El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de la transferencia embrionaria ipsilateral y contralateral a la posición del cuerpo lúteo sobre la tasa de preñez en llamas. Se utilizaron 43 llamas hembras receptoras de 4 a 6 años, distribuidas aleatoriamente en 4 grupos de estudio: G1 (n=10): Cuerpo lúteo en ovario derecho y transferencia ipsilateral, G2 (n=10): Cuerpo lúteo en ovario derecho y transferencia contralateral, G3 (n=15): Cuerpo lúteo en ovario izquierdo y transferencia ipsilateral y G4 (n=8): Cuerpo lúteo en ovario izquierdo y transferencia contralateral. Se utilizaron 10 llamas hembras como donadoras de embriones, las cuales fueron sincronizadas con LH (1ml), superovuladas con 1000 UI de eCG y se provocó luteólisis con prostaglandina (1ml), siendo empadradas posteriormente. El día del empadre las llamas receptoras recibieron tratamiento con LH, con el propósito de sincronizarlas con las donadoras. Siete días post empadre se realizó el lavado uterino para la recolección, evaluación y transferencia de los embriones. La transferencia embrionaria a los grupos experimentales se realizó con embriones frescos el mismo día. Los resultados obtenidos señalan una tasa de preñez de 60% (G1) y 75% (G3) en las hembras con transferencia embrionaria ipsilateral derecha e izquierda respectivamente, mientras que en la transferencia contralateral derecha e izquierda fueron 30% (G2) y 25%(G4) respectivamente. Sin embargo, no se registraron diferencias significativas (p>0.05) entre el grupo G1 con los grupos G2, G3 y G4, además G2 no muestra diferencias significativas (p>0.05) con G4. Mientras que se encontró diferencia (p menor 0.05) entre el grupo G3 con los grupos G2 y G4. Estos resultados indicarían una mayor tasa de sobrevivencia embrionaria en llamas al realizar la transferencia en el cuerno ipsilateral a la posición del cuerpo lúteo ubicado en el ovario izquierdo. / The study was carried out with the objective of to evaluate the embryo survival after the embryo transfer to the uterine horn ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum (CL) in llamas. Fourtythree llamas recipient females, from 4 to 6 years old were randomly assigned in 4 groups: G1 (n=10): CL in right ovary and ipsilateral embryo transfer, G2 (n=10): CL in right ovary and contralateral transfer, G3 (n=15): CL in left ovary and ipsilateral transfer, and G4 (n=8): CL in left ovary and contralateral transfer. Ten llamas were used as embryo donors, they were synchronized with LH (1ml), then superovulated with 1000 UI eCG and induced to luteolysis with PGF2α; after that, all of them were mated. The same day of mating, the recipients were treated with LH, with the purpose of synchronization with donors. Seven days postmating, the uterine horns were flushed to recover, evaluate and transfer the embryos. The nonsurgical embryo transfer was used the same day with fresh embryos. The results of pregnancy rate were 60% (G1) and 75% (G3) in recipient females with ipsilateral embryo transfer right and left respectively. On the other hand, contralateral embryo transfer right and left were 30% (G2) and 25% (G4) respectively. However, the differences did not reach significance (p>0.05) between G1 with G2, G3 and G4. Furthermore, G2 not differ (p>0.05) from G4. Whereas, there is difference (p less 0.05) between G3 with G2 and G4. These results indicate that pregnancy rate is major in llamas when the embryo transfer was to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL in the left ovary.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-76). Also available on the World Wide Web.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia del Toxoplasma gondii en llamas hembras adultas de dos puntas de parición de la Unidad de producción Alianza-Antacalla en la Empresa de propiedad social “Rural Alianza” en la provincia de Melgar-Puno, mediante la prueba de Inmunofluorescencia indirecta; para lo cual se obtuvieron 157 muestras sanguíneas de llamas hembras adultas, de ellas 112 provenían de la punta de parición de Alianza y 45 de la punta de Rio grande. Se encontró que el 10.19 + 4.7% (16/157) del total de llamas hembras adultas presentaron anticuerpos contra T. gondii ; la seroprevalencias halladas en las puntas de Río grande y Alianza fueron de 13.33 + 9.8% (6/45) y 8.93 + 5.3% (10/112) respectivamente, no encontrándose diferencia estadística significativa entre ellas. Las seroprevalencias de T.gondii según rangos de edades de 2 a 3 , 4 a 5 y mayor o igual a 6 años, fueron de 9.09 + 8.5, 15.38 + 13.87 y 9.19 + 6.07 respectivamente; no presentando diferencia estadística significativa entre grupos etarios debido posiblemente a que estos animales eran adultos. Los resultados de este estudio muestran una seroprevalencia a T.gondii relativamente baja en esta empresa, en relación a otros estudios similares en camélidos; además se determinó que las variables edad y punta de parición no representaron factores de riesgo para la infección de T. gondii en llamas hembras adultas. / The objective of the present work was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in llamas adult females of two ends of parturition of the Unit of production Alianza-Antacalla in the Company of social property Rural Alliance in the province of Melgar-Puno, by means of the test of indirect inmunofluorescence; for which 157 of blood samples of llamas were obtained adult females, of them 112 proven of the end of parturition of alliance and 45 of the end of Río Grande. Found that the 10.19± 4.7% (16/157) of the total of llamas adult females they presented antibodies against T. gondii; the seroprevalences found in the ends of Río Grande and Alianza were of 13.33± 9.8% (6/45) and 8.93± 5.3% (10/112) respectively, not found significant statistic difference among them. The seroprevalences of T. gondii for ranks of ages from 2 to 3, 4 to 5 and greater or equal to 6 ages, were of 9.09± 8.5, 15.38± 13.87 and 9.19± 6.07 respectively; not presenting significant statistic difference between ages groups had possibly to that these animals were adult. The results of this study show a seroprevalence of T. gondii relatively low in this company, in relation to other camelids in similar studies; moreover we determ that the variables age and end of parturition did not represent factors of risk for infection of T. gondii in llamas adult females.

