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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Plasmodium falciparum malariaAidoo, Michael January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
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The role of antigen in the maintenance and localisation of CD8+ T-cells in the context of liver stage malariaGola, Anita January 2018 (has links)
A highly effective vaccine against malaria is urgently needed, with leading vaccination strategies involving the induction of protective antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells via heterologous prime-boost viral vector immunization, targeting primarily the pre- erythrocytic liver stages of the Plasmodium falciparum lifecycle. To date, the greatest immunogenicity has been obtained through a heterologous prime boost regimen, where vaccination with an Adenoviral vector is followed 8 weeks later by a Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) boost. Experimental work directed at providing a greater understanding of CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell memory responses induced by Ad-MVA vaccinations lead to the development of a novel vaccine strategy aimed at priming CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells in the periphery and subsequently targeting them to hepatic tissue with protein loaded poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles or recombinant viral vectors. Durable Ag-specific CD8+ T- cells exhibiting a phenotype of tissue-resident memory T-cells were generated in the liver, with a ten-fold increase over the conventional heterologous vector regimen. Importantly, in P. berghei sporozoite challenge models of liver-stage malaria, this strategy was found to result in unprecedented levels of sterile protection across multiple clinically relevant antigens and mouse strains. This prime and target immunization strategy for liver-stage malaria may provide a novel general approach for prevention or immunotherapy against other hepato-trophic pathogens.
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Elucidating the Role of the Host Gene Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase during Plasmodium berghei Liver Stage InfectionZemp, Jonas January 2022 (has links)
No description available.
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Function and regulation of a serine protease implicated in malaria parasite remodelling and egress / Activité et régulation d'une protéase à serine impliquée dans la maturation et la libération des mérozoïtes de Plasmodium, agent du paludismeSuárez, Catherine 19 December 2012 (has links)
Le paludisme demeure une des maladies infectieuses les plus meurtrières au monde. Propagé par la piqûre d’un moustique femelle du genre Anopheles, le parasite du paludisme (Plasmodium) migre dans la circulation sanguine et infecte les cellules hépatiques de la victime. Dans le foie, le parasite se différencie et se reproduit par schizogonie à l’intérieur d’une vacuole parasitophore pour compléter la production de plusieurs milliers de mérozoïtes par cellule hépatique infectée. Ces mérozoïtes sont par la suite libérés dans la circulation sanguine où ils infectent les érythrocytes circulants dans lesquels le parasite subit des cycles d’infection, réplication et libération (processus de sortie actif provoqué par le parasite). Ces cycles répétitifs dans le sang sont à l’origine des symptômes cliniques de la maladie.Des études sur Plasmodium falciparum ont montré que P. falciparum SUB1 (PfSUB1), une protéase à sérine de la famille des subtilisines, est relâchée à l’intérieur de la vacuole parasitophore peu avant la libération des mérozoïtes des hématies. A l’intérieur de cette vacuole, la protéase intervient dans la maturation de protéines membres de la famille des SERA (famille de protéines du type papaïne) ainsi qu’un certain nombre de protéines de surface du mérozoïte (famille des MSP). Un grand intérêt a été porté sur cette protéase, car l’inhibition pharmacologique de l’activité de PfSUB1 bloque le processus de sortie et d’invasion des mérozoïtes dans le stade érythrocytaire du parasite in vitro.Le stade hépatique du parasite est une cible idéale pour le développement de traitements prophylactiques antipaludiques, car il précède la phase symptomatique de la maladie. En conséquence, il est important de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de fonctionnement du parasite à ce stade. Le présent projet avait pour but principal d’effectuer une étude du rôle de SUB1 dans le stade hépatique de Plasmodium. Pour ce faire, ce travail s’est effectué sur l’orthologue de PfSUB1 chez le parasite murin P. berghei. Dans un premier temps, l’expression de PbSUB1 dans les stades hépatiques du parasite a été confirmée en utilisant des anticorps spécifiques et en générant une lignée mutante de P. berghei exprimant la protéine endogène fusionnée à un marqueur hémagglutinine. Par la suite, l’enzyme a été exprimée sous forme recombinante et sa fonction et spécificité ont été partiellement caractérisées. Ce travail confirma que la protéase est capable de cliver des peptides basés sur les séquences de PbMSP1 et PbSERA3, substrats potentiels exprimés dans les stades hépatiques du parasite. Finalement, afin de mieux caractériser la fonction de PbSUB1, deux approches récentes permettant d’effectuer un knock-out conditionnel chez P. berghei ont été testées: le système Tet et la mutagenèse conditionnelle Flp/FRT. Afin d’utiliser cette dernière approche, une nouvelle méthode pour insérer des sites de reconnaissances Flp (sites FRT) dans les régions intergéniques de clones (dans ce cas, un clone comprenant pbsub1 et gènes voisins) provenant d’une bibliothèque génomique de P. berghei a été développée. Pour ce faire, plusieurs techniques d’ingénierie moléculaire ont été utilisées. Ces techniques, basées sur les systèmes de recombinaison de la levure (recombinase Flp) et de phages (recombineering) similaire à ceux utilisés par le projet PlasmoGEM (Pfander et al., 2012), surmontent les problèmes rencontrés