This thesis contextualises the life and work of John Josias Conybeare (1779-1824), one of the first to hold the Rawlinson chair of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Oxford, and considers his contribution to the development of Old English studies as a discipline. I argue that he has been unduly marginalised as a result of posthumous criticism that has failed to acknowledge the extent of his contribution to Old English scholarship. Part I of the thesis considers this issue from the perspective of John Josias himself, setting him in the context of the period in which he lived and the longer continuum of Old English studies as a whole. It also reconstructs what is known of his associates and friends, illustrating that he occupied a central position among the literati of his day alongside figures such as Thomas Gaisford (1779-1855), Joseph Hunter (1783-1861), Robert Southey (1774-1843), and Sharon Turner (1768-1847). Part II focuses on Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (1826), the scholar’s most well-known and significant contribution to Old English studies, which was published posthumously by John Josias’ brother, William Daniel (1787-1857), and widow, Mary (1790-1848). This section traces the composition of the book from its first conception through to its final publication and critical reception, using previously unpublished correspondence to disambiguate the contribution of the author from that of his editors. This is followed by an examination of John Josias’ ability as an early editor of Old English, which critically evaluates some of his transcriptions, translations, and interpretations as they appeared in Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, with particular attention to his work on Widsith and the Exeter Book. Part III contains transcripts of unpublished correspondence and other documents that provide details about John Josias’ life and, in particular, about the preparation and posthumous publication of his Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry. This thesis, which brings together genealogical, scholarly, and archival materials, constitutes the first comprehensive study of his life and work. My reassessment of his scholarship concludes that John Josias in fact made a substantial and influential contribution to the discipline, deserving of greater recognition today.

Anna Matilda Whistler (1804-1881) is now best known as the sitter for perhaps the most famous painting of an artist’s mother in the world, by James McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Grey and Black: Portrait of the Artist’s Mother, Musée d’Orsay, Paris. My thesis is an annotated edition of Anna Whistler’s extent correspondence, comprising 267 letters and six essays. I have annotated the letters with respect to chronological, geographical, social, political and artistic references, documenting life and culture in the mid-19th century in America, Britain and Russia. Anna Whistler was a prolific letter writer who knew how to shape her epistolary style to suit the person in question. Her commentary ranged from the evolution of travel to Imperialist Russia. Her changing social status - from that of a wealthy housewife in Russia to a bankrupt widow - and her constant search for new homes and horizons for her children, take the reader on a social and geographical journey from the antebellum South to New England, and Europe. It is from these places that Anna Whistler introduced her correspondents and now us, today’s readers, to the personal stories of hundreds of individuals including the leading professionals of the time. These range from manufacturers and railroad engineers to religious leaders, slave owners, army officers and artists. A North Carolinian by birth, Anna Whistler experienced a lifestyle that was rich both in material and spiritual terms. She was brought up in a nineteenth century context, where white middle-class women were confined in most cases to the private domain of the home. Although Anna Whistler believed in traditional domestic roles for women, her circumstances actually led her to more beyond these boundaries.

Conceptualisations of modern literary history are premised upon a series of dynastic successions, whereby one is able to trace, albeit simplistically, the evolution of the novel through its realist, modernist and postmodernist manifestations. Considered in this linear manner, the emergence of altered cultural movements is ordinarily attributed to a crisis within the former mood; as society ruptures and alters, existing modes of representation prove inadequate to reflect, or else engage with, the emergent structure of feeling. As an event with far-reaching implications, many critics and cultural commentators have attributed the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 with the inception of an altered global mood. Moreover, in the days and weeks following 9/11, the publication of a number of articles penned by authors emphasised the extent to which the event had precipitated a profound crisis in representation. As an ever greater number of articles and studies emerged proclaiming the final death knell of postmodernism and the emergence of a more anxious global mood, so the myth of 9/11 quickly developed. The thesis rests upon a very simple question: to what extent has 9/11 precipitated a change in the novel? Through examining a wide range of fictions published largely within Britain in the last fifteen years, the study explores and ultimately dispels the assumptions of the myth. Rather than examining the fictional representation of 9/11, the study’s focus is on assessing the significance of the novel after the event, and moreover on interrogating the manner in which the terrorist attacks might have engendered a shift in the contemporary mood that is reflected in the subsequent novels published. Through emphasising the novelistic concerns and themes that transcend the assumed cultural rift, the thesis proposes that the ‘post-9/11 mood’ might more usefully be interpreted as an exacerbation of an already existing structure of feeling that responds to the banal superficiality of the postmodern condition.

