Atualmente, os procedimentos normalizados para determinar os parâmetros transitórios e subtransitórios dos geradores hidrelétricos impõem dificuldades de execução. Assim, em muitos casos, esses ensaios não são realizados e, consequentemente, os respectivos geradores hidrelétricos ficam carentes de uma comprovação em campo de suas características transitórias e subtransitórias. Para preencher essa lacuna, o presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para execução do ensaio por rejeição de carga como forma de viabilizar a caracterização de grandes e médios geradores hidrelétricos dentro de determinadas condições e faixa de aplicação. / Currently, the standards procedures to determine the hydro generators transient and subtransient parameters impose several execution difficulties. Therefore, in several cases those tests cannot be conducted and consequently the respective hydro generators miss a field measurement of its transient and subtransient characteristics. In order to fill this gap, the present work presents a method to execute the load rejection test for determination of medium and large hydro generator parameters.

Apesar do grande interesse no comportamento dinâmico das cargas, existe uma lacuna em investigações considerando o seu desempenho transitório, quando alimentadas por linhas de transmissão e a rejeição de carga ocorre com a abertura dos disjuntores do lado fonte, causando sobretensões temporárias. Este trabalho analisa as sobretensões temporárias causadas por este evento em uma carga de grande porte, constituída por motores síncronos e assíncronos, que pode operar parte do tempo somente com motores assíncronos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um modelo de motor de indução, segundo uma trnsformaçãoos eixos direto e de quadratura, com a finalidade de validar e efetuar comparações com o modelo existente no programa ATP. Dos vários testes de validação realizados e de posse de modelos confiáveis de máquinas, principalmente para os motores de indução, foram examinadas diversas situações operativas, com o programa ATP, procurando investigar as solicitações dielétricas em equipamentos e sobre-excitação de transformadores, quando a linha de transmissão opera com e sem compensação reativa. Dessa análise pode-se obter um panorama do risco operativo em diferentes cenários, verificando-se a necessidade de compensação reativa da linha. / In spite of the great interest in the dynamic behavior of loads, there is a gap in investigations considering their transient performance, when they are fed by transmission lines and a load rejection occurs with the tripping of the breakers of the source side, causing temporary overvoltages. This paper analyzes the temporary overvoltages caused by this event in a large load, constituted by synchronous and asynchronous motors, that can operate part of the time only with asynchronous motors. Therefore, a model of induction motor was developed, according to the direct and quadrature axes transformation, with the purpose to validate and make comparisons with the existent model in the ATP program. From several validation tests and using reliable machine models, mainly for the induction motors, some operative conditions were examined with the ATP program, trying to investigate equipment dielectric stresses and over-excitation of transformers, when the transmission line operates with and without reactive compensation. From this analysis it can be obtained an overview of the operative risk in different sceneries, being verified the need of reactivate compensation of the line.

Apesar do grande interesse no comportamento dinâmico das cargas, existe uma lacuna em investigações considerando o seu desempenho transitório, quando alimentadas por linhas de transmissão e a rejeição de carga ocorre com a abertura dos disjuntores do lado fonte, causando sobretensões temporárias. Este trabalho analisa as sobretensões temporárias causadas por este evento em uma carga de grande porte, constituída por motores síncronos e assíncronos, que pode operar parte do tempo somente com motores assíncronos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um modelo de motor de indução, segundo uma trnsformaçãoos eixos direto e de quadratura, com a finalidade de validar e efetuar comparações com o modelo existente no programa ATP. Dos vários testes de validação realizados e de posse de modelos confiáveis de máquinas, principalmente para os motores de indução, foram examinadas diversas situações operativas, com o programa ATP, procurando investigar as solicitações dielétricas em equipamentos e sobre-excitação de transformadores, quando a linha de transmissão opera com e sem compensação reativa. Dessa análise pode-se obter um panorama do risco operativo em diferentes cenários, verificando-se a necessidade de compensação reativa da linha. / In spite of the great interest in the dynamic behavior of loads, there is a gap in investigations considering their transient performance, when they are fed by transmission lines and a load rejection occurs with the tripping of the breakers of the source side, causing temporary overvoltages. This paper analyzes the temporary overvoltages caused by this event in a large load, constituted by synchronous and asynchronous motors, that can operate part of the time only with asynchronous motors. Therefore, a model of induction motor was developed, according to the direct and quadrature axes transformation, with the purpose to validate and make comparisons with the existent model in the ATP program. From several validation tests and using reliable machine models, mainly for the induction motors, some operative conditions were examined with the ATP program, trying to investigate equipment dielectric stresses and over-excitation of transformers, when the transmission line operates with and without reactive compensation. From this analysis it can be obtained an overview of the operative risk in different sceneries, being verified the need of reactivate compensation of the line.

