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Kule ngxoxo kuqwalaswele indlela amasiko nezithethe asetyenziswe ngayo kwincwadi kaSaule, ethi, Inkululeko isentabeni. Le ngxoxo ijolise ekuncomeni indlela lo kaSaule awasebenzise ngayo amasiko kunye nezithethe zakwaNtu ukwakha isizwe esimnyama. Konke oku kudandalazisa ukubaluleka kokusetyenziswa kwawo ukwakha isizwe. Injongo yolu phando kukuphendla indlela umtshato, isithembu, ulwaluko, imbeleko, intonjane, ukufa, ukukhapha, ukubuyisa nokungenwa ezaziqhutywa ngayo nezizathu zoko. Le ngxoxo iza kuphonononga ixhaswe ngezithako eziziimbono zeengcali zohlalutyo kwintlalo kaNtu. Ingxoxo le yahlulwe yazizahluko ezintandathu. Isahluko sokuqala sivula ngentshayelelo, ze sidandalazise intsusamabandla yolu phando, kushukuxwe imbangeli yophando, ze kwenziwe uphengululo lweencwadi zeengcali kwisithako sobuNzululwazi Nkcubeko-Ntlalo. Isahluko sesibini, siqwalasela ukuxabiseka kolwendo ngokwengcinga yesiNtu kwincwadi kaSaule. Indlela isiko lokuthwala lalisenziwa ngalo mandulo xa kuthelekiswa kweyangoku, nemiceli-mngeni elijamelene nalo eli siko. Isahluko sesithathu, sijongene nesithembu, iimeko ezazinyanzelisa ukuthathwa komfazi wesibini nangaphezulu nemiceli-mngeni ekhoyo kwesi sithethe. Isahluko sesine, singolwaluko ngemihla yamandulo size sithelekiswe nale mihla siphila kuyo. Iingxaki ezikhoyo kweli siko ezibangelwa kukungakhathali kwengcibi, namakhankatha. Esesihlanu, isahluko singamasiko nezithethe, iindlela ezazisaya kusetyenziswa mandulo kuthelekiswa nezeli xesha lokhanyo ekwenzeni la masiko nezi zithethe. Isahluko sesithandathu, sesokuphetha, siyintyilazwi yeengxoxo ezikolu hlalutyo, kuxilongwa ubuzaza besithako sobunzululwazi nkcubeko-ntlalo.

This thesis will examine the works of six of the most outstanding French language writers of North Africa. The writings covered will encompass a period of some twenty years from the late nineteen thirties to 1962. Of the authors we have chosen to discuss four are Algerian: Mohammed Dib, Mouloud Feraoun, Mouloud Mammeri and Yacine Kateb. Driss Chraibi is Moroccan and Albert Memmi a Tunisian of Jewish extraction. It will be seen that the twenty odd years with which this thesis -is concerned constituted, sociologically, an extremely difficult period for the people of the Magrab. It was the period of social evolution and political upheaval which so often goes hand in hand with a colony's quest for independence. This fact is constantly reflected in the works we discuss, and indeed, often tends to form the very foundation of the theme the author is developing. For the sake of clarity we have divided our study into four subdivisions. The first of these considers the problems imposed on Magrabians by North African traditionalism. An examination of Les Chemins qui montent, La Colline oubliée, Le Fils du Pauvre and Le Sommeil du Juste amongst others shows to what extent many of the customs peculiar to North African tradition restrict and hinder a people striving to adapt themselves to life in the twentieth century world. A chronic lack of schools, deeply rooted superstitions and any number of backward beliefs contributed to the general ignorance of the population. Social hierarchy and the introversion inherent to the various sections of society such as the village, the tribe and the clan tended to stifle any catalytic elements from the exterior. This tradition steeped way of life imposed serious limitations upon the youth of the period. Only the privileged few obtained an education, and even they were hard pressed, to put it to good use under the conditions of their own milieu. Chapter two is concerned with the confrontation of the two Magrabian societies, the North African and the French. It will be noted that the North African was often obliged by the European colonists to suffer considerable hardship. Many of the customs dear to him were abolished, and the public administration with its "Komisars" was anything but sympathetic toward the North African and his plight. .The uneducated natives naturally left themselves open to flagrant exploitation from which the colonists profited greatly. As for those Arabs who had managed to acquire an education, they were unable to take their rightful place in life as they were socially unacceptable to the French. Total integration was impossible under the circumstances. The North African Jew encountered even greater difficulties as he was often considered to be a quasi-outcast by his Arab compatriots as well as by the French colonists. Chapter three examines La Grande maison, Le Sommeil du juste and L'Opium et le baton and their theme of Magrabian nationalism. It will be seen that gradually the North Africans realize that they have a mother country. They feel the need for and hope for an improvement in their way of life. They desire an end to the poverty and backwardness which is so characteristic of their existence. The only solution appeared to them to lie in revolting against the colonial power which eventually led to the Algerian war of independence. The final chapter will show that the revolt and terrible war it caused was not a cure all for the ills that plagued