In the first experiment, estradiol production was measured in cultured embryos collected on Days 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 post-mating. Estradiol was detected in Day 7 embryos and production increased approximately 50-fold (P<0.05) in medium recovered from Day 13 compared to Day 11 embryos and was greatest (P<0.05) from Day 15 embryos. The second experiment evaluated the luteotrophic effect of estradiol in the llama. Daily injections of vehicle only, 5 or 10 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) in isopropylmyristate were administered on Days 7-15 (Day 0=hCG ovulation induction). Mean progesterone levels were greater (P<0.05) on Days 14, 15, 16, and 17 in llamas injected with 10 mg EB compared to llamas injected with vehicle or 5 mg EB. The final experiment analyzed differences in estrogen receptor expression in the corpus luteum (CL), ovary, and uterus using Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction. A significant linear regression (P<0.05) was detected for both ER�� (increased from Days 7-11), and ER�� (decreased from Days 7-11) in llama CL. ER�� expression in ovary was higher (P<0.05) compared to Days 7 and 9 CL. ER�� expression in CL was lower on Day 9 (P<0.05) than on Days 7 and 11 in pregnant animals. ER�� expression decreased (P<0.01) from Days 7-11 in uterus and expression was lower in pregnant versus non-pregnant uterus (P<0.10). ER�� expression was higher in pregnant versus non-pregnant uterus (P<0.10). No differences (P>0.10) in ER�� or ER�� expression were detected in endometrium due to reproductive status or days post-mating. A decrease (P<0.01) in ER�� expression was detected in pregnant uterus from Days 7-13. ER�� expression was lower (P=0.12) in juvenile uterus versus pubertal females. ER�� expression in non-pregnant uterus was different (P<0.05) by days post-mating and reproductive status. These data suggest that estradiol produced by the embryo may be involved in embryo migration and maternal recognition of pregnancy in the llama, and these events may be mediated by differential expression of ER subtypes / Graduation date: 2000

Tesis de grado para obtener el titulo profesional de "Ingeniero Zootecnista" Universidad Catolocia Boliviana "San Pabo" Unidad Academica Campesina Tiahuanaco. / Abstract in Spanish and English.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la seroprevalencia del Toxoplasma gondii en llamas hembras adultas de dos puntas de parición de la Unidad de producción Alianza-Antacalla en la Empresa de propiedad social “Rural Alianza” en la provincia de Melgar-Puno, mediante la prueba de Inmunofluorescencia indirecta; para lo cual se obtuvieron 157 muestras sanguíneas de llamas hembras adultas, de ellas 112 provenían de la punta de parición de Alianza y 45 de la punta de Rio grande. Se encontró que el 10.19 + 4.7% (16/157) del total de llamas hembras adultas presentaron anticuerpos contra T. gondii ; la seroprevalencias halladas en las puntas de Río grande y Alianza fueron de 13.33 + 9.8% (6/45) y 8.93 + 5.3% (10/112) respectivamente, no encontrándose diferencia estadística significativa entre ellas. Las seroprevalencias de T.gondii según rangos de edades de 2 a 3 , 4 a 5 y mayor o igual a 6 años, fueron de 9.09 + 8.5, 15.38 + 13.87 y 9.19 + 6.07 respectivamente; no presentando diferencia estadística significativa entre grupos etarios debido posiblemente a que estos animales eran adultos. Los resultados de este estudio muestran una seroprevalencia a T.gondii relativamente baja en esta empresa, en relación a otros estudios similares en camélidos; además se determinó que las variables edad y punta de parición no representaron factores de riesgo para la infección de T. gondii en llamas hembras adultas. / The objective of the present work was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in llamas adult females of two ends of parturition of the Unit of production Alianza-Antacalla in the Company of social property Rural Alliance in the province of Melgar-Puno, by means of the test of indirect inmunofluorescence; for which 157 of blood samples of llamas were obtained adult females, of them 112 proven of the end of parturition of alliance and 45 of the end of Río Grande. Found that the 10.19± 4.7% (16/157) of the total of llamas adult females they presented antibodies against T. gondii; the seroprevalences found in the ends of Río Grande and Alianza were of 13.33± 9.8% (6/45) and 8.93± 5.3% (10/112) respectively, not found significant statistic difference among them. The seroprevalences of T. gondii for ranks of ages from 2 to 3, 4 to 5 and greater or equal to 6 ages, were of 9.09± 8.5, 15.38± 13.87 and 9.19± 6.07 respectively; not presenting significant statistic difference between ages groups had possibly to that these animals were adult. The results of this study show a seroprevalence of T. gondii relatively low in this company, in relation to other camelids in similar studies; moreover we determ that the variables age and end of parturition did not represent factors of risk for infection of T. gondii in llamas adult females.

Thesis (Ing. Zootecnista)--Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Unidad Académica Campesina Tiahuanaco, Carrera Ingeniería Zootécnica, 2003. / Reproduced from copy at BYU's Benson Institute. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-110).

Thesis (Ing. Zootecnista)--Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Unidad Académica Campesina Tiahuanaco, Carrera Ingeniería Zootécnica, 2002. / Reproduced from copy at BYU's Benson Institute. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-91).

Tesis de Grado, Universidad Catloica Boliviana "San Pablo" Unidad Academica Campesina Tihuanaco, Carrera Ingenieria Zootechnica. / Abstract in Spanish and English.