The incidence rate of chronic hepatopathy in Taiwan is high, which afflicts the patients by progressively developing irreversible cirrhosis. Hepatic fibrosis is the intermediate and crucial stage of this process, characterized by reversibility. If treated properly in this stage, cirrhosis can be successfully prevented. In the liver, activated stellate cells are the key mediators of fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-

Liver fibrosis, a major medical problem with significant morbidity and mortality, is considered as a wound-healing response to a variety of chronic stimuli. It is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, which disrupts the normal architecture of liver and ultimately leads to pathophysiological damage to liver. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), a growth factor originally purified from hepatoma cells, is highly expressed in fetal hepatocytes and hepatoma. It is known to play multifunctional roles in mitogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis, and tumorigenesis. Its expression correlates with the proliferating state of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and serves as a prognostic factor. Since liver fibrosis frequently occurs prior to HCC development, the specific aim of this study is to investigate the role of HDGF in the progression of liver fibrosis by using animal models of mice receiving either bile duct ligation surgery or carbon tetrachloride administration. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis showed a significant elevation of HDGF expression in both models. HDGF levels correlated with progression of liver fibrosis in a time-dependent manner as well as paralleled with the expression of other two fibrotic markers, transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) and pro-collagen type I, in fibrotic livers. Intriguingly, the over-expressed HDGF protein was localized mainly in perivenous hepatocytes of fibrotic livers. Besides, adenovirus-mediated HDGF gene delivery potentiated the production of TGF-b1 and pro-collagen type I, thereby enhancing the intrahepatic collagen matrix deposits as evidenced by Sirius red stain and morphometrical analysis. In cultured hepatocytes, TGF-b1 and HDGF mutually up-regulated their de novo synthesis only when grown on collagen-coated matrix, strongly suggesting that the TGF-b1- and/or HDGF-driven pro-fibrogenic signaling is collagen-dependent and a vicious circle may exist at the initial stage of hepatic fibrogenesis. Moreover, administration with recombinant HDGF stimulated BrdU uptake and synthesis of both a-smooth muscle actin and pro-collagen type I in cultured hepatic stellate cells, implicating that a mode of paracrinal action lies between these two cell types. In conclusion, HDGF plays a pro-fibrogenic role during liver fibrosis and blockade of HDGF pathway may potentially constitute the preventive or therapeutic strategies for chronic liver diseases.

[Truncated abstract. Formulae and special characters in this field can only be approximated. See PDF version for accurate reproduction.] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been developed over the past two and a half decades to enable non-invasive assessment of soft tissues in the human body. MRI provides images of the tissues in the body with intensities weighted by nuclear magnetic relaxation properties of the tissue. Recent advances have utilised MRI as a quantitative tool with the nuclear magnetic relaxation rates in tissues being accurately quantified. One clinical application of quantitative MRI has been in the quantification of body iron stores in the management of iron overload diseases. MR images also contain information about the spatial variations of relaxation rates, which could be clinically useful. In the quantification of liver iron concentrations, proton transverse relaxation rate (R2) maps have been used not only to quantify iron concentrations but also to visualise the spatial variations. The work in this thesis addresses the use of spatial information from proton transverse relaxation rate maps in clinical practice. The quantitative spatial information contained in these maps is analysed in two clinically important settings, namely the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and the assessment of magnetic susceptibility artefacts in cardiac proton transverse relaxometry. Spatial distributions of liver R2 maps were quantified using texture measures based on grey-tone spatial dependence (GTSD) matrices. Some of these measures gave a statistically significant distinction between patients with minimal or no fibrosis and those with fibrosis or cirrhosis. Distinction of fibrosis using this technique was enhanced in subjects with iron overload diseases, suggesting that iron is required as a contrast agent for sufficient sensitivity of image texture to fibrosis. In subjects with low tissue iron concentrations, tissue hydration was observed to also have an influence on R2. In patients with end stage liver disease, a model combining tissue iron concentration and tissue hydration gave a better prediction of R2 than iron concentration alone. A model combining several of the texture measures was developed using logistic regression and was found to improve distinction of high-grade fibrosis from low-grade fibrosis. For the distinction of F0 and F1 fibrosis stages (as assessed by the METAVIR system) from F2 and above the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.75. As this model was developed using a cohort of subjects with varying pathologies, the performance of the model is expected to improve if only iron-loaded subjects are considered.