par les méthodes conventionnelles pour le placement des sites FRT et sont aussi applicables aux longues séquences codantes. Avec ces nouveaux outils, un knock-out conditionnel de pbsub1 a été généré avec succès in vivo où la délétion du gène est accompagnée de l’expression d’un gène rapporteur (GFP) afin de faciliter l’identification des parasites ayant perdu le gène d’intérêt. A la fin de ce travail, une analyse préliminaire de ces parasites déficients en PbSUB1 suggère un rôle essentiel de cette protéase dans le développement de la phase hépatique du parasite. / Malaria remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Propagated by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, the malaria parasite (Plasmodium) enters the bloodstream and infects hepatocytes. In the liver, the parasite differentiates and reproduces by schizogony within a membrane-bound parasitophorous vacuole (PV) resulting in the production of several thousands of merozoites per infected hepatic cell. These parasites are subsequently released into the blood stream where they infect circulating red blood cells and undergo repetitive cycles of infection, replication, and egress (active release of parasites) which are responsible for the clinical symptoms of the disease.Work on P. falciparum, has shown that P. falciparum SUB1 (PfSUB1), a serine protease of the subtilisin-like family, is discharged into the PV just prior to egress from the erythrocyte and mediates the proteolytic maturation of members of the SERA family (a family of papain-like proteins) as well as a number of merozoite surface proteins (MSPs). Pharmacological inhibition of PfSUB1 activity inhibits both egress and invasion of released merozoites in blood stages in vitro.The liver stage of the parasite is an ideal target for development of prophylactic anti-malarial drugs, as it is clinically silent. It is thus of importance to gain more detailed knowledge about parasite development in this stage. The main aim of this project was to study the role of SUB1 in the liver stage of the parasite life cycle. The work was performed on the orthologue of PfSUB1 in the murine malaria species P. berghei. Initially, expression of PbSUB1 in liver stages was confirmed using specific antibodies and by generating a transgenic P. berghei clone expressing epitope-tagged PbSUB1. Next, recombinant enzymatically-active PbSUB1 was expressed in insect cells and partially characterised with respect to its function and substrate specificity. This confirmed that the protease is able to process substrates based on PbMSP1 and PbSERA3, two putative substrates expressed in late hepatic stages of the parasite.Finally, to further study PbSUB1 function, two conditional gene knock-out approaches were applied to study the phenotypic consequences of loss of PbSUB1 expression. Working from a ~10 kb genomic DNA library clone comprising pbsub1 and flanking genes, a method to insert Flp recombinase recognition (FRT) sites into intergenic regions was developed. This was achieved by combining inducible Flp activation in E. coli with recombinase mediated engineering techniques similar to those that underlie the PlasmoGEM project (Pfander et al., 2012). This strategy overcomes challenges of existing techniques and is also suitable for flanking large genes with FRT sites. With these newly generated tools, an inducible knock-out of pbsub1 was successfully generated in vivo, in which stage-specific excision of the gene was accompanied by concomitant induction of GFP expression, facilitating identification of the knock-out parasites. A preliminary analysis of these PbSUB1-deficient parasites suggests an essential role for the protease in the development of liver stage schizonts.
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Assessment of novel liver-stage vaccines using transgenic rodent malaria parasitesSalman, Ahmed Mahmoud Ahmed A. January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Immune responses to vaccines against malariaBliss, Carly May January 2017 (has links)
The development of a malaria vaccine is necessary for disease eradication. Successful vaccine candidates to date have targeted the asymptomatic, pre-erythrocytic stage of the disease, however even the most efficacious vaccines are only partially protective. Research undertaken in our laboratory has demonstrated that one such regimen, using an 8 week prime-boost viral vector approach of ChAd63 ME-TRAP and MVA ME-TRAP, induces sterile efficacy in 21% of vaccinees, with a key role identified for TRAP-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. The work described in this thesis explores the most immunogenic regimen by which to administer these two pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines. A shortening of the prime-boost interval from 8 to 4 weeks, and the addition of an extra ChAd63 ME-TRAP priming vaccination, both demonstrated improved T cell immunogenicity over the standard 8 week regimen. Further to this, novel assays were developed to aid the evaluation of vaccine-induced immune responses. Adaptations of the existing methodology for ELISpot analysis and to whole blood flow cytometry techniques, enabled more detailed analyses of paediatric vaccine-induced T cell responses in The Gambia. This work also permitted the comparison of vaccine immunogenicity in this paediatric population, with malaria-naïve and malaria-exposed adult vaccinees. The results suggest that vaccine-induced T cell responses in infants of 8 weeks and older are comparable to that of adults. A second approach involved the development of a novel functional assay. This assay quantitatively measured the in vitro inhibition of intrahepatic Plasmodium parasite development using T cells from ChAd63.MVA ME-TRAP vaccinated volunteers. The assay demonstrated the ability of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells to inhibit parasite development in a TRAP-specific manner, and provides a platform with which to further explore pre-erythrocytic immune responses.
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