Atualmente, os procedimentos normalizados para determinar os parâmetros transitórios e subtransitórios dos geradores hidrelétricos impõem dificuldades de execução. Assim, em muitos casos, esses ensaios não são realizados e, consequentemente, os respectivos geradores hidrelétricos ficam carentes de uma comprovação em campo de suas características transitórias e subtransitórias. Para preencher essa lacuna, o presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para execução do ensaio por rejeição de carga como forma de viabilizar a caracterização de grandes e médios geradores hidrelétricos dentro de determinadas condições e faixa de aplicação. / Currently, the standards procedures to determine the hydro generators transient and subtransient parameters impose several execution difficulties. Therefore, in several cases those tests cannot be conducted and consequently the respective hydro generators miss a field measurement of its transient and subtransient characteristics. In order to fill this gap, the present work presents a method to execute the load rejection test for determination of medium and large hydro generator parameters.

This dissertation argues that admission control should be applied as early as possible within a system. To that end, this dissertation examines the benefits and trade-offs involved in applying admission control to a networked computer system at the level of the network interface hardware. Admission control has traditionally been applied in software, after significant resources have already been expended on processing a request. This design decision leads to systems whose algorithmic cost is a function of the load applied to the system, rather than the load admitted to the system. By performing admission control at the network interface, it is possible to develop systems whose algorithmic cost is a function of load admitted to the system, rather than load applied to the system. Such systems are able to deal with excessive applied loads without exhibiting performance degradation. This dissertation first examines existing admission control approaches, focussing on the cost of admission control within those systems. It then goes on to develop a model of system behaviour under overload, and the impact of admission control on that behaviour. A new class of admission control mechanisms which are able to perform load rejection using the network interface hardware are then described, along with a prototype implementation using commodity hardware. A prototype implementation in the FreeBSD operating system is evaluated for a variety of network protocols and performance is compared to the standard FreeBSD implementation. Performance and scalability under overload is significantly improved.

This dissertation argues that admission control should be applied as early as possible within a system. To that end, this dissertation examines the benefits and trade-offs involved in applying admission control to a networked computer system at the level of the network interface hardware. Admission control has traditionally been applied in software, after significant resources have already been expended on processing a request. This design decision leads to systems whose algorithmic cost is a function of the load applied to the system, rather than the load admitted to the system. By performing admission control at the network interface, it is possible to develop systems whose algorithmic cost is a function of load admitted to the system, rather than load applied to the system. Such systems are able to deal with excessive applied loads without exhibiting performance degradation. This dissertation first examines existing admission control approaches, focussing on the cost of admission control within those systems. It then goes on to develop a model of system behaviour under overload, and the impact of admission control on that behaviour. A new class of admission control mechanisms which are able to perform load rejection using the network interface hardware are then described, along with a prototype implementation using commodity hardware. A prototype implementation in the FreeBSD operating system is evaluated for a variety of network protocols and performance is compared to the standard FreeBSD implementation. Performance and scalability under overload is significantly improved.