A fibrose hepática é uma característica comum de diversas doenças crônicas do fígado e é caracterizada pela deposição excessiva de matriz extracelular no órgão. Em última instância, essa alteração anormal do parênquima hepático acarreta em hipertensão portal, cirrose e insuficiência do fígado, o que pode levar o paciente à morte. As células estreladas hepáticas (HSC) participam ativamente deste processo, modificando seu fenótipo quiescente, rico em gotas lipídicas no citoplasma, para o fenótipo ativado, em resposta a um insulto hepático. A linhagem GRX é um modelo de HSC ativadas. As caveolas são pequenas invaginações de 50-100 nm da membrana plasmática que são ricas em glicoesfingolipídeos, colesterol e proteínas GPI ancoradas. Elas são caracterizadas pela presença de caveolina, uma proteína estrutural específica desta organela. Estas pequenas organelas, consideradas especializações dos “rafts” lipídicos, estão presentes nos mais diversos tipos celulares e podem funcionar como plataformas onde se ancoram várias proteínas de membrana. Estas proteínas reconhecem sinais externos e transmitem sinais moduladores da atividade celular, regulando ou facilitando o transporte de ácidos graxos e de lipídeos, e também são responsáveis pelo transporte de vesículas de membrana. As caveolinas são as principais proteínas estruturais das caveolas, sendo a caveolina-1 (Cav-1) a mais importante. A Cav-1 é encontrada em todos os tipos celulares e está relacionada com a transformação oncogênica e tumorogênese. Estudos já mostraram a interação entre as caveolas e os filamentos de actina, os microtúbulos, e os filamentos intermediários. Em fígados cirróticos foi encontrado um aumento da expressão de Cav-1 nas células endoteliais sinusoidais e nas HSC. Em trabalho anterior, utilizamos o plasmídeo pCav1EGFP para a obtenção de uma linhagem permanente que superexpressa a Cav-1 e a proteína EFGP, a GRXEGFP-Cav. Neste trabalho, nós caracterizamos, bioquímica e morfologicamente, essa linhagem e realizamos outra transfecção com o plasmídeo vazio pCineoEGFP para estabelecer uma linhagem controle, a GRXEGFPpCineo . Através de métodos de análise bioquímica, de imunocitoquímica, de citometria de fluxo e de microscopia confocal e eletrônica de transmissão, mostramos que a superexpressão de Cav-1, aumentou a proliferação e a adesão celular, alterou a morfologia e a estrutura do citoesqueleto das células, a capacidade de migração e de endocitose da GRXEGFP-Cav. A análise ultraestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou o aumento do número de caveolas na membrana plasmática. As alterações do citoesqueleto de actina e o aumento da afinidade célula-célula são indicativos de maior mobilidade celular. Esses resultados somados ao aumento do conteúdo de αSMA e Col-I sugerem a modulação da GRXEGFP-Cav para um fenótipo de miofibroblasto ativado característico de situações de dano hepático. Como a distribuição e a significância da expressão de Cav-1 em fígados normais e cirróticos são pouco conhecidas, e considerando o papel das HSC nas doenças hepáticas, entendemos que a linhagem permanente GRXEGFP-Cav pode ser uma ferramenta experimental muito interessante para o estudo destas patologias. / Liver fibrosis is a common feature of several chronic hepatic diseases and is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the organ. Usually, this abnormal change of the hepatic parenchyma causes portal hypertension, cirrhosis and liver failure, which can lead to the patient death. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) participate actively in this process through modifying their quiescent phenotype rich in lipid droplets in the cytoplasm to the activated phenotype in response to the liver injury. GRX line is a model of activated HSC. The caveolae are small invaginations of plasma membrane that reaches 50-100nm of size, rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and GPI-anchored proteins. These organelles are characterized by the presence of caveolin, a structural and specific protein. These small organelles, which are considered specializations of lipid "rafts" and can be present in several cell types, can act as anchoring platforms for several membrane proteins. These proteins recognize external signals and transmit these signals to modulate the cell activity through regulating or facilitating the transport of fatty acids and lipids, being also responsible for the transport of membrane vesicles. Caveolins are the main structural proteins of caveolae and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the most important. Cav-1 is found in all cell types and is related to the oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown the interaction among caveolae, actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Also, it was found an increase of Cav-1 expression in sinusoidal endothelial cells and HSC of cirrhotic livers, which was suggested to be related to the portal hypertension that accompanies the process of fibrosis. In a previous work, we used the pCav1EGFP plasmid to obtain a permanent cell strain that overexpresses Cav-1 protein and EFGP, which was named GRXEGFP-Cav. In this work we biochemical and morphologically characterized this strain. We also did another cell transfection with an empty pCineoEGFP plasmid to establish a permanent control cell line, which was named GRXEGFPpCineo. Through biochemical analysis, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, confocal and electron transmission microscopy, we showed that Cav-1overexpression increased cell proliferation and adhesion, changed cell morphology and cytoskeleton structure, and the cell migration and endocytosis capacity of GRXEGFP-Cav. The actin cytoskeletal changes and the increased cell-cell affinity are indicative of greater cell motility. These results associated to the increase of αSMA and Col-I contents suggest the GRXEGFP-Cav modulation be the activated myofibroblast that characterizes liver damage. As the distribution and the significance of Cav-1 expression in normal and cirrhotic livers are little known and considering the role of HSC in liver diseases, we believe that the permanent GRXEGFP-Cav line can be a very interesting experimental tool for the study of these pathologies.