Le romancier José de Alencar recourt en 1875 à la métaphore du "grand monument national" et de ses "artisans [...] rustres" pour qualifier l'oeuvre réalisée par ces hommes de lettres brésiliens qui, depuis l'indépendance en 1822, ont eu à coeur d'ériger une littérature nationale dont les principes fondateurs sont indissociables de la montée des nationalismes en Europe et des expériences "romantiques" qui les accompagnent. La constitution d'une histoire littéraire légitime l'oeuvre accomplie par les premières générations d'écrivains et fonde un modèle original de Letras Patrias, en vertu de leur engagement politique au service de l'Empire (1822-1889) et de l'idéal de "civilisation" qu'il inspire à incarner. cette définition des Letras Patrias est le préalable à une étude du profil et des trajectoires sociales de ces écrivains, à partir d'un échantillon de près de 200 auteurs que nous avons établi, afin de reconstituer par une analyse à la fois synchronique et diachronique la formation d'un milieu littéraire au Brésil (1ère partie). Soucieux de déterminer "les règles de l'art" littéraire qui sont alors élaborées, nous nous sommes intéressés à la question des processus identitaires et des sociabilités spécifiques au sein de cette communauté, et à celle de l'évolution des trajectoires socio-professionnelles à mesure que s'élaborent les prémices d'un champ littéraire, lorsque l'essor d'un public et la constitution d'un marché du livre, certes limité, laissent entrevoir la possibilité pour les écrivains de tirer profit de leurs créations (2ème partie). Toutefois, l'expression récurrente d'un malaise croissant chez ces derniers traduit les frustrations d'auteurs qui peinent à faire des Letras Patrias une littérature véritablement nationale. A travers l'exemple de la scène théâtrale, nous avons décrit ce "monument national" en état de siège dans les années 1870, avant la refondation de ses bases par une nouvelle génération d'écrivains (3ème partie). / In 1875, novelist José de Alencar referred to the "great national monument" and its boorish craftsmen" when speaking of the work of the Brazilian writers who had been intent on building a properly Brazilian literature. Its principles were narrowly linked to the emergence of nationalism in Europe and the romantic experiments which followed. The existence of a national literary history grants legitimacy to the work accomplished by the first generations of writers and constitutes a model of Letras Patrias, characterized by their political commitment in favour of the Empire (1822-1889) and its ideal of civilization. Defining the Letras Patrias is a prerequisite to the study of the profile and social trajectories of the 200 writers which constitute the chosen sample for this thesis. The first chapters present a tableau and a diachronic perspective on the creation of a literary milieu in Brazil (Part I).Examining the literary règles de l'art established by these writers, I have studied how this community forged a common identity and how specific sociabilities emerged from within. The second focal point of this study has been the evolution of their careers for, as a specific literay field and market emerged, it became possible for these writers to rely financially on their works (Part II). Nevertheless, a malaise soon took hold as the artists vented their frustration at the difficulty of creating a distinctly national literature. Finally, Brazilian theater is a perfect epitome of the hardship endured by the "national monument" in the 1870s, before a new generation of writers radically reformed its bases.

This thesis argues that representation is the embodiment of erotic thought. It does this by focusing on literary representations of the penetrated male body and challenging the standard approaches to masculine embodiment as a form of denial or absence: the male body - in its always already penetrated state - as a presence, though one which lurks behind representation. It argues that the (penetrated) male body is often characterised as a taboo the breaching of which is traditionally named 'feminine' or 'psychotic'. The dominant representation of this body links it with a chain of equivalences that binds it to a culturally abjected 'feminine paradigm'. Works by Huysmans, Baudelaire, Wilde, will demonstrate how the limits of the male body are mapped within a boundary that both excludes and necessitates an act of penetratioa But it also demonstrates the ways in which this taboo has been challenged. Schreber, Genet and Joyce play with that boundary, push those limits, suggesting that penetrability becomes a condition of the emergence of modern male subjectivity within the rubric of its own logic. For as much as the penetrated male body is marked by 'femininity' and 'psychosis', it in turn marks a discursive 'blind spot' which the thesis terms the 'behind', in order to highlight its links to the anus - a site of anxiety for masculinity. This articulation of a discursive aporia and corporeal liminality is shown to generate a specifically modern 'poetics'. This poetics will help to re-state a logic of the neither/nor as expressed by Derrida, Deleuze, Foucault and Kristeva, in particular. One major consequence of such conditionality is that thought must be seen as in a very real sense 'embodied', and that this process of embodying thought is predicated upon an eroticism that is subsequently denied. The 'behind' names that denial.

