis of these findings facilitate the understanding of eEF1A2's multiple functions and regulations. The acquirement of a conformationally homogenous eEF1A2:GTP sample, necessary for plitidepsin binding, has been has been assayed for eEF1A2:GTP:plitidepsin complex crystallization. Regarding the cell wall binding domain of Listeria monocytogenes phage-encoded endolysin PlyP35 (CBDP35), we have solved the crystal structure of CBDP35 in complex with natural Listeria serovar 1/2a teichoic acid. This structure is the first cell wall binding module in complex with teichoic acids ever elucidated. Structural analysis revealed the main determinants for bacterial cell-wall binding, in particular, the molecular mechanism of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine recognition, a glycosidic moiety in teichoic acids of pathogenic serovars of L. monocytogenes. These findings shed light upon the biotechnological development of new tools in the food industry and phage-derived therapies to detect and treat bacterial infections. / Agradecer al Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte por haberme proporcionado el contrato FPU (FPU14/03190) que me ha permitido desarrollar esta Tesis Doctoral en el Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano” del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQFR-CSIC), así como la financiación otorgada para poder realizar mi estancia predoctoral en el laboratorio del Prof. Hammershmidt, en Greifswald, Alemania (EST17/00751). / Carriles Linares, AÁ. (2019). STRUCTURAL BIOMEDICINE: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STRUCTURAL BASIS IN PROTEIN-DRUG RECOGNITION IN DIFFERENT HUMAN DISEASES [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/130844 / TESIS

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Alessandra_Cesar.pdf: 697265 bytes, checksum: 10184ff73bda2eae43f740e932f05ea9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-12 / Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium, anaerobic facultative, that grows under refrigerator temperature and it can cause listeriosis in human and animals. It is widely distributed in the environment and it has been isolated from food of animal and vegetal origin that was associated to outbreaks of high lethality in many coutries. Thus, this bacterium represents an important pathogen to the public health. Ready-to-eat products, like cooked stuffed food, within them, frankfurters are associated to human listeriosis in many countries. Taking into consideration the importance of the subject and the need of data about it, the occurrence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in industrial plants, in meat raw materials, in slurry and frankfurters was investigated. Theses samples were harvest in this two production plants with FIS; in one of them GMP, HACCP and SOP were implemented. The results of the microbiological analysis were submitted to the program @Risk to obtain the danger analysis; the mean values results showed that 7 to 9% of the frankfurters in the market may have L. monocytogenes. After serological typification, performed by Oswaldo Cruz Institute, 88 strains of L. monocytogenes were obtained from 106 samples; among them, 76 were harvest in the industrial plants that participate in the experiment, during a day shift production and 30 were harvest in the market. In serological typification, 95% of these strains were classified as serotypes 4b, 1/2a and 1/2b. Impressions about the behavior of the population that consumes frankfurters in the matters of storage proceedings and the pattern of consumption were obtained by the application of 500 questionnaires at random. The results of these questionnaires showed that the presence of the pathogenic serotypes of L. monocytogenes in meat raw materials, as well in frankfurters commercialized by heaps, and purchased like this by about 75% of the consumers interviewed, may represent a danger to the susceptible population, especially when considering the fact of 40% of the consumers said that they eat the frankfurters directly from the package, without cooking them. Besides the consumption practices, as unknown risk factors of the presence of L. monocytogenes found in frankfurters consumed in the country, we also have lack of epidemiological data, absence of patterns as well the deficient information given to the consumer associated to the incipient relation between federal regulatory agencies and the people / Listeria monocytogenes é uma bactéria Gram-positiva, anaeróbia facultativa, que se multiplica sob temperatura de refrigeração e pode causar listeriose em humanos e outros animais. Amplamente distribuída no ambiente, tem sido isolada de alimentos de origem animal e vegetal associados a surtos de elevada letalidade em diversos países, representando, portanto um patógeno importante para a saúde pública. Produtos prontos para consumo, como embutidos cozidos, entre os quais as salsichas, estão associadas à listeriose humana em alguns países. Considerando a relevância do tema e a necessidade de dados, analisou-se a ocorrência de Listeria spp. e L. monocytogenes no ambiente industrial, nas matérias-primas cárneas, emulsões e em salsichas produzidas nesses dois estabelecimentos com SIF, sendo que em um deles as ferramentas de autocontrole estavam implantadas. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas submetidos a análise de perigos, utilizando o programa @Risk, apresenta valores médios de que 7 a 9% das salsichas destinadas ao consumo possam conter L. monocytogenes. Na sorotipificação, realizada no Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, obteve-se 88 isolados de L. monocytogenes a partir de 106 amostras, sendo 76 colhidas durante um turno de produção diurno nas indústrias que participaram do experimento e 30 no varejo, sendo 95% dos sorotipos patogênicos 4b, 1/2a e 1/2b. Noções acerca do comportamento da população consumidora de salsichas quanto aos procedimentos de estocagem e as formas de consumo praticadas foram obtidas por meio da aplicação de 500 questionários de forma aleatória, demonstrando que a presença de sorotipos patogênicos de L. monocytogenes nas matérias-primas cárneas, bem como em salsichas comercializadas a granel, adquiridas nessa apresentação por cerca de 75% dos entrevistados, oferece riscos à população susceptível, especialmente relacionando-se aos fatos de que cerca de 40% dos consumidores admitem consumir salsichas diretamente da embalagem, sem antes submetê-las ao calor. Além das práticas de consumo, como fatores do risco desconhecido da presença de L. monocytogenes em salsichas consumidas no país, ressalta-se a escassez de dados epidemiológicos, a ausência de padrãos, bem como a falta de informação ao consumidor, associada a relação incipiente entre órgãos regulamentadores e cidadãos

This diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of six selected zoonoses with the occurrence in South Bohemia (campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, listeriosis, tick-borne meningoencephalitis, Lyme borreliosis, tularemia) between the years 2003-2013. Campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis were evaluated the most common zoonoses in the South Bohemian Region during the monitored period. Their common feature is the alimentary transmission. Between 2003 to 2008 salmonellosis recorded the highest number of reported cases, on the contrary, campylobacteriosis has reported the highest number of occurrences since 2008. District of Czech Budweis showed the highest incidence of both zoonoses during the monitored period (4,139 cases of salmonellosis and 4,924 cases of campylobacteriosis). Another but not less important zoonotic is tick-borne meningoencephalitis, which incidence had the highest number in South Bohemian Region of all the regions of Czech Republic. The second part of the thesis is based on questionnaire studies focused on awareness of zoonoses and the issue of resistance and overuse of antibiotics. In total 479 questionnaires were evaluated. The survey findings may be equally described as interesting and positive, since the respondents had considerable awareness of the issue of antibiotic resistance.