Introdução: Fibrose hepática é a resposta cicatricial a lesões celulares agudas ou crônicas do fígado. Produtos derivados do intestino podem chegar ao fígado através da veia porta e mediar resposta inflamatória via receptores TLR4. O aumento de citocinas inflamatórias induz a ativação de células estreladas, fibroblastos periportais e células de Kupffer. A ativação destas células estimula a secreção de TGFβ e a deposição excessiva de colágeno. Assim, a modulação da microbiota intestinal com uso de probióticos poderia reduzir a inflamação e fibrogênese hepática. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) sobre a fibrose hepática em modelo de hepatopatia colestática crônica em ratos. Métodos: Ratos Wistar (n = 29) adultos machos (299,89g ± 42,89 g) foram submetidos a ligadura de ducto biliar (BDL) ou a manipulação de ducto biliar comum sem ligadura (Ctrl). Após 14 dias, os grupos foram novamente divididos para receber gavagens durante 14 dias: os grupos Ctrl e BDL receberam 1 ml de PBS e os grupos Ctrl-P e BDL-P, 1 ml de PBS contendo 2,5 × 107 UFC de LGG. A eutanásia ocorreu 5 dias após o término do tratamento quando foram coletados amostras de sangue e fígado. Resultados: A ligadura de ducto biliar promoveu redução no peso e na albumina plasmática acompanhado da elevação das provas de disfunção hepatobiliar em comparação aos grupos controle. O tratamento com LGG não alterou os parâmetros séricos ou o peso corporal dos animais. Não houve diferença na atividade de superóxido dismutase (SOD) entre os grupos. A atividade de catalase (CAT) e os níveis de sulfidrilas foram significativamente menores no grupo BDL em relação aos controles. O tratamento com LGG mostrou uma tendência ao aumento dos níveis de sulfidrilas. A razão SOD/CAT foi maior no grupo BDL em relação aos controles e o tratamento com LGG preveniu este desequilíbrio. O tratamento com LGG mostrou uma tendência a redução da razão SOD / CAT. A expressão gênica de Tlr4, Tnfα e Il6 e os níveis de IL1β foram maiores no grupo BDL em relação ao controle. O tratamento com LGG atenuou parcialmente a elevação de IL1β e Tlr4. O grupo BDL-P teve redução da expressão gênica de Il6 em relação ao grupo BDL. A expressão gênica de Tgfβ foi maior no grupo BDL em comparação ao Ctrl. A expressão de metaloproteinases 2 e 9 foi significativamente maior nos grupos BDL e BDLP, sem diferença em relação ao tratamento com LGG. A deposição de colágeno e a reação ductular avaliado pelo conteúdo de citoqueratina 7 (CK7) foi maior nos animais submetidos a ligadura de ducto biliar. O tratamento com LGG reduziu significativamente a deposição de colágeno e conteúdo de CK7 no fígado em comparação com grupo de BDL. Conclusão: O tratamento com LGG foi capaz de reduzir a fibrose hepática, a reação ductular e a expressão gênica de Il6 em modelo de hepatopatia colestática crônica em ratos. / Introduction: Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to acute or chronic cellular liver injury. Gut-derived products can reach the liver through the portal vein and mediate inflammatory response via TLR4. The increase of inflammatory cytokines induces the activation of stellate cells, periportal fibroblasts and Kupffer cells. The activation of these cells stimulates the secretion of TGFβ and the excessive collagen deposition. Thus, modulation of gut microbiota using probiotics could reduce inflammation and hepatic fibrogenesis. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on liver fibrosis in a model of cholestatic liver disease in rats. Methods: Adult male (n = 29) Wistar rats (299.89 g ± 42.89 g) were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) or the manipulation of common bile duct without ligation (Ctrl). After 14 days, groups were again divided to receive gavagens during 14 days: Ctrl and BDL groups received 1 ml of PBS and Ctrl-P and BDL-P groups, 1 ml of PBS containing 2.5 × 107 CFU of LGG. Euthanasia occurred five days after the end of the treatment when were collected samples of blood and liver tissue. Results: The bile duct ligation promoted a reduction in body weight and plasma albumin levels followed by an increase of liver dysfunction parameters in comparison to control groups. LGG treatment did not change serum analyses or body weight of animals. There was no difference in superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) between groups. The catalase activity (CAT) and sulfhydryl levels were significantly lower in the BDL group compared to controls. Treatment with LGG showed a tendency to increase sulfhydryl levels. The SOD / CAT ratio was higher in BDL group compared to controls and treatment with LGG prevented this imbalance. Treatment with LGG showed a tendency to decrease SOD / CAT ratio. The gene expression of Tlr4, Tnfα and Il6 and IL1β levels were higher in the BDL group compared to the control. Treatment with LGG partially attenuated the increase of IL1β and Tlr4. The BDL-P group had decreasing in Il6 gene expression compared to the untreated group. The gene expression of Tgfβ was higher in the BDL group compared to the Ctrl. The expression of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 was significantly higher in BDL and BDL-P groups, with no difference in comparison to treatment with LGG. The collagen deposition and ductular reaction evaluated by the content of cytokeratin 7 (CK7) was higher in animals submitted to the bile duct ligation. The hepatic collagen deposition and CK7 content was significantly decreased in BDL-P compared to BDL group. Conclusion: Treatment with LGG was able to reduce liver fibrosis, ductular reaction and Il-6 gene expression in a model of chronic cholestatic liver disease in rats.