This thesis, titled ‘Hide: A 21st century woman’s response to the first person in poetry’ is a creative and critical examination of the challenges and benefits of the first-person approach in poetry. It is in two parts, consisting of a collection of sixty poems and a critical investigation into the research leading to, and engendered by, the poems. Hide is a place from which to observe, hide is skin, hide is deliberate concealment; all of these meanings can be seen to reflect some of the concerns examined in both the creative and critical parts of the thesis. ‘Hide’s’ layers of meaning directly engage with what 'I' we choose to conceal and what 'I' we choose to show, as well as residing on the boundaries between privacy and exposure. The poems spring from investigations of my central concerns of autobiography, family history, the workings of memory, and ancestral knowledge in the form of ‘cunning’. The poems are an active investigation into the challenges and benefits of the ‘I’; the approaches and techniques for using it as well as the reasons for, and strategies involved in, avoiding the ‘I’. The critical part of the thesis is an auto-ethnographic study of the poems in the collection, together with examination of the difficulties faced by women writing in the first-person. The research includes thematic analysis of published reviews, and examination of the critical landscape within which women are writing.

In recent years, feminist critics have moved from focusing on the misogynistic aspects of late-Victorian evolutionary science to recognising that many women found liberating possibilities within this science. However, most studies of evolution and gender in New Woman writing have concentrated on serious novels. This thesis is the first full-length study of representations of evolution in women’s poetry. Focusing predominantly on the work of Mathilde Blind, Constance Naden and May Kendall, I examine how the depiction of evolution in women’s poetry of the 1880s and 1890s, particularly comic poetry, responds to the conclusions of professional scientists about the application of evolutionary theory to human society. By reading the poetry in the context of contemporary scientific works, in books and periodicals, I demonstrate that, unlike many social Darwinists, who used evolutionary theory to reinforce the status quo, these poets found aspects within Darwin’s work that could be used to disrupt assumptions about natural femininity and to argue for the necessity of social change. The themes examined in this thesis include change, the blurring of boundaries and undermining of hierarchies, the association of white women with people of other races in scientific discourse, and Darwin’s representation of women’s sexual and reproductive role.

The purpose of this thesis is to look into the Leavis-Eliot relationship, connecting it with the broader discourse of English Studies as a university subject that developed in the first half of the twentieth century. It surveys all the many writings of Leavis on Eliot, to see how Eliot is formative for the theory and practice of Leavis’s literary criticism in both positive and negative ways. It conducts a detailed investigation of D. H. Lawrence’s significance in relation to Leavis’s changing attitude to Eliot, and examines how profound differences in social, cultural, religious and national thinking strengthened Leavis’s alliance with Lawrence to the detriment of his relationship with Eliot. These differences are presented as dichotomies between nationalism and Europeanism or internationalism, ruralism or organicism and industrialisation or metropolitanism, and relate to the differences between the two men’s views about literary education, the subject of English and the position of the classics in the curriculum. Leavis’s increasingly conflicted feelings towards a figure to whom he owned an enormous critical debt and inspiration, but whose various beliefs and literary affiliations caused him much misgiving, results in a deep sense of division in Leavis himself which he sought to transfer onto Eliot.

This thesis is entitled ‘Literature, Intuition and Faith' and it aims to create a new critical perspective of Thomas Hardy's novels by examining four of his best-known works. I will suggest that the novels of Thomas Hardy reveal a particular narrative concerning the idea of spiritual intuition and the Hardyean protagonist. The discussion will use as its methodology a close analysis of the sub-textual impulses of the novels rather than the considerable biographical information that is already available on Thomas Hardy. The contention of the thesis is that in contrast to Hardy's expressed allegiance to agnosticism, an unspoken and so far unrecognised narrative of intuitive spiritual faith inhabits the text.

This thesis examines the value of Shakespeare in the domains of policy, pedagogy and practice in English education from 1989 to 2009. Rather than seeking to evaluate his worth, it focuses, in particular, on the processes, institutions and discourses through which his value is constructed. The early chapters establish a lack of existing, critical, interdisciplinary research into Shakespeare in education; offer an overview of the historic context leading up to the playwright’s establishment in the National Curriculum for English as its only compulsory author; and review his place in the education policy of Conservative and Labour governments during the past two decades. Later chapters investigate the value of Shakespeare as constructed in three distinct pedagogies (literary-critical, active methods, and contextual); the inter-relation of his value as constructed in the curriculum, theatre and heritage education departments, popular culture, and academia. It argues that Shakespeare’s tenacity in holding onto a premier position in English education derives largely from the diverse, dispersed, yet interconnected, representations of his value.