the Magrab. Independence when it finally came was a disappointment. The transition from a colony to independent state had been too great and too hasty for the ignorant majority of the people. Independence had not brought about the desired reforms; on the contrary, the lot of many was worse than it had been under French domination. The leaders of the new country did not really have the interests of the people in mind, and social chaos resulted. In conclusion it will be noted that though the themes of the majority of the novels tend to be socio-political in nature, and thus largely appeal to a somewhat specialized segment of the reading public, some of them contain elements which may be said to be of universal interest. It will also be suggested that whether they may be of universal interest or not is really secondary to the fact that these novels represent the attempts of a society which, in a literary context at least, is in its infancy, and that universal or not they are representative of an entirely new literature, the literature of North Africa. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

This study evaluated moral dilemmas and Lawrence Kohlberg's (1975) stages of moral reasoning of protagonists in a sample of children's translated European war novels. The sample, consisting of fourteen books, was defined as all children's European war novels published between 1950 and 1984. The content analysis first determined the moral dilemmas in each of the novels by identifying those story situations where two or more moral issues were in conflict. A second procedure evaluated the protagonists' response to the dilemma, making possible the assignment of a Kohlberg level and stage of moral judgement. The collected data were evaluated following two steps. First, the Issues, Levels and Stages were quantitatively analyzed for representation, number, and frequency. In addition, the Issues and Stages were evaluated for those moral issues most frequently paired with each moral stage. The second procedure examined the relationship between the data and selected variables: Era (Era I 1952-1962, Era II 1963-1973, Era III 1974-1984), Sex of author and Sex of protagonist. The findings revealed that moral dilemmas in the European war novels were most often related to issues of Affiliation Roles, Morality and Mores, and Truth. No dilemma situations arose out of conflicts of the moral issues of Sex or Law. All other Kohlberg moral issues were represented at least once in the sample. The predominant stage of moral reasoning in the sample was Stage 2 (serving one's own needs), closely followed by Stage 1 (blind obedience to authority) and Stage 3 (playing the good role). Significantly, these stages reflect the general moral reasoning capabilities of the intended reading audience, ages 8 12 years. While higher stages were represented, they accounted for substantially fewer protagonist resolutions to dilemma situations. With regard to sex of the protagonist, the findings revealed that male characters more frequently resolved their dilemma situations with sophisticated levels of moral reasoning than did female, a factor which may be linked to the type of story. The relationships between moral development and Era appeared to reflect the transition from traditional realism to modern realism in children's fiction. Books written in Era I (1952-1962) contained few or no moral dilemmas. As with other traditional realistic fiction, child protagonists in that era were insulated from the world around them and thus remained relatively unaffected by World War II. Books written in Era II (1963-1973) and Era III (1974-1984), however, showed evidence of portraying children in the modern mode of realism. Unlike Era I, protagonists of these periods encountered large numbers of moral dilemmas and were highly involved in and affected by the war. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Place is not simply the physical reality of the topographical and human geographical features located at a particular position in space. It is also the experience of the associations, images, and memories incorporated in the landscape, with a large input from the observer. Our personal and cultural histories are important in this experience of place, which is therefore both subjective and intersubjective. The sense of place in literature is often particularly expressive of this power of association and imagery — perhaps, because of its concentrated form, especially in poetry. Literature, however, in choosing its imagery, is not only reflective of the historical, cultural and personal associations of place, but is also creative in shaping these associations of place. Literature, because it is selective and imaginative, has the power to alter our experience of place. Many of the works of the Irish literary revival possess an unusually strong sense of place — it was a literary movement which sought to emphasise Ireland and Irish themes. The selectivity and imagination of the writers, particularly because of the romantic and mythological heritages stressed in the revival, resulted in a representation of the Irish landscape -- indeed a vision of Ireland -- which is rich in symbol, association, and image. This Ireland of the imagination was also attractive and powerful enough to become part of Irish nationalist ideology. A romantic vision of the Irish landscape and its people developed by W.B. Yeats, A.E., J.M. Synge and others became part of the nationalism of militant revolutionaries such as Patrick Pearse, leader of the Irish insurrection of Easter 1916 — important in Irish history because it shifted the dominant expression of nationalism from constitutionalism to militancy. It was through the use of force rather than through constitutional methods that a separate Irish nation was established in 1922. This thesis, therefore, has three main themes. Firstly, place is an experience of the imagination -- of association, of memory, and of image. Secondly, literature is important in shaping that imagination because of its symbolism and its power in creating imagery. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the ideas of a movement of the imagination such as the Irish literary revival can have a large effect on the ideas, and therefore the ultimate actions, of a movement of action such as, that of the Irish militant nationalists. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of African Languages at the University of Zululand, South Africa,1985. / In the first chapter we are given the biography of Joyce Jessie Gwayi, including a section on her domestic position, her present occupation and her state of health. It is her state of health that has made it impossible for her to undertake any further literary work. This has been the worst drawback to the budding Zulu historical novelist. Here also a few writers of various Zulu books are reviewed. Most of these books found their way into the classroom because there had been no Zulu literature except the Holy Bible. This was so chiefly because, for a long time, schools belonged to missionaries whose primary aim was to bring the Christian Gospel to the Black people. Moses Ngcobo, Gwayi's husband, inspired her because, as a novelist, he had already written the historical work on the Xhosa National Suicide. Gwayi wanted to write about Dingiswayo Mthethwa, her ancestor, after discovering through research that the names Gwayi and Mthethwa were synonymous, used in the Transkei and Natal respectively. She discovered that Shaka Zulu grew up under the guidance of Dingiswayo Mthethwa and that after uniting the Zulu and the Mthethwa Tribes, he initiated a period of conquest. Gwayi seems to have been interested in this period which is known as "Difaqane" and thus used the Tlokoa Tribe, with its 'warrior queen', as the subject of her first novel Bafa Baphela, It was after the completion of this novel that she wrote Shumpu after which she wrote the third book Yekanini. The theme, structure and plot in each novel conform to the pattern as has been diagrammatically represented in the dissertation. There is exhibited a very well developed sunrise, noontide and sunset trend in each novel. /To To achieve this the novel must have a variety of characters. We find Gwayi's heroes and heroines behaving realistically, especially in view of the fact that some of them are real historical people. Both her simple and complex characters behave very much like ourselves or our acquaintances. There are characters central to the plot and also those who are included simply to enrich the setting of the story. Gwayi even has characters who are ancestors of living people. In Chapter Four, the milieu of Gwayi's books is discussed. Ancient people have a different culture from modern people so that as her characters lived prior to westernization, they conform to their environment. This aspect is obtained from traditional and oral history because Zulus were, up to then, illiterate. Attire, food and religion, however, remained largely unchanged for a long period of time. Ancestor worship, it is true, has been disturbed by the introduction of Christianity. On the military side it was Dingiswayo Mthethwa who regimented his warriors and Shaka Zulu who revolutionized the method of fighting by introducing a short spear (Iklwa). It is the style, language and technique that disclose the fact that the novels have been written by two people. (Gwayi confirmed this fact to the author.) The language in the first two books leaves much to be desired. For example, some expressions are used in such a manner that a non-Zulu reader may be confused. This is regrettable since Gwayi cannot now do anything about it. The language of the third book is good. The structure could have been Gwayi's, but Ngcobo so deftly manipulated the language that this book proves to be the best of the three. Ngcobo ends the book so conveniently that the reader becomes anxious to know what happened to Zwide Ndwandwe and Shaka Zulu when Dingiswayo had gone. It leaves the reader with a wish to read his next book, which deals with the conflict between Zwide and Shaka. It is unfortunate that Gwayi and Ngcobo do not revise and edit the books to the advantage of the future Zulu reader.

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