Introdução: Fibrose hepática é a resposta cicatricial a lesões celulares agudas ou crônicas do fígado. Produtos derivados do intestino podem chegar ao fígado através da veia porta e mediar resposta inflamatória via receptores TLR4. O aumento de citocinas inflamatórias induz a ativação de células estreladas, fibroblastos periportais e células de Kupffer. A ativação destas células estimula a secreção de TGFβ e a deposição excessiva de colágeno. Assim, a modulação da microbiota intestinal com uso de probióticos poderia reduzir a inflamação e fibrogênese hepática. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) sobre a fibrose hepática em modelo de hepatopatia colestática crônica em ratos. Métodos: Ratos Wistar (n = 29) adultos machos (299,89g ± 42,89 g) foram submetidos a ligadura de ducto biliar (BDL) ou a manipulação de ducto biliar comum sem ligadura (Ctrl). Após 14 dias, os grupos foram novamente divididos para receber gavagens durante 14 dias: os grupos Ctrl e BDL receberam 1 ml de PBS e os grupos Ctrl-P e BDL-P, 1 ml de PBS contendo 2,5 × 107 UFC de LGG. A eutanásia ocorreu 5 dias após o término do tratamento quando foram coletados amostras de sangue e fígado. Resultados: A ligadura de ducto biliar promoveu redução no peso e na albumina plasmática acompanhado da elevação das provas de disfunção hepatobiliar em comparação aos grupos controle. O tratamento com LGG não alterou os parâmetros séricos ou o peso corporal dos animais. Não houve diferença na atividade de superóxido dismutase (SOD) entre os grupos. A atividade de catalase (CAT) e os níveis de sulfidrilas foram significativamente menores no grupo BDL em relação aos controles. O tratamento com LGG mostrou uma tendência ao aumento dos níveis de sulfidrilas. A razão SOD/CAT foi maior no grupo BDL em relação aos controles e o tratamento com LGG preveniu este desequilíbrio. O tratamento com LGG mostrou uma tendência a redução da razão SOD / CAT. A expressão gênica de Tlr4, Tnfα e Il6 e os níveis de IL1β foram maiores no grupo BDL em relação ao controle. O tratamento com LGG atenuou parcialmente a elevação de IL1β e Tlr4. O grupo BDL-P teve redução da expressão gênica de Il6 em relação ao grupo BDL. A expressão gênica de Tgfβ foi maior no grupo BDL em comparação ao Ctrl. A expressão de metaloproteinases 2 e 9 foi significativamente maior nos grupos BDL e BDLP, sem diferença em relação ao tratamento com LGG. A deposição de colágeno e a reação ductular avaliado pelo conteúdo de citoqueratina 7 (CK7) foi maior nos animais submetidos a ligadura de ducto biliar. O tratamento com LGG reduziu significativamente a deposição de colágeno e conteúdo de CK7 no fígado em comparação com grupo de BDL. Conclusão: O tratamento com LGG foi capaz de reduzir a fibrose hepática, a reação ductular e a expressão gênica de Il6 em modelo de hepatopatia colestática crônica em ratos. / Introduction: Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response to acute or chronic cellular liver injury. Gut-derived products can reach the liver through the portal vein and mediate inflammatory response via TLR4. The increase of inflammatory cytokines induces the activation of stellate cells, periportal fibroblasts and Kupffer cells. The activation of these cells stimulates the secretion of TGFβ and the excessive collagen deposition. Thus, modulation of gut microbiota using probiotics could reduce inflammation and hepatic fibrogenesis. Aim: To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on liver fibrosis in a model of cholestatic liver disease in rats. Methods: Adult male (n = 29) Wistar rats (299.89 g ± 42.89 g) were subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) or the manipulation of common bile duct without ligation (Ctrl). After 14 days, groups were again divided to receive gavagens during 14 days: Ctrl and BDL groups received 1 ml of PBS and Ctrl-P and BDL-P groups, 1 ml of PBS containing 2.5 × 107 CFU of LGG. Euthanasia occurred five days after the end of the treatment when were collected samples of blood and liver tissue. Results: The bile duct ligation promoted a reduction in body weight and plasma albumin levels followed by an increase of liver dysfunction parameters in comparison to control groups. LGG treatment did not change serum analyses or body weight of animals. There was no difference in superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) between groups. The catalase activity (CAT) and sulfhydryl levels were significantly lower in the BDL group compared to controls. Treatment with LGG showed a tendency to increase sulfhydryl levels. The SOD / CAT ratio was higher in BDL group compared to controls and treatment with LGG prevented this imbalance. Treatment with LGG showed a tendency to decrease SOD / CAT ratio. The gene expression of Tlr4, Tnfα and Il6 and IL1β levels were higher in the BDL group compared to the control. Treatment with LGG partially attenuated the increase of IL1β and Tlr4. The BDL-P group had decreasing in Il6 gene expression compared to the untreated group. The gene expression of Tgfβ was higher in the BDL group compared to the Ctrl. The expression of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 was significantly higher in BDL and BDL-P groups, with no difference in comparison to treatment with LGG. The collagen deposition and ductular reaction evaluated by the content of cytokeratin 7 (CK7) was higher in animals submitted to the bile duct ligation. The hepatic collagen deposition and CK7 content was significantly decreased in BDL-P compared to BDL group. Conclusion: Treatment with LGG was able to reduce liver fibrosis, ductular reaction and Il-6 gene expression in a model of chronic cholestatic liver disease in rats.

A fibrose hepática é uma característica comum de diversas doenças crônicas do fígado e é caracterizada pela deposição excessiva de matriz extracelular no órgão. Em última instância, essa alteração anormal do parênquima hepático acarreta em hipertensão portal, cirrose e insuficiência do fígado, o que pode levar o paciente à morte. As células estreladas hepáticas (HSC) participam ativamente deste processo, modificando seu fenótipo quiescente, rico em gotas lipídicas no citoplasma, para o fenótipo ativado, em resposta a um insulto hepático. A linhagem GRX é um modelo de HSC ativadas. As caveolas são pequenas invaginações de 50-100 nm da membrana plasmática que são ricas em glicoesfingolipídeos, colesterol e proteínas GPI ancoradas. Elas são caracterizadas pela presença de caveolina, uma proteína estrutural específica desta organela. Estas pequenas organelas, consideradas especializações dos “rafts” lipídicos, estão presentes nos mais diversos tipos celulares e podem funcionar como plataformas onde se ancoram várias proteínas de membrana. Estas proteínas reconhecem sinais externos e transmitem sinais moduladores da atividade celular, regulando ou facilitando o transporte de ácidos graxos e de lipídeos, e também são responsáveis pelo transporte de vesículas de membrana. As caveolinas são as principais proteínas estruturais das caveolas, sendo a caveolina-1 (Cav-1) a mais importante. A Cav-1 é encontrada em todos os tipos celulares e está relacionada com a transformação oncogênica e tumorogênese. Estudos já mostraram a interação entre as caveolas e os filamentos de actina, os microtúbulos, e os filamentos intermediários. Em fígados cirróticos foi encontrado um aumento da expressão de Cav-1 nas células endoteliais sinusoidais e nas HSC. Em trabalho anterior, utilizamos o plasmídeo pCav1EGFP para a obtenção de uma linhagem permanente que superexpressa a Cav-1 e a proteína EFGP, a GRXEGFP-Cav. Neste trabalho, nós caracterizamos, bioquímica e morfologicamente, essa linhagem e realizamos outra transfecção com o plasmídeo vazio pCineoEGFP para estabelecer uma linhagem controle, a GRXEGFPpCineo . Através de métodos de análise bioquímica, de imunocitoquímica, de citometria de fluxo e de microscopia confocal e eletrônica de transmissão, mostramos que a superexpressão de Cav-1, aumentou a proliferação e a adesão celular, alterou a morfologia e a estrutura do citoesqueleto das células, a capacidade de migração e de endocitose da GRXEGFP-Cav. A análise ultraestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou o aumento do número de caveolas na membrana plasmática. As alterações do citoesqueleto de actina e o aumento da afinidade célula-célula são indicativos de maior mobilidade celular. Esses resultados somados ao aumento do conteúdo de αSMA e Col-I sugerem a modulação da GRXEGFP-Cav para um fenótipo de miofibroblasto ativado característico de situações de dano hepático. Como a distribuição e a significância da expressão de Cav-1 em fígados normais e cirróticos são pouco conhecidas, e considerando o papel das HSC nas doenças hepáticas, entendemos que a linhagem permanente GRXEGFP-Cav pode ser uma ferramenta experimental muito interessante para o estudo destas patologias. / Liver fibrosis is a common feature of several chronic hepatic diseases and is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the organ. Usually, this abnormal change of the hepatic parenchyma causes portal hypertension, cirrhosis and liver failure, which can lead to the patient death. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) participate actively in this process through modifying their quiescent phenotype rich in lipid droplets in the cytoplasm to the activated phenotype in response to the liver injury. GRX line is a model of activated HSC. The caveolae are small invaginations of plasma membrane that reaches 50-100nm of size, rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and GPI-anchored proteins. These organelles are characterized by the presence of caveolin, a structural and specific protein. These small organelles, which are considered specializations of lipid "rafts" and can be present in several cell types, can act as anchoring platforms for several membrane proteins. These proteins recognize external signals and transmit these signals to modulate the cell activity through regulating or facilitating the transport of fatty acids and lipids, being also responsible for the transport of membrane vesicles. Caveolins are the main structural proteins of caveolae and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the most important. Cav-1 is found in all cell types and is related to the oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown the interaction among caveolae, actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Also, it was found an increase of Cav-1 expression in sinusoidal endothelial cells and HSC of cirrhotic livers, which was suggested to be related to the portal hypertension that accompanies the process of fibrosis. In a previous work, we used the pCav1EGFP plasmid to obtain a permanent cell strain that overexpresses Cav-1 protein and EFGP, which was named GRXEGFP-Cav. In this work we biochemical and morphologically characterized this strain. We also did another cell transfection with an empty pCineoEGFP plasmid to establish a permanent control cell line, which was named GRXEGFPpCineo. Through biochemical analysis, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, confocal and electron transmission microscopy, we showed that Cav-1overexpression increased cell proliferation and adhesion, changed cell morphology and cytoskeleton structure, and the cell migration and endocytosis capacity of GRXEGFP-Cav. The actin cytoskeletal changes and the increased cell-cell affinity are indicative of greater cell motility. These results associated to the increase of αSMA and Col-I contents suggest the GRXEGFP-Cav modulation be the activated myofibroblast that characterizes liver damage. As the distribution and the significance of Cav-1 expression in normal and cirrhotic livers are little known and considering the role of HSC in liver diseases, we believe that the permanent GRXEGFP-Cav line can be a very interesting experimental tool for the study of these pathologies.

A fibrose hepática é uma característica comum de diversas doenças crônicas do fígado e é caracterizada pela deposição excessiva de matriz extracelular no órgão. Em última instância, essa alteração anormal do parênquima hepático acarreta em hipertensão portal, cirrose e insuficiência do fígado, o que pode levar o paciente à morte. As células estreladas hepáticas (HSC) participam ativamente deste processo, modificando seu fenótipo quiescente, rico em gotas lipídicas no citoplasma, para o fenótipo ativado, em resposta a um insulto hepático. A linhagem GRX é um modelo de HSC ativadas. As caveolas são pequenas invaginações de 50-100 nm da membrana plasmática que são ricas em glicoesfingolipídeos, colesterol e proteínas GPI ancoradas. Elas são caracterizadas pela presença de caveolina, uma proteína estrutural específica desta organela. Estas pequenas organelas, consideradas especializações dos “rafts” lipídicos, estão presentes nos mais diversos tipos celulares e podem funcionar como plataformas onde se ancoram várias proteínas de membrana. Estas proteínas reconhecem sinais externos e transmitem sinais moduladores da atividade celular, regulando ou facilitando o transporte de ácidos graxos e de lipídeos, e também são responsáveis pelo transporte de vesículas de membrana. As caveolinas são as principais proteínas estruturais das caveolas, sendo a caveolina-1 (Cav-1) a mais importante. A Cav-1 é encontrada em todos os tipos celulares e está relacionada com a transformação oncogênica e tumorogênese. Estudos já mostraram a interação entre as caveolas e os filamentos de actina, os microtúbulos, e os filamentos intermediários. Em fígados cirróticos foi encontrado um aumento da expressão de Cav-1 nas células endoteliais sinusoidais e nas HSC. Em trabalho anterior, utilizamos o plasmídeo pCav1EGFP para a obtenção de uma linhagem permanente que superexpressa a Cav-1 e a proteína EFGP, a GRXEGFP-Cav. Neste trabalho, nós caracterizamos, bioquímica e morfologicamente, essa linhagem e realizamos outra transfecção com o plasmídeo vazio pCineoEGFP para estabelecer uma linhagem controle, a GRXEGFPpCineo . Através de métodos de análise bioquímica, de imunocitoquímica, de citometria de fluxo e de microscopia confocal e eletrônica de transmissão, mostramos que a superexpressão de Cav-1, aumentou a proliferação e a adesão celular, alterou a morfologia e a estrutura do citoesqueleto das células, a capacidade de migração e de endocitose da GRXEGFP-Cav. A análise ultraestrutural por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelou o aumento do número de caveolas na membrana plasmática. As alterações do citoesqueleto de actina e o aumento da afinidade célula-célula são indicativos de maior mobilidade celular. Esses resultados somados ao aumento do conteúdo de αSMA e Col-I sugerem a modulação da GRXEGFP-Cav para um fenótipo de miofibroblasto ativado característico de situações de dano hepático. Como a distribuição e a significância da expressão de Cav-1 em fígados normais e cirróticos são pouco conhecidas, e considerando o papel das HSC nas doenças hepáticas, entendemos que a linhagem permanente GRXEGFP-Cav pode ser uma ferramenta experimental muito interessante para o estudo destas patologias. / Liver fibrosis is a common feature of several chronic hepatic diseases and is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in the organ. Usually, this abnormal change of the hepatic parenchyma causes portal hypertension, cirrhosis and liver failure, which can lead to the patient death. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) participate actively in this process through modifying their quiescent phenotype rich in lipid droplets in the cytoplasm to the activated phenotype in response to the liver injury. GRX line is a model of activated HSC. The caveolae are small invaginations of plasma membrane that reaches 50-100nm of size, rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, and GPI-anchored proteins. These organelles are characterized by the presence of caveolin, a structural and specific protein. These small organelles, which are considered specializations of lipid "rafts" and can be present in several cell types, can act as anchoring platforms for several membrane proteins. These proteins recognize external signals and transmit these signals to modulate the cell activity through regulating or facilitating the transport of fatty acids and lipids, being also responsible for the transport of membrane vesicles. Caveolins are the main structural proteins of caveolae and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the most important. Cav-1 is found in all cell types and is related to the oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown the interaction among caveolae, actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Also, it was found an increase of Cav-1 expression in sinusoidal endothelial cells and HSC of cirrhotic livers, which was suggested to be related to the portal hypertension that accompanies the process of fibrosis. In a previous work, we used the pCav1EGFP plasmid to obtain a permanent cell strain that overexpresses Cav-1 protein and EFGP, which was named GRXEGFP-Cav. In this work we biochemical and morphologically characterized this strain. We also did another cell transfection with an empty pCineoEGFP plasmid to establish a permanent control cell line, which was named GRXEGFPpCineo. Through biochemical analysis, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, confocal and electron transmission microscopy, we showed that Cav-1overexpression increased cell proliferation and adhesion, changed cell morphology and cytoskeleton structure, and the cell migration and endocytosis capacity of GRXEGFP-Cav. The actin cytoskeletal changes and the increased cell-cell affinity are indicative of greater cell motility. These results associated to the increase of αSMA and Col-I contents suggest the GRXEGFP-Cav modulation be the activated myofibroblast that characterizes liver damage. As the distribution and the significance of Cav-1 expression in normal and cirrhotic livers are little known and considering the role of HSC in liver diseases, we believe that the permanent GRXEGFP-Cav line can be a very interesting experimental tool for the study of these pathologies.

Les maladies chroniques du foie constituent un problème majeur de santé publique. L’évaluation précise du degré de fibrose hépatique apporte au clinicien une estimation du pronostic dès la prise en charge initiale de ces patients, mais permet également la réalisation d’une surveillance évolutive, et intervient dans la décision et le choix d’un traitement. L’évaluation noninvasive de la fibrose hépatique par élastographie a permis de révolutionner la prise en charge des malades atteints d’une maladie chronique du foie. L’objectif de notre travail est d’évaluer les performances diagnostiques d’une nouvelle technique d’élastographie hépatique, appelée « Supersonic ShearImaging » (SSI), et d’analyser sa plus-value dans l’évaluation non-invasive des maladies chroniques du foie.Dans une première étude, nous avons prospectivement analysé et comparé les performances diagnostiques de l’élastographie SSI par rapport au FibroScan et l’ARFI pour le staging de la fibrose hépatique sur une série de 349 patients avec une maladie chronique du foie diagnostiquée et gradée par ponction-biopsiehépatique.Dans une seconde étude, nous avons prospectivement étudié l’impact diagnostique de l’élastographie SSIsur le foie et la rate chez une population de 401 patients avec cirrhose pour l’évaluation de la gravité de la maladie cirrhotique.Dans une troisième étude, nous avons réalisé une analyse prospective bicentrique (Angers et Bordeaux)de la performance diagnostique de l’élastographie SSI par rapport au FibroScan et l’ARFI dans l’évaluation non invasive de la fibrose hépatique sur une série de 291 patients avec stéatopathie non-alcoolique et ponction-biopsiehépatique. / Abstract :The management and the prognosis for chronic liver diseases are widely based on the presence and the development of a liver fibrosis. The progressive worsening of liver fibrosis leads in a certain number of patients to the development of cirrhosis and its complications. Thus, the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools for the diagnosis and the monitoring of the liver fibrosis is of crucial interest. Liver elastography is one of the most promising techniques that have recently emerged in the field of chronic liver diseases. In this study, we aim to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a new elastography technique, named “Supersonic Shear Imaging” (SSI), and toanalyse its added value in the non invasive diagnosis of chronic liver diseases.In a first study, we prospectively analysed and compared the diagnostic performances of SSI elastography versus FibroScan and ARFI for the staging of liver fibrosis in a cohort of 349 patients with chronic liver diseases that consecutively underwent a liver biopsy. In a second study, we prospectively analysed the impact of liver and spleen SSI elastography in a cohortof 401 cirrhotic patients for the non invasive diagnosis of cirrhosis severity and oesophageal varices.In a third study, we assessed the clinical use of liver stiffness measurement evaluated by SSI, FibroScan,and ARFI in a cohort of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients who underwent liver biopsy. A total of 291 NAFLD patients were prospectively enrolled at 2 French university hospitals (Angers and Bordeaux).

La voie de signalisation de l’inflammasome est impliquée dans plusieurs pathologies inflammatoires dont la fibrose pulmonaire et plus récemment, elle a été mise en lumière dans le développement de la fibrose hépatique. L’activation de ce complexe permet la maturation et la libération de la cytokine pro-inflammatoire IL-1β par les cellules immunitaires telles les macrophages, après reconnaissance de motifs bactériens ou de signaux de danger. L’objectif de cette thèse était de montrer les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires par lesquelles l’inflammasome est impliqué dans la fibrose hépatique. Par une première approche avec un hepatotoxique, le CCl4, chez la souris, nous avons observé que nos stratégies bloquantes de la signalisation de l’inflammasome ne permettent pas de faire le lien direct avec le développement de la fibrogénèse. Dans une seconde approche in vitro, nous avons montré que les fibroblastes hépatiques répondent à des médiateurs pro-inflammatoires comme l’IL-1β, le TNF-α et l’IL-8 par un déséquilibre de la balance MMP/TIMP favorable à la fibrolyse, une exacerbation de la réponse inflammatoire et la diminution de l’expression d’un marqueur d’activation des fibroblastes, l’α-SMA. Enfin, la mise en co-culture de ces fibroblastes avec différents macrophages a montré des effets similaires après activation de l’inflammasome par le LPS et les cristaux de MSU dans les cellules immunitaires, suggérant ainsi un rôle indirect de l’activation de l’inflammasome sur la réponse des fibroblastes hépatiques activés. / Inflammasome pathway is implicated in several inflammatory diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. Nowadays, several data exist and suggest the implication of this pathway in liver fibrosis development. Once activated, the inflammasone pathway leads to the production and the release of IL-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, by immune cells such as macrophages. The aim of this thesis was to describe the molecular and the cellular mechanism underlining the implication of the inflammasome pathway in liver fibrosis development. To assess this hypothesis, we have firstly inhibited inflammasome pathway in CCl4 hepatotoxicity mouse model. However, this approach did not clearly establish the implication of this pathway in liver fibrosis development. Thus in a second part, we have used an in vitro approach and demonstrate that liver fibroblasts response to pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8, and lead to a change in MMP/TIMP balance. The changes conduce to fibrosolysis, an exacerbation of the inflammatory response and the decrease in the expression of α-SMA, an activation marker of fibroblasts. Finally, by co-culturing the fibroblasts with different macrophages, we showed similar effects after inflammasome activation by LPS and the MSU crystals in immune cells, suggesting an indirect role of the activation of inflammasome on the response of activated liver fibroblasts.